HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS

HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS

Fourth Edition

Edited by

Gavriel SalvendyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indianaand

Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, People’s Republic of China

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Handbook of human factors and ergonomics/edited by Gavriel Salvendy. — 4th ed.Handp. cm.HaIncludes index.HandISBN 978-0-470-52838-9 (hardback); ISBN 978-1-118-12906-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-12907-4 (ebk);ISBN 978-1-118-12908-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13135-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13148-0 (ebk); ISBN978-1-118-13149-7 (ebk)H1. Human engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Salvendy, Gavriel, 1938–HaTA166.H275 2012Ha620.8′2–dc23

2011045254

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

1. Human Factors Function 1

1. The Discipline of Human Factors and Ergonomics 3Waldemar Karwowski

2. Human Factors Engineering and Systems Design 38Sara J. Czaja and Sankaran N. Nair

2. Human Factors Fundamentals 57

3. Sensation and Perception 59Robert W. Proctor and Janet D. Proctor

4. Selection and Control of Action 95Robert W. Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu

5. Information Processing 117Christopher D. Wickens and C. Melody Carswell

6. Cross-Cultural Design 162Tom Plocher, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Yee-Yin Choong

7. Decision-Making Models, Decision Support, and Problem Solving 192Mark R. Lehto, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, and Ji Soo Yi

8. Mental Workload and Situation Awareness 243Michael A. Vidulich and Pamela S. Tsang

9. Social and Organizational Foundations of Ergonomics 274Alvaro D. Taveira and Michael J. Smith

10. Human Factors and Ergonomic Methods 298Julie A. Jacko, Ji Soo Yi, Francois Sainfort, and Molly McClellan

11. Anthropometry for Product Design 330Kathleen M. Robinette

12. Basic Biomechanics and Workstation Design 347William S. Marras

3. Design of Tasks and Jobs 383

13. Task Analysis: Why, What, and How 385Erik Hollnagel

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xviii CONTENTS

14. Task Design and Motivation 397Holger Luczak, Tanja Kabel, and Torsten Licht

15. Job and Team Design 441Frederick P. Morgeson, Michael A. Campion, and Patrick F. Bruning

16. Personnel Recruitment, Selection, and Turnover 475Jerry W. Hedge, Walter C. Borman, and Dan Ispas

17. Design, Delivery, Evaluation, and Transfer of Training Systems 490Chris W. Coultas, Rebecca Grossman, and Eduardo Salas

18. Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management 534Pascale Carayon, Peter Hoonakker, and Michael J. Smith

19. Situation Awareness 553Mica R. Endsley

20. Affective Engineering and Design 569Martin G. Helander and Halimahtun M. Khalid

4. Equipment, Workplace, and Environmental Design 597

21. Workplace Design 599Nicolas Marmaras and Dimitris Nathanael

22. Vibration and Motion 616Michael J. Griffin

23. Sound and Noise: Measurement and Design Guidance 638John G. Casali

24. Illumination 673Peter R. Boyce

5. Design for Health, Safety, and Comfort 699

25. Occupational Health and Safety Management 701Mark R. Lehto and Bradley T. Cook

26. Human Error and Human Reliability Analysis 734Joseph Sharit

27. Managing Low-Back Disorder Risk in the Workplace 801William S. Marras

28. Work-Related Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders 826David Rodrick, Waldemar Karwowski, and William S. Marras

29. Warnings and Hazard Communications 868Michael S. Wogalter, Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr., and Christopher B. Mayhorn

30. Use of Personal Protective Equipment in the Workplace 895Grazyna Bartkowiak, Krzysztof Baszczynski, Anna Bogdan, Agnieszka Brochocka,Rafał Hrynyk, Emilia Irzmanska, Danuta Koradecka, Katarzyna Majchrzycka,Krzysztof Makowski, Anna Marszałek, Grzegorz Owczarek, and Jan Zera

31. Human Space Flight 910Barbara Woolford, Walter E. Sipes, and Edna R. Fiedler

CONTENTS xix

6. Performance Modeling 929

32. Modeling Human Performance in Complex Systems 931K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., Beth Plott, Michael Matessa, Susan Archer,and Christian Lebiere

33. Mathematical Models in Engineering Psychology: OptimizingPerformance 962Donald L. Fisher, Richard Schweickert, and Colin G. Drury

34. Human Supervisory Control 990Thomas B. Sheridan

35. Human Digital Modeling in Design 1016Vincent G. Duffy

36. Virtual Environments 1031Kay M. Stanney and Joseph V. Cohn

37. Neuroergonomics in Human–System Interaction 1057Dylan Schmorrow, Kay M. Stanney, Kelly S. Hale, Sven Fuchs,Glenn Wilson, and Peter Young

