construction surveying and layout.pdf

Construction Surveying and Layout

A Field Engineering Methods Manual

Third Edition

WESLEY G. CRAWFORD

.CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION

Creative Construction Publishing, Inc. 2720 South River Road West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-4347

www.creativeconstruction.com

~ construction surveying and layout

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1

Construction Surveying

CHAPTER 2

Communication

CHAPTER 3

Fieldwork Practices

IV

PART ONE - SURVEYING FIELD PRACTICES

Getting Started and Organized 1-2

Field Engineering Responsibilities 1-7

Preparing Reports and Charts 1-14

Qualified Land Surveyor 1-18

Summary 1-20

The Basics 2-2

Communicating with Signals 2-11

Stakes and Laths 2-17

Marking Line and Grade 2-25

Abbreviations and Symbols 2-30

Summary 2-35

Safety 3-2

Measurement Principles 3-10

Tolerances for Construction Layout 3-14

Field Notekeeping Practices 3-17

General Instrument Care 3-25

Use and Care of Hand Tools 3-33

Leveling an Instrument 3-43

Instrument Setups 3-51

Summary 3-62

CHAPTER 4

Distance Measurement - Chaining

CHAPTER 5

Angle Measurement

construction surveying and layout @

Introduction 4-2

Chaining a Distance 4-7

Chaining a Traverse 4-15

Analysis of Chaining Errors 4-18

Summary 4-21

Introduction 5-2

Instruments 5-6

Horizontal Angle Measurement 5 -14

CHAPTER 6

Total Station

Carrying Handle

Horizontal Drive

Horizontal Angle Layout

Vertical or Zenith Angles

Summary'

