Human Factors / Ergonomics Standards

Paul Green University of Michigan

Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and

Department of Industrial & Operations Engineering Ann Arbor, Michigan

webinar for the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society March 20, 2012

1. Identify what standards are and why they are important

2. Describe what is in a typical standard

3. … who develops standards and how

4. … how to find human factors standards

5. … key human factors standards

6. Suggest a way to increase their use.

I have 5 goals for this webinar (and 1 Goldie).

Result desired: you to make greater use of them

(8 feet wide  x  (20, 40, 48, 53) feet long  x  (8, 9.5) feet high)

1968-1970: ISO Intermodal Container Story

We need standards to support international trade (goods and services) and travel (people).

People travel all over the world as well.

The terms used to refer to standards and related  documents have different meanings.

Information ReportRecommendation (Design, Technical, etc.)Recommended PracticeGuidelineBest PracticeConsensus PracticeRule

StandardRequirementSpecificationCode of PracticeRegulation (executive branch)Law (legislative branch)

Who creates it and their process government, SDO, any organization who has input

National vs. InternationalAvailability (public vs. secret)Design, Performance/Process, both

bumper example, outlet example CriteriaAuthority (should vs. shall/must)Enforcement (type approval)

“Standards” differ on several dimensions.

Corolla & RAV4

What is in a typical standard? Example: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2364(“the 15-second Rule”)

SAE Recommended PracticeNavigation and Route Guidance Function Accessibility While Driving (SAE J2364), 2004

Obtaining standards is not easy and is costly.

document is in the SAE Handbook (often found in an engineering library)

purchase from SAE13 pages ($65, SAE member $52 to $58.50)

3 volumes1800 standards$625/$500

There is usually a 1 paragraph introduction that says why the standard is needed.

Introduction

Navigation and Route Guidance Systems have some functions that can take significantly more time to use than conventional controls and displays such as the headlights, windshield wipers, … (Kurokawa,… ) …Consequently, there are concerns that interacting with navigation and route guidance systems could unduly distract drivers …

The scope describes what the standard covers and, sometimes, what it does not cover.

This … applies to both Original Equipment Manufacturer and

aftermarket route-guidance and navigation system functions

for passenger vehicles. It establishes … which navigation

functions should be accessible to the driver while the vehicle

is in motion. These methods apply only to the presentation

of visual information and the use of manual control inputs ...

The … Practice does not apply to visual monitoring tasks …

such as route following. Voice-activated controls or

passenger operation of controls are also excluded.

Normative References for J2364

J287 Driver Hand Control ReachJ1050 Describing & Measuring the Driver’s Field of ViewJ2396 Driver Visual Behavior Using Video Based

TechniquesJ2365 Calculation of the Time to Complete In-Vehicle

Navigation and Route Guidance Tasks

Example:

Accessible = within reach of the unconstrained driver as defined by SAE J287; and 2. the display is visible with head movement as defined by SAE J1050; and …Also, numerous definitions (17 in J2364); definitions stds.

You may also need copies of the normative references (referenced requirements), several of them.

J2364 specifies 2 methods. Use 1.

Static Method - … a sample of subjects, after practice, completes each task of interest several times using a stationary vehicle … with a functioning or simulated driver interface. … The total time .. is … from the time the subject begins the task until the task is completed.

Interrupted Vision Method - …

Details are omitted here to save time.

Open 1.5 s, closed 1.5 s

The procedure is quite detailed.

Operational hardware in design location

Subjects (10) must be

* Licensed drivers not familiar with, or technically knowledgeable about, the specific driver interface under investigation* Capable of operating the … interface … & completing the test* 45 to 65 years of age

Prior to testing, each subject shall be trained in the use of the driver interface and the task ... Following training … each subject will be given 5 practice trials for each task prior to testing.

This standard has criterion. Many do not.

Total task time sum of log of times < log 15task < 5 s is excluded

Interrupted vision sum of log of shutter open time < log of 20

Who develops standards and howThe U.S. (federal) government follows the Administrative Procedure Act.

All executive departments and independent agencies covered

HF related regulations/rule making examples

CPSC toys, jet skis, off‐road vehicles

DOL ‐

OSHA machine guarding, ergonomics

DOT FAA hours of service 

DOT FMCSA control tower ops, aircraft spacing, passenger evac.

