history annd generation of computer
TRANSCRIPT
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Erik Jonsson School of En ineerin andComputer Science
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EE 2310EE 2310 EE 2310 is a required course, prerequisite for EE 3320/3120.
Major topic areas:
Binary and hexadecimal numbers
Combinational and sequential digital logic
Assembly language programming
Computer architecture overview
EE 2310 Home Page: (http://www.utdallas.edu/~dodge/ee2310)
Syllabus, course information, lectures, announcements
Homework work sheets classroom exercise sheets
Review regularly!
Note: Acrobat Reader required. Obtain from Acrobat:
N. B. Dodge 01/121 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
software site: http://www.utdallas.edu/ir/local/index.html.
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Note on 2310 InformationNote on 2310 Information
Note that I do not use WebCT.
EE 2310 information is available on my website
(http://www.utdallas.edu/~dodge/ee2310 ). o oo or any course n orma on on
WebCT. I grade and return tests 1 and 2
,your grade for long.
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2310 S llabus/Due Date Documents2310 S llabus/Due Date Documents
There are three important EE 2310 documents: EE
2310 S llabus EE 2310 Homework Due Dates and EE
2310 Lab Result Due Dates.
The syllabus is very complete. It describes lectures,
s ows w en es s an es rev ews are sc e u e , an
lays out the semester schedule.
Most course uestions are answered in the s llabus or
in the due date documents. The syllabus even has
references to the texts used in the course.
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t ree ocuments are on t e we s te.
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Syllabus/Homework Due (Contd)Syllabus/Homework Due (Contd)
Read the syllabus carefully (preferably early thissemester).
Because 2310 documentation is so complete, here are
questions that I really do NOT want to hear:
When is the next test? Do we have a worksheet today?
What should I be reading? What is the lecture about?
Come to class prepared! Class exercises printed.
Homework com lete.
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Lab report or results turned in.
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Announcements on the WebsiteAnnouncements on the Website
At the top of the 2310 website is an announcements
.
Important announcements will be listed there, either
those made in class (e.g., about an upcoming test orassignment) or special items concerning a lecture or
homework assignment.
.also be noted in the announcements area.
Scan the announcements section regularly!
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HomeworkHomework
There are three kinds of homework in EE 2310: Homework Homework is posted on the web site. Turn in at the
of final grade. Answers posted on-line shortly after the due date.
Note: The semester project is a homework assignment, but is a more
difficult design assignment, that counts an additional 5% of your final
grade. This assignment will be posted a little later in the semester.
Test Review Sheets Bring each completed review sheet to class the
day of the test review. Will be checked by the instructor before class.
. - final grade (the +1 is a completion grade). Answers to test review
sheets are NOT posted! You must come to class for the answers.
Lab Re ort/results. Due accordin to the lab result due date sheet.
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Worth 10% of your final grade. More on labs below.
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Homework ProceduresHomework Procedures
All homework (including lab reports) will be turned at thebeginning of EE 2310 class on the due date listed, except for the
items noted below.
Software lab results (programs in labs 5 and 6) and programs in
Homework #7 will be emailed as an attachment directly to the
class TA. Each student turns in homework #7.
The TAs schedule, availability, and office location will be listed on
the EE 2310 web site as soon as TAs are assigned.
In the case of labs 5 and 6 onl one ro ram is re uired er team.
Make sure you list both partners names on each lab report and
program, so that proper credit is given to both lab partners!
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,
although they may work on it together.
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Class Exercise SheetsClass Exercise Sheets
Print out and bring (real paper!) class exercise sheets toclass. They are included in the lecture notes, which you
.
Selected exercise sheets will be collected to earn points
on your next test (+1-3 per sheet; up to 5 points total).
You will not know in advance which in-class exercises
will be turned in, or which worksheets will be checked.
Certain class exercise sheets will not be completed inclass, but will be assigned as a bonus homework.
Bonus exercise sheets should be turned in at the start of
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the next office hours (similar bonus points apply).
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EE 2310 LabsEE 2310 Labs
There are six lab exercises in EE 2310. The lab portion consists of four digital hardware
exerc ses w c are to e comp ete n t e
1202/2310 lab. You will work with a lab partner, and
the partnership will submit a joint report summarizing
the exercise and their results.
There are also two software assignments that count as
, .partner to complete the software design assignment,
and email your result to the class TA.
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Labs count 10% of your final grade.
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EE 1202/2310 Lab Facility OverviewEE 1202/2310 Lab Facility Overview
The EE 1202/2310 lab is ECSS 4.622 (new engineering
u ng , on e r oor o e u ng.