Introduction

Measuring Basics

Measuring Details

Layout of a Point

Trigonometric Elevations

Electronic Data Collection

Summary

5-24

5-28

5-32

6-2

6 -11

6-16

6-24

6-33

6-40

6-43

v


CHAPTER 7

Leveling

CHAPTER 8

Lasers

CHAPTER 9

GPS Field Procedures

CSo I

VI

Introduction 7-2

Standard Practices 7 -11

Field Notes for Leveling 7-17

Differential Leveling 7-22

Profile Leveling 7-28

Cross-Section Leveling 7-33

Grid Leveling 7-39

Transferring Elevations 7-43

Applied Leveling 7-47

Setting Grade 7-53

Summary 7-57

Introduction 8-2

Standard Practices 8-7

Applications 8-14

Summary 8-16

Introduction 9-2

Standard Practices 9-7

Summary 9-16

CHAPTER 10

Equipment Calibration

Vertical Axis

I

CHAPTER 11

Office Practices

CHAPTER 12

Math Essentials

a


Introduction 10-2

Testing of a Chain 10-6

Angle-Measuring Instruments 10-10

Total Station 10-19

Tribrach and Plummets 10-21

Levels 10-24

Laser 10-31

Prism Pole Bubble 10-34

Hand Level 10-40

Summary 10-43

PART TWO - OFFICEWORK AND CALCULATIONS

Drafting 11 - 2

Construction Drawings 11-7

Site Plans 11 -11

Contours 11 -1 6

Lift Drawings 11-26

Summary 11-34

Review and Formulas 12-2

Units and Conversions 12-11

Summary 12-17

VII


CHAPTER 13

Chain Corrections

CHAPTER 14

Traverse Computations

CHAPTER 15

Coordinate Geometry

VIII

Introduction 13 -2

Length Correction 13-8

Slope Correction 13 -12

Temperature Correction 13 -17

Combined Corrections 13 - 21

Summary 13-27

Introduction 14-2

Angle Adjustment 14-9

Direction Calculations 14-13

Latitudes and Departures 14-19

Closure and Precision 14-22

Adjustments 14-26

Adjusted Distances and Directions 14-30

Coordinates 14-32 I

Examples 14-36

Summary 14-41

Introduction 15 -2

Inversing 15 -7

Intersections 15 -13

Re-Section 15-19

Layout Data 15-24

Areas 15-30

Summary 15-34

CHAPTER 16

Horizontal Curves

CHAPTER 17

Vertical Curves

CHAPTER 18

Quantities


Introduction 16- 2

Formulas 16-7

Deflections and Chords 16-14

Layout by Deflections 16-21

Layout by Coo r di n ate s 16-30

Moving Up 16-35

Offset Curves 16-43

Summary 16-49

Introduction 17-2

Gradient Elevations 17-4

Elements and Properties 17 -9

Cu rve Elevations 17-12

Unequal Length Curves 17 -16

High and Low Points 17- 20

Layout 17-23

Summary 17-26

Introduction. 18-2

Area 18-4

Average End-Area Method 18-8

G rids and Contours Method 18-11

Summary 18-15

IX


CHAPTER 19

Layout Techniques

- --~ -

CHAPTER 20

Construction Control

x

PART THREE - APPLlCA TlONS

Introduction 19-2

Control 19-9

Methods 19-21

Li ne 19-36

Grade 19-46

Vertical Alignment 19-56

Sticks and Strings 19-61

Summary 19-69

Introduction 20-2

Sitework 20-4

Retaining Systems 20-8

Caissons 20-11

Footings and Foundation 20-14

Anchor Bolts 20-17

Structural Steel 20-20

Concrete and Metal Decks 20-23

Block-Outs and Embeds 20-26

Concrete Columns 20-29

Elevator and Stair Cores 20-33

Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters 20-38

Summary 20-41

CHAPTER 21

One-Person Surveying

:: ".- - - - - - - - - - =--. --- --

CHAPTER 22

Field Observations

APPENDICES


Introduction 21-2

Distances 21-6

Line 21-10

Elevations 21-16

Layout 21-18

Summary 21-23

Introduction 22-2

Tech Tips 22-7

Rules of Thumb 22-11

Common Mistakes 22-14

Appendix A - Glossary 1

Appendix B - Bibliography 7

Appendix C - Additional Problems 10

Index 15

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XI

3/4/5 3/4/5 Requirements, 19-23 Common Uses of the 3/4/5, 19-23 Multiples of the 3/4/5, 19-22 Using the 3/4/5, 19-22

3/4/5 Layout Square, 19-63 3/4/5, 21-21

Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-35 Common Abbreviations, 2-31 Common Symbols, 2-34

Accuracy Standards, 7-16 Adjusted Distances and Directions, 14-30 Anchor Bolts, 20-17 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angle Measurement

Horizontal Angle Layout, 5-24 Horizontal Angle Measurement, 5-14 Vertical or Zenith Angles, 5-28 With a Chain, 21-21

Angles Close the Horizon, 5-17 Determine the Average Angle, 5-22 Direct and Reverse, 5-17 Double-Center, 5-17, 5-26 Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-21 Procedure for Reading Angles, 5-17 Turning an Angle, 5-18 Types of Angles, 5-3

Field Angles Measured, 5-4 Horizontal, 5-3 Vertical, 5-3

Angular Closure, 14-5 Applied Leveling, 7-47 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Arc Length, 16-15 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area, 12-16, 18-4

Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7

Areas, 15-30 Procedure for area by coordinates, 15-33 Procedure for area by geometry, 15-31

Arm Signals Arm Signals for Numbers, 2-12 One-Hand Signals for Numbers, 2-13 Field Operations Signals, 2-14 Signals to crane operators, 2-16 Stakes and Laths, 2-17

index @

Index Arm Signals

Marking Basic Principles of Chalking Lines, 2-27 Communicating the Meaning of Marks, 2-27 Marking Line and Grade, 2-25 Principles of Marking, 2-26

As-BuiIts, 20-13 Average End-Area Method, 18-10, 18-8 Azimuths, 14-14

Backsight (BS), 7-3 Backsights, 21-11 Baseline, 19-30

Procedure for Baseline Offset, 19-31 Batter Boards, 19-63

Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Types of Batter Boards, 19-64 Uses of Batter Boards, 19-64