DOT NHTSA driver distraction

FDA medical devices, drug labels

NRC plant design (control room, work standards, etc.)

How I think the Admin. Procedure Act works.

1. Internal agency discussion (gather data, authority (Congress can request & fund), no organizational conflict, …)

2. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM, Federal Register)3. Responses from anyone (companies, individuals, trade

assn.)4. Comment summary published (Federal Register)5. Notice of public hearing (Federal Register,

anyone can present, usually DC)6. Modify rules & feedback7. Publish of final rule (Federal Register)8. Often legal action

years to get input & reach agreementother governments may be different

Recognized standards development organizations have an open process, utilize recognized technical experts, avoid conflicts of interest, and work to build a consensus.

Professional organizationsHFES, SAE, ASME, IEEE, etc.

National standards organizationsANSI, BSI, DIN, etc.

International standards organizationsISO, ITU, IEC, etc.

standards

standards

standards

$, £, ¥, €

$, £, ¥, €

$, £, ¥, €

The International Standards Organization (ISO) is the largest standards development organization. (iso.org)

264 Technical CommitteesExamples: JTC1 - Information technology TC8 - Ships and marine technologyTC17 – SteelTC20 – Aircraft & space vehiclesTC22 – Road vehiclesTC34 – Food products TC45 – Rubber and rubber productsTC61 – PlasticsTC159 - Ergonomics

ISO TC22 Road Vehicles (AFNOR)

19 subcommittees, 7 working groups, ~20 liaisons (TC204 – ITS)

ExamplesSC1 – ignition equipmentSC2 – braking systems and equipmentSC3 – electrical and electronic equipmentSC9 – vehicle dynamics and road handling abilitySC11 – safety glazing materialsSC12 – passive safety crash protection systemsSC13 – Ergonomics applicable to road vehiclesSC17 - visibility

Every technical committee has a secretariat (country/org that manages it), a convener (technical leader = chair) and many subcommittees.

ISO Technical Committee 22/Subcommittee 13 (ISO TC22/SC13) Working Groups

WG 3 – Localization of controls and tell-talesWG 5 – SymbolsWG 7 – Hand reach & R & H point determinationWG 8 – TICS on-board – MMI (telematics)

Working groups & subcommittee meetings ~ 1 week, twice / yrLocation varies (Paris, London, Munich, Stockholm, Turin, …)

Convener = John ShutkoSAE has secretariat, reports to

Members & membership fees

ISO TC 22/SC 13/WG 8 has developed several standards for HMI design and assessment, only some of which have rigid criteria. (This is ½ of the list.)

ISO 2575 ISO 3409:1975ISO 3958: 1996ISO 4040:2009ISO 6549:1999ISO/TR 12104:2003ISO/AWI TR 12204ISO 12214:2010ISO/DTS 14198

symbolsfoot control spacing in carsdriver hand control reach in carshand control, indicator & tell-tale locationH & R point determinationgear shift patternsintegration of warningsdirection of motion stereotypescalibration of methods to assess demand

The ISO Process (Road vehicle ergonomics) TF>WG>SC>TC

national delegation requests a standard on some topicNWI (New Work Item) discussed at several WG meetings If >1/2 SC/TC P approve & 5 commit then NP (New Project)

NWI (New Work Item), TF (task force), 3 yr clock startsTF meets every 6 months & drafts standard (report up)

Who are the delegates (#, expertise, employers, long-term)What happens in meetings (language, UN, technical/politics), Who votes & comments on what

TF WG SC TC ISOHQ

ISO publish

CD FDISDIS

edit

How to find human factors/ ergonomic standards

1. Use the ppt from this webinar!

2. Look at standards development organization(ISO, ITU, SAE, etc.) web sites

3. Use Google only as a last resort.unlikely to be found by Googleyou may not know the terms to use

1. Go to ISO.org

2. Click on TechnicalCommittees

3. Click on List of ISOTechnical Committees

4. Skim the List and click on the relevant committees.

5. Scroll down to find the relevant subcommittee and click on it.

6. Click on workprogramme.

7. Click to addpublished standards.

8. Scroll through the list to find relevant

Some important human factors / ergonomic standards and what they contain.