7. Evaluation 1083

38. Accident and Incident Investigation 1085Patrick G. Dempsey

39. Human Factors and Ergonomics Audits 1092Colin G. Drury and Patrick G. Dempsey

40. Cost/Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Investments 1122William B. Rouse and Kenneth R. Boff

41. Methods of Evaluating Outcomes 1139Paula J. Edwards, Francois Sainfort, Julie A. Jacko, Molly McClellan,and Thitima Kongnakorn

8. Human–Computer Interaction 1177

42. Visual Displays 1179Kevin B. Bennett, Allen L. Nagy, and John M. Flach

43. Information Visualization 1209Chris North

44. Human Factors in Online Communities and Social Computing 1237Panayiotis Zaphiris and A. Ant Ozok

45. Human Factors and Information Security 1250E. Eugene Schultz

46. Usability Testing 1267James R. Lewis

47. User Requirements Collection and Analysis 1313Dieter Spath, Fabian Hermann, Matthias Peissner, and Sandra Sproll

48. Website Design and Evaluation 1323Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Robert W. Proctor, and Fredrick P. Garcia

xx CONTENTS

49. Human Factors in Ambient Intelligence Environments 1354Constantine Stephanidis

50. Interactivity: Evolution and Emerging Trends 1374Constantine Stephanidis, Vassilis Kouroumalis, and Margherita Antona

9. Design for Individual Differences 1407

51. Design for People with Functional Limitations 1409Gregg C. Vanderheiden and J. Bern Jordan

52. Design for Aging 1442Walter R. Boot, Timothy A. Nichols, Wendy A. Rogers, and Arthur D. Fisk

53. Designing for Children 1472Valerie J. Berg Rice

54. Design for All: Computer-Assisted Design of User Interface Adaptation 1484Constantine Stephanidis, Margherita Antona, Anthony Savidis,Nikolaos Partarakis, Konstantina Doulgeraki, and Asterios Leonidis

10. Selected Applications in Human Factors and Ergonomics 1509

55. Human Factors and Ergonomics Standards 1511David Rodrick, Waldemar Karwowski, and Bohdana Sherehiy

56. Office Ergonomics 1550Marvin Dainoff, Wayne Maynard, Michelle Robertson,and Johan Hviid Andersen

57. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 1574Pascale Carayon, Bashar Alyousef, and Anping Xie

58. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Motor Vehicle Transportation 1596Paul A. Green

59. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Automation Design 1615John D. Lee and Bobbie D. Seppelt

60. Human Factors in Manufacturing 1643Dieter Spath, Martin Braun, and Katrin Meinken

61. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation 1667Steven J. Landry

Index 1689

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Gavriel Salvendy is professor emeritus of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University and Chair Professorand Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He is theauthor or co-author of over 550 research publications, including over 300 journal papers and is the authoror editor of 42 books. His publications have appeared in seven languages. He is the major professor to 67former and current Ph.D. students. His main research deals with the human aspects of design, operation,and management of advanced engineering systems. Gavriel Salvendy is the founding editor of twojournals: the International Journal on Human–Computer Interaction and Human Factors and Ergonomicsin Manufacturing and Service Industries . He was the founding chair of the International Commission onHuman Aspects in Computing, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990 he became the first memberof either the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society or the International Ergonomics Association to beelected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was elected “for fundamental contributions to andprofessional leadership in human, physical, and cognitive aspects of engineering systems.” In 1995 hereceived an Honorary Doctorate from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “for great contributions to thedevelopment of science and technology and for the great influence upon the development of science andtechnology in China.” He is the fourth person in all fields of science and engineering in the 45 years of theAcademy ever to receive this award. In 2006, he received the Friendship Award presented by the People’sRepublic of China. The award is the highest honor the Chinese government confers on foreign experts.In 2007, he received the John Fritz Medal which is the engineering profession’s highest award for his“fundamental international and seminal leadership and technical contributions to human engineering andindustrial engineering education, theory, and practice.” He is an honorary fellow and life member of theErgonomics Society and fellow of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Institute of Industrial Engineers,and the American Psychological Association. He has advised organizations in 31 countries on the humanside of effective design, implementation and management of advanced technologies in the workplace. Heearned his Ph.D. in engineering production at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

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CONTRIBUTORS

Bashar AlyousefResearch AssistantIndustrial & Systems EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin

Johan Hviid AndersenProfessorDepartment of Occupational MedicineDanish Ramazzini CentreHerning HospitalHerning, Denmark