As noted above, lab exercises will be done by teams of two
students, working together. You can choose your own labpartner. If you do not have a partner, come to the
instructor and he will find you one.
You will do these labs on our own at our own rate.
There are no scheduled lab times. Go to the lab and do
your lab work when you wish (subject to lab open hours).
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Lab HoursLab Hours
ECSS 4.622 is open ten hours a day, 10 AM to 8 PM,four days a week, Monday-Thursday.
You are free to work on your lab at any time during
these hours. You can do the lab all at once, or do a
There are 12 workstations in the lab. You must sign up
to reserve a workstation. Workstations may be
reserve n wo- our s o s, - . If you come to the lab and a station is free, you may
start work immediately. Remember to put your name
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on the reservation chart for that current period!
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Reservation SheetsReservation Sheets Each week, reservation sheets for the
next week be available in the lab at 10
AM Thursday morning.
Time Slot Reserved
Workstation 10 AM 12 Noon 2 PM 4PM 6 PM
1
drop in and start immediately if a
station is free). Write your name in the
reservation block. Include the course
3
4
5,
both use this lab.
You can reserve no more than four hours
per week, either in different 2-hour slots
6
7
8
or con guous y. Please be prompt. If you are 15 minutes
or more late, your reservation is voided.
Reservations for the week may be made
9
10
11
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from the previous Thursday through the
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ECSS 4.622 LabECSS 4.622 Lab
The entrance to 4.622 is shown on the
There are twelve workstations in the
lab room.
instruments, but you will only use the
IDL-800 digital prototyping unit and
ossibl the PC.
Instruments leads are on hangars at
the front of the lab, although you will
robabl not need these.
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Lab CabinetsLab Cabinets
ECSS 4.622 is used for two sets of
laboratory exercises, those in EE 1202
.
As shown in the picture to the right,
there are three cabinets inside the 4.622
door, to your immediate left.
One cabinet contains EE 2310 parts.
The second contain EE 1202
experimental parts.
-
for both labs, containing miscellaneous
support material required for both labs.
If any EE 2310 material is not in the
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2310 cabinet, it is in the misc cabinet.
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Layout of 2310 CabinetLayout of 2310 Cabinet
The contents of the
shown to right.
Note the layout ofthe cabinet to be
sure that you can
uickl et re uired
components and get
to work.
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Layout of Miscellaneous CabinetLayout of Miscellaneous Cabinet
The Miscellaneous cabinet
contains many items that will
not be used regularly.
Items such as the first aid kit
are available in case of minor
injuries (unlikely in EE 2310,
but possible).
Check items in this cabinet
when you first go into the lab tomake sure you know the various
items that are available.
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Digital Parts KitsDigital Parts Kits
These kits are mainly for EE
for one EE 1202 experiment.
They contain the digital
circuits, (ics) also
arranged in partitions in
groups of digital circuits.
Circuit parts needed for each
lab exercise are identified onthe last page of the exercise.
You can select ics from the
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y e r par num ers.
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Wiring KitsWiring Kits
Wiring kits are used to
together for each experiment.
The wires are various lengths,-
with hardened tips to plug
into the circuit boards.
Please be certain that the
wires are returned to the kitsand properly arrange in the
various kit partitions.
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Bench LayoutBench Layout
The layout of the benchinstruments is shown to
the right.
The items as shown to the
Power supply
Digital multimeter
Signal generator Oscilloscope
Di ital rotot er
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LC meter (stations 5, 12)
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Instrument IdentificationInstrument Identification
BC
ED
F
Instrument identification:
A
A Power supply
B Digital multimeter
D Oscilloscope
E Digital prototyper (only instrument used in EE 2310)
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F LC meter (stations 5, 12)
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Lead HangersLead Hangers
Leads are stored on the
the lab as shown in the
picture to the left (leadsa so on e o er s e o
the cabinet).
You will robabl not
need these in EE 2310
they are mainly for use
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Lab LayoutLab Layout
Cabinet
et
Workstation
9
Workstation
10
Workstation
12
Workstation
11
Workstation
Cabi
Workstation Workstation t able
Comm 8Workstation
3
7Workstation
4
6Workstation
5Cabine
File
Cabinet
TA
Cabine
t
Workstation WorkstationEE 2310Misc.EE 1202
Door
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a nea nea ne
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Lab Report Due CycleLab Report Due Cycle
Lab assignments are due per dates in the due date
.
Late lab reports are generally NOT accepted.