Bearings, 14-14 Benchmark (BM), 7-3 Benchmarks, 19-16 Block-Outs and Embeds, 20-26 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Bucking In, 19-39

Procedure for Bucking In On Line, 19-40 Bucking In (Elevation), 7-51 Building Benchmarks, 7-48

CAD,11-6 Caissons, 20-11 Calculating Coordinates on a Traverse, 14-33 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.c., 14-24 Calculating Latitudes and Departures, 14-20 Care of Hand Tools, 3-33

Know Your Tools, 3-34 The Importance of Maintenance, 3-34

Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 General Rules of Use, 3-34

Do Not Force Equipment Keep the Equipment Clean, 3-34 Know How to Operate the Equipment, 3-34 Parts, 3-34 Use a Protective Case, 3-34

General Surveying Equipment, 3-35 Brusl1 Clearing Equipment, 3-37 Chaining Pins, 3-36 <=:loth Tape, 3-39

INDEX - 15


Gammon Reel, 3-36 Hammers, 3-38 Level Rods, 3-40 Plumb Bob, 3-35 Prism Poles, 3-37 Range Poles, 3-36 Rock Chisel, 3-38 Sight Level, 3-35 Steel Chain, 3-38

Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 Instrument Handling Guidelines, 3-42

Carpenter's Level, 19-58 Centerlines, 20-9 Chain Corrections

Combined Corrections, 13-21 Length Correction, 13-8 Measuring Conditions, 13-3 Slope Correction, 13-12 Temperature Correction, 13-17

Chalk Lines and Plumb Lines, 19-68 Chalk Lines, 21-4 Change Technology, 19-7 Check Equipment, 20-21 Checking Grade, 21-17 Checking Layout, 19-7 Checking Plumb, 21-15 Chord, 16-16 Chord Calculations, 16-15

Long Chords, 16-19 Short Chords, 16-19

Climatize, 3-29, 8-10 Closed Loop, 7-3 Closed Traverse, 14-3 Closure and Precision, 14-22 Color Code, 20-5 Color Coding, 22-8 Column Dowel Layout, 20-30 Combined Corrections, 13-21 Common Mistakes, 22-14 Communicating with Signals, 2-11

See Arm Signals Communication

Dealing with People, 2-8 Giving and Receiving Criticism, 2-9 Meetings, 2-7 Radio Communication, 2-6 Recognizing Communication Barriers, 2-10 Structuring Written Documents, 2-7 Telephone Communication, 2-5 Writing an Effective Letter, 2-6

Communicating on Stakes, 2-20 Compass rule, 14-27 Concrete and Metal Decks, 20-23 Concrete Columns, 20-29

, Construction Control, 20-1

16 - INDEX

Construction Drawings, 11-7 Drawing Types, 11-9 Reading Drawings, 11-10 Site Plans, 11-11 Standard Practices, 11-8

Construction Staking, 2-18 Cut or Fill Stakes, 2-21 Principles of Communicating on Stakes, 2-20

Color Code the Flagging, 2-19 Face Stakes in the Correct Direction, 2-18 Offset Stakes for Protection, 2-18 Use the Proper Size Stake, 2-18

Setting Stakes on the Site, 2-21 Types of Construction Stakes

Control, 2-24 Curb and Gutter, 2-23 Fine Grade, 2-22 Minor Structures, 2-24 Pipe, 2-23 Rough Grade, 2-22 Site-Clearing Limits, 2-22 Slope, 2-23

Consult with Subcontractors, 22-6 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Contour Characteristics, 11-19 Contour Intervals, 11-17 Contours, 11-16

Contouring Rules, 11-21 Defined, 11-17 Drawing Contours, 11-21 Representations by Contours, 11-17

