design for ergonomics/human factors”human factors ergonomics reliability usability how do we...
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“Design for Ergonomics/Human Factors”Brock Anderson MS, CPE, CIE, LSSBB, CSCS
CEO – Principal Consultant
“Me” In a Minute
“Neck – Up”Goal: Design work to fit the
mind.
1. Reduction in Errors2. Faster Decision Making3. Accurate Decision Making
“Neck – Down”Goal: Design work to fit the
body.
1. Reduction Injuries 2. Increase Productivity3. Improve Quality
Ergonomics
Human Factors
Anonymous Survey: Top Drivers in DesignAssembly ● Modularity ● Materials ● Aesthetics ● Dimension ● Functionality ● Reliability ● Sustainability ● Usability
Materials Assembly Sustainability Dimension Modularity Aesthetics Functionality Usability Reliability
①
②
③
1
3
4
2
5
5 Absolute Essential
4 Key Driver
3 Considered
2 Nice to Have
1 Not Considered
Auto / Aero / Tool (256)
Furniture Engineers (210)
Anonymous Survey: Top Drivers in DesignAssembly ● Modularity ● Materials ● Aesthetics ● Dimension ● Functionality ● Reliability ● Sustainability ● Usability
Materials Assembly Sustainability Dimension Modularity Aesthetics Functionality Usability Reliability
$ $ $
1
3
4
2
5
$
VOC
$ Cost Margin
Story
Associated Reason Why…$ ?①
Assembly Modularity Materials
• Ease • Convenience • Recycled• Strength
Aesthetics Dimension Sustainable
• Size• Shape • Weight
• Emotion Driven• Look• Feel
• Energy Use• Durability
Functionality
Water Proof Watch…….
WARNING: TO MAINTAIN WATER-
RESISTANCE, DO NOT PRESS ANY BUTTONS
UNDER WATER
• Purpose “Fit”
Usability Reliability
• Turns On• Enhances Human Performance
• Works• Meets Exact Outcome
Still Focused on the Product and not the Human…….
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
42%
58%
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
Reliability - % Predicted outcome is correct
Usability – Enhance Human Performance?
Usability - Enhance Human Performance?
Usability - Enhance Human Performance?
Usability - Enhance Human Performance?
Usability - Enhance Human Performance?
Usability - Meet Human Capability?
Usable or Reliable?
“Neck – Up”Goal: Process Efficiency1. Reduction in Errors
2. Faster Decision Making3. Accurate Decision Making
“Neck – Down”Goal: Make work fit the body.
1. Reduction Injuries 2. Increase Productivity
3. Improve Quality
Ergonomics Human Factors
UsabilityReliability
How do we improve?
• Visibility & Feedback
• Natural mapping
• Affordances
• Constraints
Improve Reliability : % Correct Outcome
• Visibility and Feedback• Ability to observe and process information that is applicable.
Type of Visual Readings
• Quantitative: precise numeric value needed• Qualitative: changes in direction• Check: within parameters of good/bad
Improve Reliability : Visibility and Feedback
Improve Reliability : Visibility and Feedback
Principle #1: Make relevant parts visible.
Principle #2: Give each action an immediate and obvious effect (no lag time)
Improve Reliability : Compatibility & Natural Mappings
Conceptual Movement Spatial
Principle #3: Capitalize on the concept of natural mappings
Improve Reliability : Info Scale
Principle #4: Capitalize on the concept of natural mappings
Improve Reliability : Affordances• Affordance provide strong clues to the operation of things.
• Suggest how the object should be used - “Verb”-able
• Users know what to do just by looking at the object.
Examples: • Door plates
• Knobs
• Button
Principle #5: Use the affordances of objects to help
infer their use……
Improve Reliability : Constraints
Constraints limit how the design can be used
Types:Physical
Square object and round hole
CulturalLight switches
LogicalOrder (1,2,3 or a, b, c)
Principle #6: Restrict the kind of interaction
that can take place at a given moment
“Neck – Up”Goal: Process Efficiency1. Reduction in Errors
2. Faster Decision Making3. Accurate Decision Making
“Neck – Down”Goal: Make work fit the body.