Mil Standard 1472

ISO TC 159 (ergonomics) list

AAMI HE75

NUREG 0700

ANSI/HFES 100, 200

NASA Handbook

FAA HF Standard

Many others (US DOT standards (federal motor vehicle safety standards, NCAP, Coast Guard for boating safety, CPSC for toys, etc.)

Mil standard 1472 is the human factors bible.

361 p, on line & free!

Mil Standard 1472 (Human Engineering) contains basic human factors/ergonomics information.

General requirements (safety, simplicity, etc.)Detailed requirements (examples)control/display integration (movement relationships…)visual displays (legend lights, large screen displays, HUDs…)audio displays (warnings, telephones, 3D audio…)controls (rotary controls, touch-screens, speech rec….)labelingphysical accommodationworkspace designenvironment (HVAC, lighting, noise, vibration)hazards and safety…

The requirements in 1472 are quite specific (e.g., thumbwheel dimensions).

Fixed Ladder Dimensions (Mil Standard 1472)

Thermal comfort zones

HFES sends delegates to SC meetings & supports their travel.

TC 159/CAG - Chairman Advisory GroupTC 159/AG - AGAD: Advisory Group for Accessible DesignTC 159/WG 2 - Ergonomics for people with special requirements

TC 159/SC 1 - General ergonomics principlesWG 1 Principles of ergonomics & ergonomic designWG 2 Ergonomic principles related to mental work

TC 159/SC 3 - Anthropometry and biomechanicsWG 1 AnthropometryWG 4 Human strength: manual handling & force limits

There are many ISO groups working on standards, but for us TC159 (Ergonomics) is most important overall.

TC 159/SC 4 - Ergonomics of human-system interaction

CAG Chairman Advisory GroupWG 1 Fundamentals of controls and signalling methodsWG 2 Visual display requirementsWG 3 Controls, workplace and environmental requirementsWG 5 Software ergonomics of human-computer interactionWG 6 Human-centred design processes for interactive systemsWG 8 Ergonomic design of control centresWG 9 Tactile and haptic interactionWG 10 Accessible design for consumer oproductsWG 11 Ease of operation of everyday productsWG 12 Image safety

TC 159/SC 5 - Ergonomics of the physical environment

WG 1 Thermal environmentsWG 4 Integrated environmentsWG 5 Physical environments for people with special

requirementsWG 6 Perceived air quality

ISO TC159 (Ergonomics) has produced many standards that are of general and specific interest to human factors/ ergonomics professionals.

ISO 6385:2004

ISO 10075

ISO/FDIS 26800

Ergonomic principles in the design of work systemsErgonomic principles related to mental workload (definitions, principles, requirements)Ergonomics -- General approach, principles and concepts

TC 159/SC 1 - General ergonomics principles

TC 159/SC 3 - Anthropometry and biomechanics

ISO 7250

ISO 11226:2000ISO 11228

ISO/NP TR 12295ISO/NP TR 12296ISO 14738:2002ISO 15534

ISO 15535ISO 15536ISO 15537ISO/TS 20646ISO 20685:2010

Basic human body measurements (definitions & data) Evaluation of static working posturesManual handling (lifting & carrying, pushing & pulling...)Application of manual handling standardsManual handling of people, healthcareAnthro. for machinery workstationsPrinciples for determining access openings & anthropometric dataGeneral req. for anthropometric data basesComputer manikins & body templatesSelecting & testing anthropometric subjectsGuidelines to reduce local muscle workload3D scanning methods

TC 159/SC 4 - Ergonomics of human-system interaction

ISO 1503:2008ISO 9355ISO 11064 ( 7 pts)ISO 14915-1:2002ISO/TR 16982:2010ISO/TS 18152ISO/TR 18529:2000ISO 20282-1:2006

ISO/TS 20282- 2:2006ISO/NP TS 20282-3ISO 20281-4:2007ISO 24503:2011

Spatial orient. & direx. of movementDesign of displays & control actuatorsDesign of control centersMultimedia user interfacesUsability methodsSpec. of human-system assessmentHuman-centered life cycle processEveryday product context of use & user characteristicsTest method for walk up & use productsTest method for consumer productsConsumer product installation testsTactile dots and bars on consumer products

ISO 9241 – Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) is a very important topic for the design computer hardware and software.