Depression, 11-18 Highway Cut, 11-18 Highway Fill, 11-18 Hill, 11-17

Control, 19-9 Coordinate Geometry, 15-1 Coordinates, 14-32

Coordinates in Construction, 15-5 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Where to Use Coordinates, 15-4

Correction Calculations, 13-4 Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Cross-Section Leveling, 7-33

GPS Cross-Sectioning, 7-37 Cross-Section Interval, 7-34 Total Station Cross-Sectioning, 7-37

Curb and Gutter Construction, 20-39 Curve Layout Data, 16-20

DD to DMS, 12-15 Data Sheet, 15-26 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Deflection per Foot of Arc, 16-15 Deflection, 16-16

...

Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 Degree of Curve, Da, 16-11 Departure, 14-20 Departure Correction, 14-29 Differential Leveling, 7-22 Digitizer, 18-5 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Direction Calculations, 14-13

Comparison Between Azimuths and Bearings, 14-14 Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15

Chaining Analysis of Chaining Errors, 4-18 Analysis of Common Chaining Errors, 4-20 Breaking Chain, 4-5 Chaining a Distance, 4-7 Chaining a Traverse, 4-15 Chaining Basics, 4-3

Reading a Metric Chain, 4-4 Reading an Engineering Chain, 4-4

Chaining Equipment, 4-3 Properly Care for Chains & Chaining Equipment, 4-6 Sources of Error in Chaining, 4-19

Instrumental, 4-19 Natural, 4-19 Personal, 4-19

Traverse Chaining Field Notes, 4-17 Types of Errors, 4-19 .

Random, 4-19 Systematic, 4-19

~MS to DD, 12-15 Double-Centering, 19-43 Double-Check Grade Sheets, 7-55 Drafting, 11-2

CAD, 11-6 Equipment, 11-3 Graphical Scale, 11-13 Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Principles of Lettering, 11-5 Techniques, 11-4

Earthwork, 20-6 Electronic Data Collection, 6-40 Electronic Instruments, 3-29 Elevation, 7-3 Elevations, 8-15 Elevator and Stair Cores, 20-33 Engineering Layout, 1-9 Equipment

Equipment Checklists, 1-4 Personal Equipment, 1-3

Equipment Calibration Angle-Measuring Instruments, 10-10 Basic Principles, 10-3

Development of a Test Area, 10-4 Hand Level, 10-40

index @

Procedure for Calibration of a Hand Level, 10-41

Laser, 10-31 Procedure for laser calibration, 10-32

Laser Plummets, 10-23 Levels, 10-24 Levels, 10-24

Quick-Peg by One Person, 10-29 Review of the Geometry of a Level, 10-25 The Principal Lines on a Level, 10-25 Two-Peg or Quick-Peg Test, 10-26

Optical Plummet in a Tribrach, 10-22 Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34

Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Tables, 10-35

Testing of a Chain, 10-6 Testing Requirements, 10-4 The Circular Level, 10-22 Total Station, 10-19 Total Station, 10-19

Horizontal Collimation, 10-20 Vertical Index Error, 10-20

Tribrach and Plummets, 10-21 Laser Plummets, 10-23 Review of Instrument Geometry, 10-11 The Circular Level, 10-22 The Optical Plummet, 10-22 Principle Lines Angle-Measuring Instr., 10-11

Establishing a Line, 21-12 Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Existing Objects as Benchmarks, 7-48 External E, 16-10

Field Book, 1-15 Field Engineering

Field Duties, 1-9 Getting Started and Organized, 1-2 Office Duties, 1-11 Responsibilities, 1-7 Success Characteristics, 1-8

Field Notekeeping, 3-17 Basic Practices, 3-18

Keep Field Book Safe, 3-18 Leave No Room for Interpretation, 3-18 Make References, 3-18 Record Data Exactly, 3-18 Use a Hard Pencil, 3-18

