november 29, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 10 key issue 1 where did...

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March 25, 2022 S. Mathews 1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 10 Key Issue 1 Where Did Agriculture Originate?

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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 10Key Issue 1

Where Did Agriculture Originate?

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 2

Origins of Agriculture

The origins cannot be documented with certainty,

because it began before recorded history.

Improvements in cultivating plants and domesticating

animals evolved over thousands of years.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 3

Agriculture

The deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and

rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or

economic gain.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 4

CropAny

plant cultivated by

people.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 5

Hunters and GatherersBefore the invention of

agriculture, humans obtained the food they

needed through hunting, fishing, or gathering.

They lived in small groups.Frequency and direction of movement depended on the migration of game and the seasonal growth of plants.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 6

Contemporary Hunters and Gatherers

Less than 0.005 percent of the world's population, still survive by hunting and

gathering. Contemporary hunting and

gathering societies are isolated groups, but provide insight into human customs that prevailed in prehistoric

times.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 7

Invention of Agriculture

Over thousands of years, plant cultivation

apparently evolved from a combination of accident

and deliberate

experiment.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 8

Prehistoric people may have originally domesticated

animals for non-economic reasons, such as sacrifices

and other religious ceremonies, or household

pets.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 9

Vegetative Planting

Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing

plants.The earliest form of plant

cultivation.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 10

Seed Agriculture

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from

sexual fertilization.Practiced by most farmers

today.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 11

Location of Agricultural Hearths

Agriculture probably did not originate in one location,

but began in multiple, independent hearths.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 12

Location of First Vegetative Planting

Probably originated in Southeast Asia.

Food primarily obtained by fishing, so people may have

been more sedentary. First domesticated plants

probably included roots, and tree crops.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 13

Other early hearths may have emerged independently in

West Africa and northwestern South America.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 14

Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative Planting

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 15

Location of First Seed Agriculture

Probably originated in western India, northern China, and

Ethiopia. Diffused quickly from India to

Southwest Asia, where important early advances were

made, including the domestication of wheat and

barley.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 16

Southwest Asia was first to integrate seed agriculture with domestication of herd

animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

This integration of plants and animals is a

fundamental element of modern agriculture.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 17

Diffusion of Seed Agriculture in the Eastern

HemispherePlants and animals domesticated

in Southwest Asia spread into Europe, North Africa, and India. Millet diffused from northern

China to South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Rice probably came from Southeast Asia.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 18

Diffusion of Seed Agriculture in the

Western HemisphereCorn and squash originated

around southern Mexico.Squash, beans, and cotton

probably first domesticated in northern Peru.

Herd animals were unknown until introduced by

Europeans.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 19

Seed Hearth

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 20

Classifying Agricultural Regions

The most fundamental differences in agricultural

practices are between those in LDCs and those in MDCs.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 21

Subsistence Agriculture

The production of food primarily for consumption

by the farmer’s family.Most predominant in LDCs.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 22

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 23

Commercial Agriculture

The production of food primarily for sale off the

farm.Primarily found in MDCs.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 24

Five Principal Features of Farming1. Purpose2. Percentage of farmers in

the labor force3. Use of machinery4. Farm size5. Relationship to other

businesses

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 25

Purpose of Farming

1. In LDCs most people produce food for their own consumption. Surplus may be sold, but may not even exist some years.

2. On commercial farming, farmers grow crops and raise animals primarily for sale.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 26

Percentage of Farmers in the

Labor Force1.Less than 5% of the workers

are engaged directly in farming in MDCs.

2.55% or more of population are engaged in agriculture in LDCs.

3.Only 2% of labor force are farmers in the United States and Canada.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 27

% of Labor Force in Agriculture

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 28

Use of MachineryMachinery replaced manual labor on farms in MDCs and

allow a small number of farmers to feed many people.

Transportation improvements and electronic devices aid in the movement of crops and

cattle to market more efficiently.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 29

Combines harvesting

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 30

Tractors/1000 People

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 31

Farm SizeCommercial farms are large as a consequence of mechanization; tractors and other machinery

allow a large area to be cultivated in a small amount of

time. Subsistence farms are small due to dependence on manual labor;

a family can cultivate only a small area at a time.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 32

Prime Agricultural Land

The most productive farmland.In the U.S. and other MDCs, the

most productive farmland is being replaced by suburban

areas surrounding large urban centers.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 33

Relationship of Farming to Other

BusinessesAlthough farmers are less than 2% of the U.S. labor

force, more than 20% of U.S. labor works in food

processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and

retailing.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 34

AgribusinessCommercial agriculture

characterized by integration of different steps in the

food-processing industry, usually through ownership

by large corporations.

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 35

Mapping Agricultural Regions

Attempts have been made to outline the agriculture

currently practiced based on climate, but

environmental determinism has discouraged placing too much emphasis climate, and cultural preferences explain

other differences.