december 4, 2015s. mathews & d. six1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 3 key issue 4...

April 18, 2023 S. Mathews & D. Six 1

Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 3Key Issue 4

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?


Internal migration for most people is

less disruptive than international

migration.


Two main types of internal migration:

Interregional (rural to urban)

Intraregional (older cities to suburbs)


MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS OF A COUNTRY

The most famous example of large-scale internal migration is the opening of the American West.

Through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed.


Changing Center of Population

The U.S. Census Bureau computes the country’s population center at the

time of each census.


Changing Center of Population


Center of Population Gravity

The average location of everyone in the country.


In 1790 The population center was in

Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore Maryland.

Appalachians blocked western development.

Hostile indigenous residents retarded western settlement.


By 1830 The population center was west

of Moorefield, West Virginia. Transportation improvements

helped open the interior.- Canals such as the Erie Canal- Diffusion of steam powered boats


in 1880 The population center was just

west of Cincinnati, Ohio. Until the advanced settlements

reached the 98th meridian, the population center moved westward at a rate of 7 miles per year.


Settlement of the Great Plains

Between 1880 and 1950, the center moved 3 miles a year.

Agricultural technology aided farmers.

The expansion of railroads encouraged western settlement.


Recent Growth of the South

After constant westward movement, in the 1920s the center moved southward.

Americans migrated to the “Sunbelt” for job opportunities and environmental reasons.


Sunbelt

The southern and southwestern states of the United States,

from the Carolinas to southern California, characterized by a warm climate and, recently,

rapid population growth.


Regional Imbalance

In 1920, average income of the south was 2/3rds lower than the Northeast.

In the 1960s, the average income had risen to 1/3rd of the Northeast.

By 2000, the average income of the South was just 10% lower.


Migration Patterns

African Americans lived in the South due to forced migration.

During the 20th century, African Americans moved north for $s.

Since the 1990s, migration of African Americans, whites, and Hispanics is about equal.


In the 20th Century

Net migration between each pair of regions is

now close to Zero.


Changing Center of Population-


Migration Between Regions in Other

Countries


Russia The Soviet Union encouraged the

develop of industries at the site of raw materials.

The Soviet Union encouraged voluntary migration to the north.

The Russian Government no longer dictates locations for factory.


Brazil Most Brazilians live in coastal

cities. Brasilia was built 600 miles from

the Atlantic Coast to encourage interregional migration.

Brasilia’s population has grown rapidly.


Indonesia Since 1969, the government paid

to move 5 million people from Java to less populated islands.

Recent movement of families have decreased;- environmental concerns- disruption of indigenous people


EuropeThe pattern of interregional

migration throughout Western Europe is reflected in the

differences in per capita income and unemployment in different

regions.


India Regional governments limit the

ability of people to migrate from one region to another.

Restrictions date from British colonial era.

Designed to protect ethnic identity.


Migration Within One Region

More people move within the same region than

between regions.


Migration from Rural to Urban

Areas Urbanization began in the 1800s in Europe and North America (Industrial development)

In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4th today.


Rural to Urban in Europe and North

America Urbanization began in the 1800s (Industrial development)

In U.S.; from 5% in 1800s to 50% in 1920s, and 3/4th today.


Rural to Urban in LDCs; Africa, Asia,

L.America Skyrocketed in recent years.

Nearly 50% of population increase in urban areas.

Nearly 20 million move to cities annually.


Rural to Urban in Brazil

Sao Paulo has reached 300,000 per year.

Many must live in Favelas.


FavelasSquatter settlements in the urban areas of Brazil.Most lacked electricity, running water, proper sanitation, and paved

streets.


Favela


Favelas of Rio

de Janeiro


Push/Pull of Urbanization

People seek economic advancement.

– Pushed from Rural– Pulled to the Cities


Migration from Urban to Suburban

Areas: In MDCS: most intraregional

migration is from central cities out to the suburbs

Twice as many Americans migrate from cities to suburbs each year than suburbs to central cities


Push/Pull of Suburban Areas

Major reason for large-scale migration to suburbs not

related to employment but to the pull of the suburban

lifestyle.


Suburban Lifestyle Houses rather than apartments

Private yards where children can safely play

A garage or driveway

Schools tend to be more modern and well-equipped and safer


Suburbanization Territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.

Farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing developments.


Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas.


Migration from Metropolitan to Non-metropolitan AreasDuring late 20th century,

MDCs of North America and Europe saw more people

migrate to rural areas than move out of them.


Counter-urbanization results from:

Rapid expansion of suburbs Abandon hectic pace of city life for leisure of countryside

Modern technology allows us to work anyplace


Counter-urbanization in U.S.

Many migrants from urban to rural areas are retired people attracted to access to leisure activities.

Counter-urbanization has stopped in the U.S. because of poor economic conditions in some rural areas


U.S. Intra-

regional migratio

n


Future Migration Trends

Mostly unpredictable. In Houston; Revitalization of downtown areas has increased migration of suburban to urban.


Buffalo Bayou Park


The Wortham Center


Houston Light Rail


Tranquility Park


George Brown Convention

Center


Toyota Center


Minute Maid Park


Reliant Stadium


Dynamo Stadium

This tract of land could be the future home of the Houston Dynamo soccer

team. The area is bounded on the north and south by Texas and

Walker, and on the east and west by Dowling and Hutchins.


Discovery Green

Park(across

from Brown

Convention

Center)

december 4, 2015s. mathews & d. six1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 3 key issue 4...

Documents

countrys population

migration of african

six4 migration

international migration

scale internal migration

six2 internal migration

mass interregional migration

rapid population growth