Do Not Erase, 3-21 Guidelines, 3-21 Layout, 3-18 Methods of Notekeeping, 3-23

Sample Combination, 3-24 Sample Description, 3-24

INDEX -17


Sample Sketch, 3-23 Sample Tabulation, 3-23

Record Everything, 3-21 Use Standard Drafting Techniques, 3-22 Use Standard Lettering Techniques, 3-22

Field Notes Arithmetic Check, 7-20 Field Note Samples

Field Notes for Profile Leveling, 7-31 Field Notes for Referencing, 19-20 Field Notes for Bucking In, 19-42 Field Notes for Chaining, 4-14 Field :Notes for Cross-Sectioning, 7-38 Field Notes for Differential Leveling, 7-27 Field Notes for Distances Between Control Points, 6-23 Field Notes for Grid Leveling, 7-42 Field Notes for Horizontal Control Layout, 6-15 Field Notes for Level Loop, 7-19 Field Notes for Leveling, 7-17 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles with a Chain, 21-22 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-23 Field Notes for Radial Layout, 6-32 Field Notes for Slope Stake, 19-55 Field Notes for Transferring an Elevation Up a Structure, 7-46 Field Notes for Traverse Chaining, 4-17 Field Notes for Traverse Computation, 14-11 Field Notes for Traverse Data, 14-6 Field Notes for Trigonometric Leveling, 6-39

Rules Related to Field Book Use, 7-21 Field observations, 22-1 Field Work Tips, 22-8 Footings and Foundation, 20-14 Foresight (FS), 7-3 Formulas, 12-2 Foundations, 8-15

GPS, 19-46, 21-5 Calibrate, 9-12 GPS equipment care, 9-12 GPS Project Planning, 9-9 Iobsite Applications, 9-5 Recording log sheets, 9-14 Satellites, 9-11 Standard Practices, 9-7

Advantages, 9-4 Disadvantages, 9-4

Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Calculating Elevations on the~ Gradient, 17-7 Gradient Elevations, 17-4 Negative Gradient, 17-6 Positive Gradient, 17-5 Zero Gradient, 17-6

18 - INDEX

Grading with a Laser, 20-25 Grid Leveling, 7-39 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11

Height of Instrument (ID), 7-3 ID From Two BM's, 7-54 High and Low Points of a Vertical Curve, 17-20

Equation for the High or Low Point, 17-21 Procedure for Calculating a Low Point, 17-21

Horizontal Control, 19-14,20-3 Horizontal Control and Layout, 20-30 Horizontal Curves

Formulas, 16-7 Layout by Coordinates, 16-30

Procedure for Coordinate Calculations, 16-32 Procedure for Radial Lines, 16-28

Layout by Deflections, 16-21 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Curve Layout Data, 16-20 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Procedure for Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Procedure for Short Chord Layout, 16-22

Parts of a Horizontal Curve, 16-4 Arc Length, 16-15 Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 External E, 16-10 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Long chord LC, 16-8 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10 Station Interval, 16-15 Stationing, 16-12 Tangent T, 16-8

Types of Curves, 16-3 Broken-Back, 16-4 Compound Curve, 16-3 Reverse Curve, 16-3 Simple Curve, 16-3 Spiral Curves, 16-4

Index Contour, 11-19 Instrument Angle Error, 19-38 Instrument Care, 3-25

General Instrument Care and Use, 3-27 Attach Instrument Snugly to the Tripod, 3-27 Do Not Touch the Lenses, 3-27 Establish a Wide Foundation, 3-28 Grasp the Instrument Firmly, 3-27 Keep Equipment Dry, 3-28 Keep it Clean, 3-28 Never Leave the Instrument Unattended, 3-28 Silicone Lubricant, 3-31

Transporting Surveying Instruments, 3-26 Carrying the Instrument, 3-27 Keep an Empty Case Closed, 3-27 Transport the Instrument in its Case, 3-27

Instrument Setups, 3-51 Procedure for Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Procedure for Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Procedure for Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57

Instruments Digital Theodolite, 5-9 For Working Alone, 21-5 Geometry of Angle-Measuring Instruments, 5-10 Optical Theodolite, 5-8