Margherita AntonaCoordinator of the Centre for Universal Access

and Assistive TechnologiesInstitute of Computer ScienceFoundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Susan ArcherSenior Vice PresidentAlion Science and TechnologyBoulder, Colorado

Grazyna BartkowiakResearcher, Department of Personal Protective

EquipmentLab Manager, Protective Clothing LaboratoryCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland

Krzysztof BaszczynskiResearcher, Department of Personal Protective

EquipmentLab Manager, Laboratory of Safety Helmets and

Equipment Protecting against Falls from aHeight

Central Institute for Labour Protection—NationalResearch Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Kevin B. BennettProfessor and Human Factors Area LeaderDepartment of PsychologyWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio

Kenneth R. BoffPrincipal ScientistTennenbaum InstituteGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia

Anna BogdanResearcher, Department of ErgonomicsLab Manager, Thermal Load LaboratoryCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland

Walter R. BootAssistant ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida

Walter C. BormanProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of South Floridaand Personnel Decisions Research InstituteTampa, Florida

Peter R. BoyceConsultantCanterbury, United Kingdom

Martin BraunSenior ScientistFraunhofer Institute for Industrial EngineeringStuttgart, Germany

vii

viii CONTRIBUTORS

Agnieszka BrochockaResearcher, Department of Personal Protective

EquipmentLaboratory for Respiratory Protective EquipmentCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland

Patrick F. BruningGraduate Research AssistantOrganizational Behavior and Human ResourcesKrannert School of ManagementSchool of BusinessPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Michael A. CampionHerman C. Krannert Professor of ManagementKrannert Graduate School of ManagementPurdue UniversityWeat Lafayette, Indiana

Pascale CarayonProctor & Gamble Bascom Professor in Total

QualityDepartment of Industrial and Systems

EngineeringDirector of the Center for Quality and

Productivity ImprovementUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin

C. Melody CarswellAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

John G. CasaliJohn Grado ProfessorGrado Department of Industrial and Systems

EngineeringDirector, Auditory Systems LaboratoryVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Yee-Yin ChoongResearch ScientistNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, Maryland

Joseph V. CohnAerospace Experimental PsychologistOffice of Naval ResearchU.S. NavyArlington, Virginia

Bradley T. CookManaging EngineerMiller Engineering, Inc.Ann Arbor, Michigan

Chris W. CoultasGraduate Research AssociateDepartment of Psychology & Institute of

Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, Florida

Sara J. CzajaProfessor and Co-DirectorDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Center

on Aging SciencesUniversity of Miami Miller School

of MedicineMiami, Florida

Marvin DainoffDirector, Center for Behavioral SciencesLiberty Mutual Research Institute for SafetyHopkinton, Massachusetts

Patrick G. DempseyResearch Industrial EngineerNational Institute for Occupational Safety

and HealthPittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Konstantina DoulgerakiResearch EngineerInstitute of Computer ScienceFoundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Colin G. DruryDistinguished Professor EmeritusDepartment of Industrial EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo: State University of

New YorkBuffalo, NewYork

CONTRIBUTORS ix

Vincent G. DuffyAssociate ProfessorSchool of Industrial EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Paula J. EdwardsDirectorHIMformaticsAtlanta, Georgia

Mica R. EndsleyPresidentSA Technologies, Inc.Marietta, GeorgiaEdna R. FiedlerAerospace Psychology ConsultantsTucson, Arizona

Donald L. FisherProfessor and HeadDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial

EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts—AmherstAmherst, Massachusetts

Arthur D. FiskProfessorSchool of PsychologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Goergia

John M. FlachProfessor and Department ChairDepartment of PsychologyWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio

Sven FuchsSenior Research AssociateHuman-Systems IntegrationDesign Interactive, Inc.Oviedo, Florida

Fredrick P. GarciaLab Manager/Lead Usability SpecialistCenter for Usability in Design and AccessibilityLong Beach, California

Paul A. GreenResearch ProfessorTransportation Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan

Michael J. GriffinProfessorHuman Factors Research UnitInstitute of Sound and Vibration ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom

Rebecca GrossmanGraduate Research AssociateDepartment of PsychologyInstitute for Simulation & TrainingUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, Florida

Kelly S. HaleSenior Vice PresidentDesign Interactive, Inc.Oviedo, Florida

Jerry W. HedgeSenior Research ManagerSurvey Research DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina

Martin G. HelanderProfessorSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace

EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

Fabian HermannCompetence-Center Human-Computer

InteractionFraunhofer Institute for Industrial

EngineeringStuttgart, Germany

Erik HollnagelProfessorUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark

Peter HoonakkerResearch ScientistCenter for Quality & Productivity Improvement

(CQPI)University of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin