1 computer generation

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20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models

Advanced computer architecture

and algorithms

Dr. Sahana D.Gowda

Professor & Head

Department of Information Science and Engineering

B.N.M. Institute of technology

Bangalore


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Session-1 topics covered

Parallel Computer Models

The state of computing.Computer development mile stones.

Elements of modern computers.

Evolution of computer Architecture.

System attributes to performance.

Multiprocessors and multicomputers.

Shared memory multiprocessors.

Distributed memory multicomputers.

A taxonomy of MIMD computers.


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Parallel Computer Models

Parallel processing is an enabling technology in

modern computers Ever increasing demand for higher performance, lower costs and sustained

productivity in the real world applications

Parallelism is in the form of Lookahead

Pipelining

Vectorization

Concurrency

Simulataneity

Data parallelism

Multitasking Multiprogramming

Multithreading

Distributed computing at different processing levels


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Physical Architectures

Parallel computers Vector supercomputers

Multiprocessors

Multicomputers

Massively parallel processors


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Computers have gone through two major stages of

development Mechanical

Electronic

Moving parts in mechanical computers werereplaced by high-mobility electrons in electronic

computers.

Information transmission by mechanical gears or

levers was replaced by electric signals travelingalmost at the speed of light.

Computer development Milestones


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PROCESS

OUTPUT

INPUT

A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to

accept data (i nput),process it into useful information (output),

and store it in a storagedevice for future use

Computers

As decades passed computers were tuned and were classifiedinto five generations.


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Computer Generation

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

4thGeneration

5thGeneration


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1s tGenerat ion (1944 - 1958) : Vacuum Tubes

Memory was made up ofhundreds ofvacuum

tubes or sometimes

magnetic drum

Gave off so much heat

that even if they werecooled by gigantic air

conditioners.

Input and output media

were punched cards and

magnetic tapes

IBM Punched Card (input)

Magnetic Tapes (output) Vacuum Tubes

(memory)


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UNIVAC ENIAC


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Applications:

These computers were used for record keeping

and payroll processing

Features:

1.Vacuume tubes were used as electronic components2.Electronic digital computers were developed.

3. These computers were fastest calculating device of

their time

4. Computations were performed in milliseconds


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Limitations:

1. Too large in size

2. Unreliable

3. Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes

4. Air conditioning required

5. Frequent hardware failure6. Constant maintenance required

7. Non-portable

8. Commercial production was difficult and costly


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20/2/2011 Parallel Computer Models 12

an electronic switch that alternately allow or disallowelectronic signal to pass, replaces vacuum tubes

These transistors were made of solid material, some of

which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce

Much smallerthan vacuum tubes, draw less power, andgenerate less heat, conduct electricity faster.

2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) : Trans isto r


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Minicomputer


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Applications:The major applications were record keeping, payroll

processing, updating files

Features:1. Transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes

2. Smaller in size as compare to first generation computers3. Much reliable4. Less heat generated

5.Computations were performed in microseconds6. Less hardware failures

7. Better portability8. Commercially used9. They contain printer, memory, stored program, tapedrives, disk storage and operating systems

Second generation


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Second generation

IBM 1401 was developed at that time Computer has memory so that instructions

can be replaced by new instructions to

perform new task

Programming languages such as FORTRAN

(FORmula TRANslator) and COBOL

(COmmon Business Oriented Language)

were developed at that time


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3rd Generat ion (1964 - 1970) : Integrated Circu i t

An electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic

components into one small silicon chip called semiconductor.

The number of transistors that is placed on a single chip has increased,

shrinking both the size and cost of computers.

Keyboards and monitors were used.

Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary storage


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Minicomputer


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Applications:

With all of the applications of previous

generations the computers were used for airline

reservations, market forecasting, credit cards, billing

etc.

Features:

1. Smaller in size as compared to previousgenerations.

2. Increased reliability

3. Heat generation was rear

4. Computations were performed in nanoseconds


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5. Hardware failure was very rare

6. Low maintenance cost

7. Very easy portable8. Very General purpose

9. Less electricity consumption

10. Commercial production was easier and

cheaper

11. Integrated circuits were used

12. Integrated circuit contains many electronic

components on single chip13. They could run 5 million instructions per second

14. They could store upto 8 million characters


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15. In 1969 Intel 4004 microprocessor wasdeveloped and used only in calculators16. Systems developed in this generations wereIBM-360, IBM-370

17. These systems were multi-user, multi-programming and multi-processing

Limitations:1. Air conditioning required

2. Frequent maintenance required3. Commercial production was costly


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IBM-360


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4thGenerat ion (1971-Present ) : Microp rocessor

A silicon chip on which transistors are integrated ontoit.