Components of Theodolites & Total Stations, 5-12

Total Stations, 5-10 Transit, 5-7

Angle-turning Clamping (Motion) Systems, 5-12 Components of a Transit, 5-11

Use of an Instrument, 20-36 Interior Angles, 14-4 Interpolation, 11-22

Procedure for Interpolation, 11-22 Intersections, 15-13, 19-33

Direction / Direction Intersection, 15-17 Distance / Direction Intersection, 15-16 Distance / Distance Intersection, 15-14 Procedure for Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34

Inversing, 15-7 Inverse Direction, 15-8 Inverse Distance, 15-11

Land Surveyor Lasers, 21-5

Applications, 8-14 Benefits of using a Laser, 8-3 Calibration, 8-13 Classes of Lasers, 8-5

Fixed,8-5 Rotating, 8-5 Utility, 8-6

Standard Practices, 8-7 Types of Lasers, 8-4

Electronic Level, 8-4 Visible Light Laser, 8-4

Use of the, 20-35 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Latitude, 14-20 Latitudes and Departures, 14-19 Laying Out Distances, 21-9 Layout, 20-28

Baseline, 19-30 Change Technology, 19-7 Checking Layout, 19-7 Intersections, 19-33 Methods, 19-21 Radial Layout, 19-26 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Schedule, 1-6

index @

Layout Data, 15-24 Procedure to Calculate Layout Data, 15-28

Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Length Correction, 13-8 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Level Rods, 7-8

Rod Levels, 7-10 Rod Use, 7-14

Leveling Differential Leveling Basics, 7-3 Leveling an Instrument, 3-43

Procedure for Electronic Leveling System, 3-49 Procedure for Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Procedure for Three-Screw LeveJing Head, 3-47

Leveling Instruments, 7-6 Automatic Levels, 7-7 Digital Levels, 7-8 Dumpy Levels, 7-6 Hand Levels, 7-7

Leveling Process Bala.'1ce Backsights and Foresights, 7-16 Carrying a Level, 7-13 Check the Compensator, 7-13 Close the Loop, 7-16 Focusing, 7-13 Setting up, 7-12

Standard Practices, 7-11 Lift Drawings, 11-26

Basics, 11-28 Example Lift Drawings, 11-31 Lift Drawing Checklist, 11-30

Lift-Drawing Preparation and Use, 20-27 Line, 19-36 Linear Error of Closure, 14-23 Location of Embeds, Block-Outs, etc., 20-37 Long BS and Short FS, 19-37 Long chord, LC, 16-8 Long Chords, 16-19

Math Review Algebra, 12-3 Formulas, 12-2 Plane Geometry, 12-4 Trigonometry, 12-5

Measurement Principles, 3-10 Accuracy vs. Precision, 3-13 Accuracy, 3-13 Errors, 3-11 Mistakes vs. Errors, 3-11 Mistakes, 3-11 Precision, 3-13

Measuring a Distance, 21-9 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10

INDEX - 19


Monumentation, 19-13 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve, 16-35

Procedure for Moving Up, 16-36

Natural Backsights, 19-38 Natural or Quick Foresights, 19-39 Notekeeping for Three-Wire Leveling, 7-50

Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15 Office Work Tips, 22-10 Offset Curves, 16-43

Offset Chord Equations, 16-45 Offset Curve Layout Data, 16-46 Procedure for Offset Chord Layout, 16-47

Offset, 20-9, 20-12 One-Person Surveying, 21-1

3/4/5, 21-21 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Distances, 21-6

Chaining, 21-9 Elevations, 21-16 Layout, 21-18 Line, 21-10

Establishing a Line, 21-12 Obtaining a Backsight, 21-11

One-Person 90's, 21-19 Procedure for One-Person Radial, 21-19

Open Traverse, 14-3

Pacing, 21-7 Determine Pace Length, 21-8

Pegging a Level, 21-17 Permanent Backsight, 21-17 Pipelines, 19-48 Planimeter, 18-5 Planning, 1-3 Plumb Bob

