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Computer Evolution
Budditha Hettige
Department of Computer Science
Computer Generation
1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940)
2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955)
3. Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963)
4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
5. Forth Generation – VLS-Integration (1971-present)
6. Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
(2011) Computer System architectures 2
The Zero Generation (3)
• Prior to the 1500s, a typical European
businessperson used an abacus for calculations
• Pascal’s machine
– Addition and Subtraction
• Analytical engine
– Four components (Store, mill, input, output)
(2011) Computer System architectures 3
Charles Babbage
• Difference Engine 1823
• Analytic Engine 1833– The forerunner of modern digital computer– The first conception of a general purpose
computer
(2011) Computer System architectures 4
First Generation-Vacuum Tubes
(1945-1955)
• First generation computers are characterized by the
use of vacuum tube logic
• Developments
– ABC
– ENIAC
– UNIVAC I
(2011) Computer System architectures 5
First Generation- Time Line
(2011) Computer System architectures 6
Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory
1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors
1946 ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes
1947 EDVACElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1948 The BabyManchester Small Scale Experimental Machine
binary vacuum tubes CRST
1949 UNIVAC I Universal Automatic Computer decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1949 EDSACElectronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer
binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes
1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
Von Neumann architecture
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ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• world's first electronic digital computer
• The ABC used binary arithmetic
(2011) Computer System architectures 8
ENIAC – First general purpose computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania
during 1943-45
• capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems
• The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical
calculator!
– 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW
• Performance
– Read in 120 cards per minute
– Addition took 200 ms, Division 6 ms
(2011) Computer System architectures 9
UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic
Computer
• The first commercial computer
• UNIVAC was delivered in 1951
• designed at the outset for business and
administrative use
• The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed
29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of
electrical power
• Originally priced at US$159,000
(2011) Computer System architectures 10
The Second Generation-Transistors
(1955-1965)
• Second generation computers are characterized by
the use of discrete transistor logic
• Use of magnetic core for primary storage
• Developments
– IBM 1620 System
– IBM 7030 System
– IBM 7090 System
– IBM 7094 System
(2011) Computer System architectures 11
IBM 7090
• The IBM 7090 system was announced in 1958.
• The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O channels.
• The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.
• Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds, and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8 microseconds.
• The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage.
• In 1960, the American Airlines
• SABRE system used two 7090 systems.
• Cost of a 7090 system was in the
$3,000,000 range.
(2011) Computer System architectures 12
IBM 1620
• The IBM 1620 system was announced in 1959.
• The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of
core storage (6 bits each.)
• Floating point hardware was optional.
• The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic.
• The system was digit oriented, not word oriented.
(2011) Computer System architectures 13
IBM 7030
• The IBM 7030 system was announced in 1960.
• The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage.
• The ALU could perform 1,000,000 operations per second.
• Up to 32 I/O channels were supported.
• The 7030 was also referred to as "Stretch."
• Cost of a 7030 system was in the $10,000,000 range.
(2011) Computer System architectures 14
IBM 7094
• The IBM 7094 system was announced in 1962.
• The 7094 was an improved 7090.
• The 7094 introduced double precision floating point
arithmetic.
(2011) Computer System architectures 15
Third Generation
• Third generation computers are characterized by the
use of integrated circuit logic.
• Development
– IBM System/360
(2011) Computer System architectures 16
IBM S 360
• The IBM S/360 family was announced in 1964.
• Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels.
• Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.
• Had a microprogrammed instruction set.
• Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,000.
(2011) Computer System architectures 17
Forth Generation
• Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ULSI)
• Fourth generation computers are characterized by
the use of microprocessors.
• Semiconductor memory was commonly used
• Development
– Intel
– AMD etc
(2011) Computer System architectures 18
Intel 4004
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in 1971.
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor had
– 2,300 transistors.
– A clock speed of 108 KHz.
– A die size of 12 sq mm.
– 4 bit memory access.
– 4 bit registers.
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported
– Up to 32,768 bits of program storage.
– Up to 5,120 bits of data storage.
• The 4004 was used mainly in calculators.
(2011) Computer System architectures 19
Intel 4004 - 1971
(2011) Computer System architectures 20
MOS 6502
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in 1975.
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor had
– A clock speed of 1 MHz.
– 8 bit memory access.
– 8 bit registers.
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported
– Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory.
• The MOS 6502 was used in
– The Apple II personal computer.
– The Comodore PET personal computer.
– The KIM-1 computer kit.
– The Atari 2600 game system.
– The Nintendo Famicon game system.
• Initial price of the 6502 was $25.00.
(2011) Computer System architectures 21
Intel Pentium IV - 2001
• “State of the art”
• 42 million transistors
• 2GHz
• 0.13mm process
• Could fit ~15,000
4004s on this chip!
(2011) Computer System architectures 22
Now
- zEnterprise196 Microprocessor• 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design
• Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module
• 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology
• 64-bit virtual addressing– original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension
• Superscalar, out-of-order– Up to 72 instructions in flight
• Variable length instruction pipeline: 15-17 stages
• Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units
• 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer– Very large buffer to support commercial workload
• Four Levels of caches:– 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache
– 1.5MB L2 cache per core
– 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache
– 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache
(2011) Computer System architectures 23
Fifth Generation
• Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence
• Features
– Voice recognition,
– Parallel processing
– Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.
– The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and
are capable of learning and self-organization
(2011) Computer System architectures 24
Fifth Generation
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Type of Computers
• Supercomputers
• Mainframe computers
• Mini Computers
• Personal Computers
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Supercomputer
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Mainframe computers
• used primarily by large
organizations for critical
applications, bulk data
processing
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Mini Computers
• minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of
smaller computers that developed in the mid-1960s
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Types of Microcomputers
• Servers
• Desktop
• Laptop
• PDA
• Mobile phones etc.
Server
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Desktop
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Laptop
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PDA
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Tablet
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Virtual Computers
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