Exceptions can be made for very severe problems (suchas your death).
For the two software lab assignments, no reports are
.
your partner and turn in on the assigned date. The
method of submission is to email the assembly language
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program as an attac ment to t e c ass .
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Lab RoutineLab Routine
1. Read your lab exercise in the text before the briefing.2. Reserve your lab space (can do on previous Thursday).
. .
Do the lab exercise at your reserved station.
4. When finished, have the lab TA initial your results, put
workstation is clean. The lab TA will check your station.
5. Each team submits one lab report, turned in to the EE
2310 class TA his/her information will be osted on the
2310 website). Make sure to follow report guidelines asposted on-line. Lab reports only on labs 1-4.
6. Submit programs (labs 5 and 6), as discussed above, by
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email no lab reports for these labs.
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Lecture Ground RulesLecture Ground Rules
Turn off your cell phone.
use your laptop in class (except as directed).
Please a attention and erha s take a few briefnotes. EE 2310 material is tough and it is
easier than most courses to come!
Bring required materials to class (test reviewsheets and class exercise sheets). These are
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worth points on tests or on your final grade.
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Pur ose of EE 2310Pur ose of EE 2310
Digital Digital Computing Computer
and Designs
Instruction
Architecture Assembly Assembly
and
Design
anguage
Programming
ays e oun a on or an un ers an ng o compu er
architecture (that is, the way computers are put together, the
identity and characteristics of their component parts, and their
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What is a Computer?What is a Computer?
Computer: A collection of electronic switches that canperform mathematical and logical calculations.
instructions which the computer can execute.
Computer components circuits, chasses, peripherals
Computer programming instructions are called software.
Most computers have common hardware components: ,
Data and instruction memory (called RAM or DRAM)
Permanent storage memory (hard drive or CD-ROM)
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Information output devices (LCD display, printer, CD/DVD)
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History of the ComputerHistory of the Computer
Although mathematical computation devices go backinto the middle ages (e.g., the abacus), modernelectronic computers have a relatively short history.
This history is one of the most remarkable stories of
technolo ical innovation in the histor of mankindmade possible by the invention of the transistor in the1940s.
computer since its invention only a few decades ago(although we start with a few antecedents of the
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History of the Electronic ComputerHistory of the Electronic Computer In the beginning, there were only a very few computers, and
they were VERY, VERY LARGE. First mechanical (cams and levers), early 1900s-1940s.
Then large, HOT vacuum tubes (a picture later), 1940s-1950s.
Computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and
perhaps only weigh 1 tons.Popular Mechanics (1949).
In the intervening years, things have changed
the cost of computing has fallen 10 million-fold since themicroprocessor was invented in 1971. Thats the equivalent of getting
a Boeing 747 for the price of a pizza. If this innovation had beenapplied to automotive technology, a new car would cost about $2; itwould travel at the speed of sound; and it would go 600 miles on a
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. , ,Nader (11/13/97)
Quotations courtesy C. Cantrell
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The Need for Computers Drove DevelopmentThe Need for Computers Drove Development
Scientific Needs: Accurate math tables
complex scientificcalculations
Business automation: Artillery Calculator Payroll, accounting
Government needs: Census tabulation, employee
recor s, ax es
Military requirements: Artillery tables, decryption,
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Eniwetok Atoll, 1952
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The First ComputersThe First Computers
Scientists begin to design calculating
machines in the 1800s. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
mechanical computer in 1834.
He and colleagues attempted to build
a steam-powered model with 20,000funding from the British government.
The machine was never finished (dueto limitations of mid-19th centurytechnology), but a copy built in the
1990s actually worked! It was the work of mathematician
George Boole, later in the 19th Reproduction of the Babbage Difference
En ine built in the earl 1990s.
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modern computing.
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Two Other Early Mechanical ComputersTwo Other Early Mechanical Computers
Just prior to and during WWII, Germany invented
cryptographic device that
enabled supposedly
undecipherable messagesur ng war me.
Germany sold this technology
to Japan, their WW II ally.
center at Blechley Park haddeciphered the Enigma code,
allied forces got to listen in
Enigma Cipher
Machine
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to axis messages, a terrific
tactical advantage.
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Two Other Early Mechanical Computers (2)Two Other Early Mechanical Computers (2)
Also prior to WW II, the
-
card sorter was
invented, enabling theau oma c sor ng o
large amounts of data.
IBM entered the
computing businessmaking these sorters. Hollerith Card Sorter
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The First Electrical ComputersThe First Electrical Computers
Computer
Relay
One of the first computers powered by electricity was the Harvard
Mark II, which used direct-current electrical relays to do all its
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.