Plumbing with, 20-31 Use of the, 20-35

Plumbing and Erection, 20-22 Plumbing the Column, 20-31 Plumbing with an Instrument, 20-32 Pocket Laser, 19-58 Precision Calculation and Analysis, 14-24 Preserving Points, 19-17 Primary Control, 19-14

Primary, 19-14 Secondary, 19-14 Working, 19-15

Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34 Procedures for

Adjusting Angles, 14-11 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area by Geometry, 15-31 Baseline Offset, 19-31

20 -INDEX

Bucking In On Line, 19-40 Calculate Layout Data, 15-28 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.C., 14-24 Calculating Low Point, 17-21 Calculating Unequal Length Curve, 17-17 Calibration, 10-8 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Coordinate Calculations, 16-33 Cross-Sectioning, 7-35 Differential Leveling, 7-23 Direct and Reverse Angles, 5-18 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Double-Centering, 19-43 Electronic Leveling System Establishing a Perpendicular Line, 21-14 Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Grid Leveling, 7-40 Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Laying Out and Staking a Vertical Curve, 17-24 Laying-Out a Point with a Total Station, 6-25 Layout Data, 15-28 Layout of an Angle, 5-26 Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Measuring a Distance with a Chain, 4-8 Measuring Distance & Angle with Total Station, 6-12 Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Moving Up On a Horizontal Curve, 16-36 Offset Curve Layout, 16-47 One-Person Radial, 21-19 Profile Leveling, 7-29 Quick-Peg, 10-27 Radial Lines, 16-28 Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting Grade, 7-55 Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57 Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Short Chord Layout, 16-22 Three-Screw Leveling Head, 3-47 Transferring Elevations, 7-44 Traverse Computations, 14-7 Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Using Tables, 10-35 Wingding Right Angle, 21-13 Zenith Angle Measurement, 5-30

Professional Surveyor, 19-11 Profile Leveling, 7-28 Project Documentation, 1-11 Pythagorean Theorem, 19-23

Quality Control, 1-11 Quantities

Determining Area, 18-5 Geometric Formula, 18-5

Radial Layout, 19-26 Rectangular Coordinate System, 15-3 Reference to Primary Control, 20-9 Referencing, 19-18 Re-Section, 15-19

Angle Re-Section, 15-21 Distance Re-Section, 15-20

Retaining Systems, 20-8 Review Tolerances, 22-5 Roadways, 19-47 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Rules of Thumb, 22-11

Safety Construction-Site Hazards, 3-8 Crew Protective Equipment, 3-4 Hand Tool Hazards, 3-5 Highway hazards, 3-7 Natural Hazards, 3-6 Personal Protective Equipment, 3-3 Planning for Safety, 1-12 Safety is for life!, 1-12

Safety, 20-5 Sample Site Plans, 11-15 Satellites, 9-11

Signal Reception, 9-12 Schedule, 22-6 Scheduling

Daily Scheduling, 1-5 Maintaining the Schedule, 1-13 Sample Layout Schedule, 1-6

Secondary Control, 19-14 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Setting a Backsight, 21-11 Setting a Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Setting Benchmarks, 7-48 Setting Grade, 7-53 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Short Chords, 16-19 Sidewalk Construction, 20-40 Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters, 20-38 Significant Figures, 12-3 Site Plans, 11-11

Information on Site Plans, 11-12 Description of Benchmarks, 11-15 Description of Monuments, 11-14 Road Names, 11-15

Sitework, 8-15, 20-4 Slope, 17-5

Slope Correction, 13-12 Slope Staking, 19-50

Building Site, 19-52 Highway Project, 19-52

index @

Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 Terms and Definitions, 19-51

Software and Computers, 1-4 Stakes, 22-8 Staking, 20-7 Stationing, 16-12

Station Interval, 16-15 Sticks and Strings, 19-61 Story Poles, 19-62 String Lines, 19-66