1. Reduction Injuries 2. Increase Productivity
3. Improve Quality
Ergonomics Human Factors
UsabilityReliability
How do we improve?
Ergonomics: Make Work Fit the Body
Normal Distributions
If your population distribution is symmetric and unimodal (i.e., with a hump in the middle), then all three measures coincide.
50% percentile male
95% percentile male5% percentile male
Dimension, In Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th 1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6 Female 58.9 63.2 67.4 2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0 Female 54.4 58.6 62.7 3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0 Female 47.7 51.6 55.9 4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9 Female 36.9 39.8 42.8 5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7
Female 25.3 27.6 29.9 13. Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9 Female 8.4 9.5 11.7
Anthropometric Data – Key Driver
Anthropometry
Creativity
Necessities
Intelligence
Determination
Visual Acuity
Strength
Age
Body Lengths
Body Circumference
Dexterity
Anthropos (human) + metrein (to measure)The study of how people vary in:
WDTFCTWSWT
ERCYIO
CPTSEW
CPTSEW
Primary Measures Secondary Measures
1. Functional Space
– Static (standing still)
Two dimensional
Three dimensional
– Functional
2. Strength
• Isometric• Dynamic – isotonic, iso- kinetic, iso-inertial etc.• MVC joint torques
3. Biomechanical / inertial properties • Segment mass• Segment center of gravity locations• Muscle attachment sites and lever arms• Failure stresses of ligaments, tendons, bones etc.
Additional Anthro Considerations
50% percentile male
95% percentile male5% percentile female
Average
50% percentile male
95% percentile male5% percentile female
ExtremeExtreme
50% percentile male
95% percentile male5% percentile female
Adjustability 95% = GOAL
Who to design for?
Who uses this? What’s its function?Design for Avg?
Who uses this? What’s its function?
Who to design for?
Who uses this? What’s its function?Customer Spec’s Cost?
Who to design for?
Who uses this? What’s its function?
Who to design for?
Lifting / Working Heights
24”
62”
Hand Working Lifting
Shelving Height(s)
Reaches
22”
Tools
Standing Workstation Height
Standing is preferred when:
- Work that requires reaches outside the comfortable envelope.
- Frequent walking is required
- Frequent low, high or extended reaches are required
- Large forces are to be exerted or heavy items are handled
- No leg room is available (knee)
Sitting Work Height
Sitting is preferred when:
- Longer work periods are required (+6 hours)
- Work tools and items are easily handled without excessive reaching
- User needs to use foot controls (or both feet at same time)
- High precision is needed
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Better Usability
Business Case to Design for Ergo (not including W. C costs savings associated with injury reduction).
Quality Productivity Safety/Sustainability Design Lean
Specific examples on following pages.
• BDL
• Wasted product• Route to Market
• Time Savings
• ↓ MMH
• Wasted Motion
• Untapped Skill
• ↓ Carbon Footprint
• ↓ Fossil Fuel Use
• Risk Management
• OSHA Compliance
• Employee Engagement
• Culture & Behavior
• Packaging
• Facility
• Gizmos / Gadgets
• Quality: = $3,744 / Facility / Year
• avg. 9 pallets are broken/week @ $8.00 / pallet.
• Time: $541.66/ employee /year
• avg: 25 min/week or 21.6 hours / year
• Design: Pallet Stop – cost $3.50 to make
Cost Savings Example: Warehouse
• Safety: Risk Management - Employee Engagement
• Lean: avg. eliminates pulling 68 pallets / day
Time Savings:30 workers / Facility
= $21,640
Quality Savings: $460,000 Annually Time Savings: $65,700 Annually
Risk Reduction: High to Low
LEAN
WASTED MOTION
Productivity Savings: $46K Annually
225 Twisting Motions / Day
Lean Savings: ↓ 120 Twists / Day
1. Human Design Considers:- Usability, Reliability & Functionality
2. Consider WHO and WHAT the user will be doing
3. Build the Business Case to Justify Design (Redesign)
Key Take Away
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Contact Info:Brock Anderson CPE, LSSBB, CSCSFounder & Principal Consultant
Current clients observing increased profits and minimized loss (injury):