4: keyboards5: workstation layout14: menus15: commands17: form filling143: forms151: web interfaces300-: visual displays400-: input devices

Examples:

TC 159/SC 5 - Ergonomics of the physical environment(short list, complete list at the end)

ISO 7243:1989ISO 7731ISO 9921ISO 11428:1996

ISO 11428:1996ISO/TS 14505ISO/NP 16077ISO 24500:2010ISO 24501:2010ISO/DIS 28803

WBGTAuditory danger signalsSpeech communication assessmentVisual danger signal general

requirements & testsAuditory & visual danger signalsThermal environments in vehiclesIndoor air quality subj. assessmentAccessible design – soundsAccessible design – luminance contrastApplication of intl. physical standards to people with special requirements

For ISO standards, it is difficult to know in advance if they will be useful. Also, they are costly.

ISO 24500:2010 Ergonomics -- Accessible design -- Auditory signals for consumer products

7 pages, 58 CHF = $67.55

ISO 24500:2010 specifies the auditory signals used as a means of feedback for operations … of consumer products when used by a person with or without visual or auditory impairment. .. It is applicable to .. (also called “beep sounds”), but not to variable frequency or melodic sounds. … It does not specify fire or gas leak alarm sounds or … It is not applicable to machines and equipment used for professional work; nor does …

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

http://www.aami.org/publications/ standards/he75.html

complements ANSI/AAMI/IEC 62366: 2007, Medical devices – Application of usability engineering to medical devices and is a revision of AAMI HE48:1993

$270 for HE75 (441 p)$330 for set

General principles (accommodate users, …)Manage the risk of use error (types, hazard identification…)Anthropometry and biomechanicsEnvironment (lighting, noise, heat…)Usability testingUser documentationPackagingAlarm designDesign elements

(connectors & connections, visual displays, automation…Hand toolsWorkstationsHome health care…

ANSI/AAMI HE75:2009 contains information for medical device design that is not collected elsewhere, and is therefore quite useful for medical applications.

ANSI/AAMI/IEC 62366:2007 -- Medical devices - Application of usability engineering to medical devices

~100 p, $60, mostly appendices

Useful equivalency standards list

Numerous design examples

Human-System Interface Design Review Guidelines (NUREG-0700, Revision 2)

May 2002

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0700/Free!545 pWell referenced

Examples follow

Process control emphasis not found elsewhere

(NUREG-0700, rev 2)

NUREG-0700, rev 2

NUREG-0700, rev 2

Also lots of general information not in 1472, example: HCI topics - menu organization

ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations

Design specifications (user posture, device cabling, chair casters,...)

Input devices (keyboards, mice, pucks, trackballs, joysticks, tablets,…)

Visual displays (temporal quality, luminance & color quality,…)

Furniture(operator clearances, seat pan width & angle,…)

http://www.hfes.org/publications/ProductDetail.aspx?ProductId=69paper $95, CD $85

ANSI/HFES 200 Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces (final version August 2008)

HFES 200 Part 1: Introduction

HFES 200 Part 2: Accessibility - apps for users with disabilities, hardware is not specifically addressed, extensively harmonized with ISO 9241-171

HFES 200 Part 3: Interaction Techniques – includes info from ISO 9241 Parts 13 -17

HFES 200 Part 4: Interactive Voice Response - new info not in ISO 9241

HFES 200 Part 5: Visual Presentation and Use of Color - includes info from ISO 9241 Part 12 & new color use recs

NASA/SP-2010-3047 Human Integration Design Handbook (http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov, replaces NASA–STD–3000)

1. Introduction2. General Requirements3. Anthropometry &

Biomechanics4. Human Performance

Capabilities5. Natural & Induced

Environments6. Crew Safety7. Health Care Management

8. Architecture9. Workstations10. Activity Centers11. Hardware & Equipment12. Design for

Maintainability13. Facility Management14. Extravehicular Activity

* See correction at the end of this presentation

Requirements for Rounding of Corners <25mm Thick

FAA Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS) HF-STD-001

http://hf.tc.faa.gov/hfds/Free!15 chapters

AutomationDesign for MaintenanceDisplays & PrintersControls & IndicatorsAlarmsHCIInput Devices

Workplace DesignSystem SecurityPersonnel SafetyEnvironmentAnthropometry & Biomechanics

Documentation

15.2.3.8.2 When to use negative wording. Negative wording should be used to state prohibitions and to correct existing or potential misconceptions. [Source: Hartley, 1978]

Examples. An example of a prohibition is: "Do not remove the cover until the power cord has been unplugged."