Characteristics, 19-67 Fastening Techniques, 19-67 Principles and Applications, 19-68 Types of stringlines, 19-66

Structural Steel, 20-20 Structures, 8-15 Symbols

See Abbreviations and Symbols

Tangent T, 16-8 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Targets, 21-12 Tech Tips, 22-7 Temperature Correction, 13-17 Templates, 21-13 Tension and Sag, 13-6 The Theory of Differential Leveling, 7-4 Three-Wire Leveling, 7-49 Title Block, 11-13 Tolerances, 20-19, 20-22

Common Tolerances for Construction Layout, 3-15 Total Station

Layout of a Point, 6-24 Measuring Basics, 6-11 Measuring Details, 6-16 Procedure for Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Standard Practices, 6-7 Trigonometric Elevations, 6-33 Types of Total Stations, 6-5

Basic Total Stations, 6-6 Full-Featured Total Stations, 6-6 Reflectorless Total Stations, 6-6 Robotic or Automatic Tracking Total Stations, 6-6

Transferring Elevations, 7-43 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25 Traverse Adjustments, 14-26

Compass Rule, 14-27 Departure Correction, 14-29 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25

INDEX - 21


Traverse Analysis, 14-24 Traverse Angles, 14-4

Adjustment Options, 14-10 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angular Closure, 14-5 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Interior Angles, 14-4 When to Adjust Angles, 14-10

Traverse Computation Sheet, 15-35 Traverse Computations

Closed Traverse, 14-3 Open Traverse, 14-3

Traverses, 14-3 Procedure for Traverse Computations, 14-7

Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4 Tripods, 3-29

Position Tripod Legs Properly, 3-30 Keep it Horizontal, 3-30 Keep it Tight, 3-30

Tripods, 3-29 Ensure a Solid Setup, 3-30

Check all Screws and Bolts, 3-31 Maintain Proper Tension, 3-31 Secure Adjustable Legs, 3-31

Tripods, 3-29 Transport Carefully, 3-31

Turnbuckles and Cables, 20-22 Tumbuckles, 21-3 Turning Point (TP), 7-3, 7-14

Turning Point Pin, 7-15

Unequal Length Vertical Curves, 17-16 Procedure for Calculating an Unequal Length Curve, 17-17

Units and Conversions, 12-11 DD to DMS, 12-15 DMS to DD, 12-15 Feet and Inches to Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths, 12-12 Feet to Meters, 12-13 Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths to Feet and Inches, 12-13 Meters to Feet, 12-13

Units of Length, 12-12 Utilities, 20-5 Utility Laser, 19-58

Vertical Alignment, 19-56 Methods, 19-57

Carpenter's Level, 19.58 Plumb Bobs, 19-57 Pocket Laser, 19-58 TransitlTheodolitelTotal Station, 19-60 Utility Laser, 19-58 Zenith Plu=et,19-60

22 -INDEX

Vertical Alignment, 20-35 Vertical Control, 19-15,20-3 Vertical Curves

Calculation of the Gradient from PVI to PVI, 17-6 Definitions, 17-5 Equations of the Vertical Curve, 17-13 Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Laying Out and Staking Vertical Curve, 17-24 Parts of the Vertical Curve, 17-10

Point of Vertical Intersection, 17-6 Properties of the Vertical Curve, 17-11

Crest Curve, 17-11 Sag Curve, 17-11 Sy=etry, 17-11

Vertical Curve Layout, 17-23 Vertical, 8-15 Vicinity Map, 11-13 Volume, 12-15 Volumes

Average End-Area Method, 18-8 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11

Working Control, 19-15 Working-Alone Tools, 21-3

Carpenter's Tools, 21-3 GPS,21-5 Instruments for Working Alone, 21-5 Lasers, 21-5 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Sticks and Strings, 21-4 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4

Zenith Plummet, 19-60