construction technology for building surveying student

8/20/2019 construction technology for building surveying student

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Introduction ToConstruction Methods AndMaterials

BSS552

Lecture 1

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The objectives of this lecture isto understand and learn the

rational terms of dierentialmovement design to resistrational henomena and

meet user needs

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Objectives……


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Wh do !e need abuildin"###


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So !e "ather 'aterials and

asse'ble the' into theconstructions !e call B/IL0IS

to satis& these needs)

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-o! can the buildin" resist &ro'the natural disaster####

earth!ua"e#

$ooding#

tsunami#

landslide#


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The design, selection of materials for

and construction of building

structures is based on the expectedloads, use(s) of the building and the

acceptable risk of failure.

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Buildin" Loads


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The loading of a building structure can ta"e on a%ide variet& of forms' (n man& cases the e)actloading %ill not *t neatl& into a seci*c categor&'

+et, loads can usuall& be considered to be either-rimar& or Secondar&'

-rimar& loading generall& includes the materialsfrom %hich the structure %as built, theoccuants, their furniture, the direct in$uence ofvarious t&ical %eather conditions, as %ell asuni!ue loading conditions e)erienced during

construction, e)treme %eather and naturalcatastrohes'

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a) Forces from different

directionsb) Different intensities

of forces

c) Different frequencies

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Structures Are Subject To Complex Loads

….


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4 Common Types of Loads

.ead

indSno%

ive


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0ead Load

.ead load is the %eight of thebuilding materials'

.ead loads %ill var& deending onthe t&e of construction and

materials used'


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Wind Loads The eect of %ind on a

building is not consistent'3n the u %ind side of abuilding, %all and roofanels e)erience a

ositive ressure, %hileon the do%n %ind sidethere is a negativeressure or suction load'

The dashed linereresents the 4rac"ingforces caused b& %ind'


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ind can have multileeects on buildings'

6o% does the eect of %ind in$uencebuilding design and construction#


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7s the %ind blo%s overand around the building,

edd& currents areformed %hich e)ertvar&ing negativeressures in those areas'

The destructive o%er of

%ind is dramaticall&increased %hen &ouinclude %ater and/or hail'

Wind e,ects…


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Sno! Loads

1' 7dded load from sliding sno%2' (ncreased load for lo%er roof'8' .rift load behind obstruction

9' (ncreased load in valle&s5' :nbalanced sno% load;' Balanced sno% load


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Secondar& loads are those loads due totemerature changes, construction

eccentricities, shrin"age of structuralmaterials, settlement of foundations, or othersuch loads'


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LOA0 A0 IT3S 4$$4CT TO B/IL0IST/CT/4

-rincial function of building structure

= Transfers all the loads on it to ground'

load can be slit u into >ravit& oad, %hich

acts verticall& and lateral loads, %hich act inan& hori?ontal direction' @dead and liveloadA

6ori?ontal oad force due to %ind @%indloadA


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Buildin" structure

The building structure must have sucientstrength to resist these load and asimortant, sucient stiness %hen it resistloads so that the movement and de$ection are not e)cessive because all materialsdeform under load'


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W-AT WILL

B4 -A66447T#######


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Linear 4lastic and4%uilibriu' 7 material in %hich the de$ection is directl&

roortional to the load, at normal %or"ingload is said to be linear elastic'

(f all the loads, %hether vertical orhori?ontal, that act on the building structureare balanced b& forced from the ground the

structure us said to be e!uilibrium


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(f there are no d&namic forces on the buildingsuch as those due to earth!ua"es or %indbueting then the building %ill be at rest andis said to be in static e!uilibrium'

(t is ossible to design a structure thatsatisfactoril& %ithstands load from onedirection for e)amle vertical load due to itself %eight' But unstable and collases evenunder a small force from a hori?ontaldirection


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7 building is said to be stable if it is able to%ithstand the e)ected range of forces no

matter in %hich direction the& act'

The stabilit& al%a&s entail loo"ing atbuilding as three dimensional structures in%hich the instabilit& ma& occur in an&direction'

)

?

&

7)es and rotationalmovement


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The stabilit& of an& rigid element in sace isonl& guaranteed if translational movementalong the ), & and ? a)es and rotational arerevented


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three translational movement, to, andthree rotational movements, bottom, areossible indeendent movement of a rigidbod& in sace and must be assigned values

to de*ne the e)act osition of the bod& in alane t%o translational movement and onerotational movement are needed to de*nethe osition of a rigid bod&'


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7 robust building is said to be one built sothat load bearing elements are resistant

to, or rotected from damage or in %hich,if damage does occur, it is con*ned *rstoccurred and that it is not disroortionateto the cause of the damage' (t is usuall&eas& to ensure that, for e)amle framebuilding %hich for an& reason sustaindamage to their individual beams or

columns are not thereb& made unstableoverall


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ST4SS A0 STAI

Structural engineering is the stud& andconsideration of stress and strain in individualload carr& members and in structural s&stemsconsisting load carr&ing members'

Stress is a measure of the force er unit area @orforce divided areaA

p

2m

18

mC D p/7


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ST4SS A0 STAI

Strain is a measure of the deformation of amembers er unit length @or deformationdivided b& lengthA

ED F/

The elongation F overthe gage length canbe measured for

corresondingincrease in force


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AT/AL 0ISAST4G7HT6I:7KG

33.(>

>H3:. 7TGH 3GGT

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4L4M4T O$ IS8

-A9A0S-A9A0S 476OS/4476OS/4

:/L4ABILIT. :/L4ABILIT. LOCATIOLOCATIO

IS8 IS8


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B/IL0I 0AMA4; 04AT- TOLL4AC-40 2


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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO

HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT

(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION

AND PLAN

TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

LACK OF ATTENTION TO

NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES

OF

DAMAGE

CAUSES

OF

DAMAGE

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES


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e ature o& round Motion and Its 4,ect on Buildin"


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Building foundation isin direct contact %iththe ground and joins

the buildings structure%ith the underl&ing?one of soil or roc"'

The foundations job isto transfer thestructures load to the

underl&ing soil or roc",%ithout e)cessivesettlement ormovement'


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CAS4 ST/0.

