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COMPUTER SKILLS COMP101/L
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Course Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Numbering Systems
Chapter 3 Hardware
Chapter 4 Introduction to Computer Networks
Chapter 5 Introduction to the Internet
Chapter 6 System And Application Software
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Chapter I
Introduction
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HOW COMPUTERS WORK
Any digital computer carries out five functions in
gross terms
Takes data as input
Stores the data/instructions in its memory and
use them when required.
Processes the data and converts it into useful
information.
Generates the output
Controls all the above four steps
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FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER
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ADVANTAGES
• High Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage Capability
• Flexibility
• Reliability
• Automation
• Reduction in Paper
Work
• Reduction in Cost
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DISADVANTAGES
• A computer is a machine that has no
intelligence to perform any task.
• Each instruction has to be given to computer.
• A computer cannot take any decision on its
own.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
• Hardware - Physical components that make
up a computer system
Hardware of a Modern personal computer
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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
• Software - Computer programs and related
data that provide the instructions for telling
computer hardware what to do and how to do
it.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Hardware and Software have
interrelated relationship.
This means that without
software, hardware is very
limited; and without
hardware, software wouldn't
be able to run at all.
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Relationship between Hardware and Software
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. Business
A computer has high speed of calculation,
diligence, accuracy, reliability, which made it an
integrated part in all business organizations. – Banking
– Insurance – Marketing
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
2. Education • The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education
system.
• The computer provides a tool in the education system
known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
•
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
3. Health Care • Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and
dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep
the records of patients and medicines.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Healthcare Applications Some major fields of health care in which computers are used
are:
• Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and
identify cause of illness.
• Laboratory-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and
reports are prepared by computer.
• Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check
patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG
etc.
• Pharmacy Information System - Computer checks Drug-
Labels, Expiry dates, harmful drug’s side effects etc.
• Surgery: Nowadays, computers are also used in performing
surgery.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
4. Engineering Design Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.
• One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design). That
provides creation and modification of images.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Engineering Applications
Some fields are:
Structural Engineering - Requires stress and
strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings,
Budgets, and Airplanes etc.
Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with
design, implementation and improvement of
integrated systems of people, materials and
equipments.
Architectural Engineering - Computers help
in planning towns, designing buildings,
determining a range of buildings on a site
using both 2D and 3D drawings.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
5. Military • Computers are largely used in defense.
• Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also employs
computerized control systems.
Some military areas where a
computer has been used are:
Missile Control
Military Communication
Military Operation and Planning
Smart Weapons
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
6. Communication Communication means to convey a
message, an idea, a picture or speech that is
received and understood clearly and correctly by
the person for whom it is meant for.
Some main areas in this category are:
• Chatting
• Files transfer
• Video-conferencing
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
7. Government Seamlessly integrating all
Ministries and
Government entities to
provide faster and more
effective public services
online.
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
• Generation in computer terminology is a
change in technology a computer is/was being
used.
• Generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire
computer system.
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
S.N. Generation & Description
1 First Generation
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
2 Second Generation
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
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Third Generation
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
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Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
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Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. PC (PERSONAL COMPUTER)
• A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive
computer designed for an individual user. Another name of PC
is Microcomputer, because PCs are based on the
microprocessor technology.
• Businesses use personal computers
for word processing, accounting,
desktop publishing, and for running
spreadsheet and database management
applications.
• At home, the most popular use for personal computers is
playing games and surfing Internet.
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TYPES OF COMPUTERS
2. Workstation Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and
other types of applications.
These applications require a moderate amount of computing
power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
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TYPES OF COMPUTERS
3. Minicomputer (Servers)
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of
supporting large number of users simultaneously.
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
4. Mainframe Computer
Mainframe is more powerful and costly than ordinary servers;
capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously.
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
5. Super Computer
Supercomputers are more powerful and expensive than the
mainframes.
They are employed for specialized applications that require
big amount of mathematical calculations.
For example, weather
forecasting, scientific
simulations, (animated) graphics,
fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in
petrochemical prospecting). 26
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER
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COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
Advantages
• Make routine tasks
quick, easy, and
accurate
• Save lives
• Create large
amounts of new
wealth.
• Find information,
• Create entertainment
Disadvantages
• Brings with it new
opportunities for
crime
• Software theft
• Hacking
• Attacks by
computer viruses
• Loose of privacy
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COMPUTER SCIENCE AS
DISCIPLINE
• Computer science is a discipline that spans
theory and practice.
• Computer science can be seen on a higher
level, as a science of problem solving.
• Computer science also has strong connections
to other disciplines, such as engineering, health
care, business, and other areas.
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Some Major Areas of Computer Science
1. Operating Systems--concerned with the
development and structure of complex programs which
facilitate man-machine communications.
2. Programming Languages--the study of the design
and properties of languages by which humans
communicate with computers.
3. Intelligent Systems--concerned with means by which
computers may perform tasks which might be
characterized as "intelligent" if performed by humans.
4. Software Engineering--the study of tools and
techniques for software design, development, testing
and maintenance. 30