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Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 3Key Issue 1Why do people

migrate?

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MigrationA permanent move to a

new location. Emigration is migration from a

location. Immigration is migration to a

location. Net Migration is difference between

Emigration and Immigration.

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Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly,

or annually.

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Reasons for Migrating

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Push-Pull Factors A Push Factor induces people to move out of their present location.

A Pull Factor induces people to move into a new location.

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Types of Push/Pull Factors

Economic Cultural Environmental

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Economic Push-Pull Factors

Job availability The United States and Canada are especially prominent destinations

The relative attractiveness of a region can change

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Cultural Push-Pull Factors

Forced international migration (slavery or political instability)

Internal migration (civil war) Political conditions (lure of freedom)

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RefugeesPeople who have been forced to

migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of

persecution because of their race, religion, nationality,

membership in a social group, or political opinion.

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Forced Migration

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Environmental Push-Pull Factors

Pulled toward physically attractive places

Pushed from hazardous places (pollution, disasters, physical deficiencies)

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FloodplainThe area of a river that is

subject to flooding during a specific number

of years, based on historical trends.

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Intervening Obstacles

An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

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Intervening Obstacles

Hostile features in the physical environment (mountains, oceans)

Human interference Local diversity in government and politics (passports, visas)

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Distance of Migration

Internal Migration International Migration

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Internal Migration

Permanent movement within the same country.

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Internal Migration Internal migration is less

traumatic Interregional Migration is

movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration is movement within a region (rural to urban).

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International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Voluntary and forced.

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International Migration

Voluntary Migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement

Forced Migration the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.

Migration Transition consists of changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition.

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Migration Transition

International migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition.

Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4.

Stage 1 societies are unlikely to migrate.

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Stages 3 and 4 Destinations of international

migrants leaving stage 2 countries searching for economic opportunities.

Intraregional migration (moving from cities to surrounding suburbs) is an example .

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Characteristics of Migrants

Gender and Family Status of Migrants

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Gender of Migrants

Historically, males were more likely than females to migrate long distances.

Beginning in the 1990s, women accounted for about ½ of undocumented immigrants to the U.S. from Mexico. - Women joining husbands and brothers already in U.S.

- Women feel more pressure to get a job due to the poor economics in Mexico.

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Family Status of Migrants

Historically, long-distance migrants were young adults

Today, young children are accompanying their mothers.

Undocumented Mexicans immigrating to the U.S. have no more than 4 years of school.

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Undocumented Migrants

No difficulty finding jobs (require less pay or benefits)

Flow of immigrants varies due to seasonal farm work.

Money earned is the main source of income for many villages.