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SO/C4 O$ I$OMATIO

The &ollo!in" "ra*hicassess'ents o& buildin"

vulnerabilit to earth%ua+e"round sha+in" !eredevelo*ed b an insurance

co'*an and *rovided toother or"ani>ations &or

educational uses)


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B/IL0I 4L4:ATIOS

-ori>ontal and verticalchan"es in s''etr( 'ass(and sti,ness?deviations

&ro' re"ularit@@@ !illincrease a buildin"3svulnerabilit to da'a"e&ro' "round sha+in"'


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A IM6OTAT OT4

OT4; 7nal&sis of the eects ofchanges in the local sitegeolog& and the constructionmaterials, "e& arameters incontrolling a buildingLs

erformance, are OT considered here)


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RELATIVEVULERABILITY

[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]



1-2

AAL.SIS O$ :/L4ABILIT.

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

None, if attention

given to foundation

and non-structural

elements. Rocking

may crack foundationand structure. X-

Cracks around

windows.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

Box


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0AMA40

-O/S4;C-IA

AS.M 4T. d l t l


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AS.M'4T. and lateral

chan"es; C-IA


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1


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

None, if attention

given to foundation

and non structural

elements. Rocking

may crack foundation.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

Pyramid


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4 - 6


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

To !eavy,

asymmetrical structure

may fail at foundation

due to rocking and

overturning.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

"nverted Pyramid


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- 6


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

#symmetry and

!ori$ontal transition in

mass, stiffness and

daming may cause

failure w!ere lowerand uer structures

%oin.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

&'(- )!aed Building


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! -


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

*ertical transition and

asymmetry may cause

failure w!ere lower

art is attac!ed to

tower.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

"nverted &T(


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2 - !


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

*ertical transition in

mass, stiffness, and

daming may cause

failure at foundation

and transition ointsat eac! floor.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

+ultile )etacks


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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


4 -


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

To !eavy

asymmetrical structure

may fail at transition

oint and foundation

due to rocking andoverturning.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

ver!ang


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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


6 - "


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

ori$ontal and vertical

transitions in mass

and stiffness may

cause failure on soft

side of first floor/rocking and

overturning.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

Partial &)oft( )tory

S S O


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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


# - 1$


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

*ertical transitions in

mass and stiffness

may cause failure on

transition oints

etween first andsecond floors.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

&)oft( 0irst 0loor


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T-4 T.6ICAL SO$T@STO4.

B/IL0I I T/84.

T-4 T.6ICAL [email protected]/IL0I I T/84.



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


% - 1$


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE


transitions in mass

and stiffness may

cause failure at

transition oints andossile overturning.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

Comination of &)oft(

)tory and ver!ang



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


1$


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

ori$ontal transition in

stiffness of soft story

columns may cause

failure of columns at

foundation and1orcontact oints wit!

structure.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

Building on )loing

2round


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SO$T STO. B/IL0I O SLO6IO/0; C-IA TI440 LA0SLI04S



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


# - %


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE


transition in stiffness

and cause failure of

individual memers.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

T!eaters and #ssemly

alls



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


% - 1$


LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE

LOCATIONS OF

POTENTIAL FAILURE


transition in mass and

stiffness may cause

failure columns.

BUILDING

ELEVATION

BUILDING

ELEVATION

)orts )tadiums


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B/IL0I $LOO 6LAS

C-AI $LOO 6LAS$OM SIM6L4 TO COM6L47

A0 $OM S.MM4TICAL TOAS.MM4TICAL WILLIC4AS4 A B/IL0I3S

:/L4ABILIT. TO O/0S-A8I)



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


1


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

None, if symmetrical

layout maintained.

FLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLAN

Box



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


2 - 4


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

3ifferences in lengt!

and widt! will cause

differences in

strengt!, differential

movement, andossile overturning.


Rectangle



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


2 - 4


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

#symmetry will cause

torsion and en!ance

damage at corners.


)treet Corner



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


- 1$


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

#symmetry will

en!ance damage at

corner regions.


&4( - )!ae



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


4


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

en sace in center

reduces resistance

and en!ance damage

at corner regions.


Courtyard in Corner



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


#


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

#symmetry will cause

torsion and en!ance

damage at intersection

and corners.


&'( - )!ae


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torsion; C-IA



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


- "


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

3irectional variation in

stiffness will en!ance

damage at intersecting

corner.


&( - )!ae



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


# - 1$


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

#symmetry and

directional variation in

stiffness will en!ance

torsion and damage at

intersecting.


Comlex 0loor Plan



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RELATIVE

VULERABILITY


- %


POTENTIAL

PROBLES

POTENTIAL

PROBLES

#symmetry and

irregularities will cause

torsion and en!ance

damage along

oundaries and atcorners.


Curved Plan


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