Microprocessorcan do all the processing of a full-

scale computer smaller in size , faster in speed.

These circuit integrations are known as Large-scaleintegrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI)

circuits

Microprocessors led to the invention of personal

computers.


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Features:

1. Smallest in sizeVery2. Reliable

3. No heat generated

4. No air conditioning was required in many

cases

5. Minimal maintenance required

6. Minimal hardware failure


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7. Very portable

8. Much faster9. Totally general purpose

10. Very inexpensive

11. 5.25 inch and 3.25 inch floppy disk were

introduced

12. First supercomputer Cray- I was developed

in 1976


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Cray-II

Cray-II was developed in 1985

Used for speech analysis

Complex mathematical calculations Weather forecasting


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Cray-II Supercomputer


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Personal Computer

Personal computer (PC) was invented in thisgeneration by IBM

It can be used in office, homes, schools andanywhere

Operating system DOS for PC was developed

Windows operating system were also developedto provide user friendly interaction with PC

Size of PC reduced to the size of notebook, thento the palm of a person


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Apple Mac

Developed by Apple company

Year 1984

First user friendly operating system Mac

was used in Apple Mac


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Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with

making computers behave and think like

humans.

The branch of computer sciencethat deal

with writingcomputer p rogramsthat canso lve prob lems creat ively

AI studies include robotics, expert systems,

games, etc..

5th Generat ion (Present & Beyond)

: Art i f ic ial Intel l igence


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Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)

This generation includes the features to make

computer intelligent

Applications of artificial intelligence are beingadded to computers

Expert systems are being developed to

professionals in their field

Doctors can use expert system to diagnose

diseases


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Surgeons use expert system to operate Manufacturing industries use these systems

to manufacture products

Engineers use these systems to designcircuits

Architect use these system to design maps

And many, many other applications arethere

Fifth Generation


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3 Direct ion s of Compu ter Developm ent

size Everything has become smaller

power Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram

more power into their machines, providing fasterprocessing speeds and more data storage capacity.

expensive The price of the hardware is getting cheaper


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Elements of Modern Computers

Hardware

Architecture

PerformanceEvaluation

HighlevelLanguages

Algorithms and

Data structures

Computing Problems

Operating

system

Application

software

Mapping

Programming

Binding

(Compile, load)

Scalar


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Scalar

lookaheadsequential

Functional

ParallelismI/E overlap

Pipeline

Multiple

Func units

Explicit

vector

Implicit

vector

Reg-RegMem-Mem

Associative

Processor

Processor

arrayMulticomputer Multiprocessor

SIMD MIMD

Tree showing

architectural evolution

Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures


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Flynn(1996) based on Instruction and Data

SISD Single Instruction Single Data Stream

Conventional uniprocessor system Still a lot of intra-CPU parallelism options

SIMD Single Instruction Multiple DataStream vector and array style computers

First accepted multiple PE style systems Now has fallen behind MIMD option

MISD Multiple Instruction Single Data Stream

no commercial products

MIMDMultiple Instructions Multiple Data Stream- Intrinsic parallel computers- Lots of options - todays winner

Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures

Fl Cl ifi ti


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Flynns Classification

Architecture Categories

SISD SIMD MISD MIMD

Classification based on notions of instruction and data

stream


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SISD

C P MIS IS DS

Uniprocessors


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SIMD

C

P

P

MIS

DS

DS

Processors that execute same instruction on multiple pieces of data

MISD


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MISD

C

C

P

P

M

IS

IS

IS

IS

DS

DS

i. Same instruction executed by multiple processors using

different data streamsii. Each processor has its data memory (hence multiple data)

iii. Theres a single instruction memory and control processor


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20/2/2011 P ll l C M d l

MIMD

C

C

P

P

M

IS

IS

IS

IS

DS

DS

1 computer generation

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