An example of correcting a potential misconception is: "The highest voltage is not present in the largest wire; it is present in the red wire."

Also consider: "The alarm display was beyond the visual envelopes of the operators, thus the problem could not be detected by the operational system."

The FAA standard has a chapter on documentation, which is not common in HF standards.

The OSHA list workplace standards is quite long.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_do c_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=1910

D – Walking-working surfacesE – Means of egressF – Powered platforms & manliftsG –Ventilation, noise…H – Hazardous materialsI – Personal protective equip.J – Sanitation, color codes,..K – Medical & first aidL – Fire protection

M – Compressed gasN – Materials handling

(industrial trucks…)O – Machinery & GuardingP – Hand toolsQ – WeldingR – Special industriesS – ElectricalT – Commercial Driving

To increase the citation of standards, we should require a key word entry for relevant standards (and sections in them), as appropriate, in journal articles and proceedings papers.

Practitioners benefit they learn of relevant standards

Authors benefit they must think about application (and their work is more likely to be applied)

Standards developers benefit

identifies research to consider when a developing standard

1.“Standards” go by many names.2.use of standards is central to HF / ergo practice.3.developed by many organizations. ISO is most important. Development is a complex, time-consuming process.4.To find standards, scan standards organizations’ web sites. Finding standards is not easy. 5.Key stds:

6.We should require citation of them as key words in articles, proceedings papers, and reports.

There are 6 take home messages.

Mil Standard 1472 ISO (many, esp 9241)AAMI HE75 ANSI/HFES 100 & 200NUREG 0700 NASA HI Design Handbk*FAA HF-Std-001 OSHA standards

* correction: See also NASA-STD-3001

1. Use standards (terms, methods, data)

* meet requirements & be consistent with accepted engineering practice

* save time

2. Reference standards in research reports

* provide the evidence for improved standards

Paul Greenpagreen@umich.eduwww.umich.edu/~driving

NASA-STD-3001 Space Flight Human-System Standard Volumes 1 (Crew Health) and 2 (Human Factors, Habitability and Environmental Health) and

NASA/SP-2010-3407 the Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH, which is guidance)

replace NASA-STD-3000.

Thanks to Jennifer Boyer (NASA)

Post webinar correction

Extra slides

TC 159/SC 5 - Ergonomics of the physical environment

ISO 7243:1989ISO 7726ISO 7730ISO 7731ISO 7933:2003ISO 8996:2004ISO 9886:2004 ISO 9920:2007ISO 9921ISO 10551:1995ISO 11079:2007ISO 11399:1995

WBGTThermal environment instrumentsThermal comfort using PMV and PPDAuditory danger signalsHeat strain calculationMetabolic rate in heatPhysiological meas. of thermal strainClothing thermal insulationSpeech communication assessmentThermal judgmentsCold stress and required clothingThermal environment principles & stds

ISO 11428:1996

ISO 11428:1996ISO 12894:2001ISO 13731:2001ISO 13732ISO/TS 14415:2005ISO/TS 14505ISO 15265:2004ISO 15743:2008ISO/NP 16077

Visual danger signal general requirements & testsAuditory & visual danger signalsMedical supervision in extreme heat & coldThermal vocabulary & symbolsHot and cold surfacesThermal environment for people with special requirementsThermal environments in vehiclesThermal stress risk assessmentCold stress risk assessmentIndoor air quality subjective assessment

ISO/NP 16418ISO/AWI 16594ISO/TR 19358:2002ISO 24500:2010ISO 24501:2010ISO 24503:2010

ISO/DIS 28802ISO/DIS 28803

Model of physiological response to heatModerate thermal environ. work practiceConstruction & app. of speech testsAccessible design – soundsAccessible design – luminance contrastAccessible design – announcement SPLsSubjective environmental surveysApplication of international physical standards to people with special requirements