Such a relay is shown above.
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The First Computer BugThe First Computer Bug
The term computer bug wasborn when a small moth flew into
stuck a relay open.
Searching for why the computer
had ceased operation, a young
Grace Hopper and the First Computer Bug
female computer scientist, Grace
Hopper, discovered the Bug.
The page shown is reputed to be in
.
Grace Hopper was a career Naval
Officer and retired as an Admiral
she also invented COBOL .
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The First Electronic ComputersThe First Electronic Computers
After the advent of electrical computers using relay switches,designers began to incorporate vacuum tubes, which were becomingreadil available due to their use in radios.
An early computer was ENIAC, a monster that weighed 30 tons andwas designed to calculate artillery ballistics tables.
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who designed it (with help
the first computer.
History has pretty well ignored womens contribution to thedevelopment of this first computer (and computing in general).
In fact, a group of women were the first programmers on theENIAC. In those days (circa 1943-44), programming was a reallyhard task, since there was NO software (and no manuals!).
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as some of our most important computer pioneers.
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The First ProgrammersThe First Programmers
Programming the ENIACmeant physically configuring
elements to do the calculatingtask.
This involved not softwarebut switches, plug panels, anda thorough knowledge of thehardware.
own at r g t s one o t esefirst programmers.
Women were major players
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the start.
Courtesy IEEE Spectrum
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Vacuum Tube Computer ElementsVacuum Tube Computer Elements
To the right is a typicalvacuum tube computerc rcu t.
This circuit (about as big andcomplicated as the entire
modern PC) was only one tinypart of a vacuum tubecomputer.
As noted earlier, vacuum tubecomputers typically weighedmany tons.
Courtesy University of Virginia Computer Department
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Second-Generation Electronic ComputersSecond-Generation Electronic Computers
The second generation ofdigital computers were
eve ope n t e ear y susing transistors, invented inthe late 1940s and now
be innin to be availablecommercially.
One such computer was theBurroughs B5000 series, Both figures courtesy
developed about 40 years ago.
An early transistor circuit isshown as well.
o n vers y o
Virginia ComputerDepartment
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Early Integrated Circuit ComputersEarly Integrated Circuit Computers
integrated circuits, solid-state circuits with multiple transistors(and other circuit elements) on the same chip of silicon.
The computer shown above is the Control Data Corporation Model
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, one o t e rst computers u t w t ntegrate c rcu ts an a soone of the first scientific super computers (cost: > $5 million!).
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Fourth-Generation Electronic ComputersFourth-Generation Electronic Computers
The next generation of electroniccomputers featured VLSIinte rated circuits circuits withmany transistors per chip).
Computer processors stillconsisted of many custom VLSI
modules on multiple printedcircuit boards.
Computers of this era included: General-purpose computers such
as the IBM 3xxx, 43xx series.
The first minicomputers, such asthe Digital Equipment VAX8400, PDP 11, the Data GeneralNova, and the Honeywell 516.
Su ercom uters such as the
The Cray X-MP. Cray computers were the premier
supercomputers in the 1980s. Cray Computer was
founded by Seymour Cray, a former Control Data
employee, who quit CDC and started his own
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Cray-2, Cray X-MP.
company ecause e oug a was mov ng
too slowly in bringing out new models.
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Computer MemoryComputer Memory
Early memories were exotic: Magneticdrums, columns of liquid mercury (!).
n t e s, magnet c core memory
became the standard for working data
memory. Data was stored by magnetizing
.
Electronic memory (or DRAM) brought
about the era of cheap computer memory
Computer Core Memory.
.
Magnetic disks remain a primary method
of bulk data storage due to their very low
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.Intel 1K DRAM
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Computers on a Chip Generation 5Computers on a Chip Generation 5
Starting in the mid-late 1970s, computer processors on achip and large electronic memories became available.
This led to the first affordable personal computers
Altair A le I Osborne I and the IBM PC . Single-chip processors included the Intel 4004, 8008,
8086, 80286 and 80386 and the Motorola 6800 and 68000.
-(made by TI), the Digital Equipment Alpha, the MotorolaPowerPC and 88000 (as well as the 68010-68040) and the
N. B. Dodge 01/1243 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
, , , .
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One of the Chips That Started It AllOne of the Chips That Started It All
Intel 4004 (introduced November1971).
oc spee : z yes, a sright, 108,000 Hz).
~2300 transistors (!).
.
Used initially in some of the firstsmall, portable calculators thatwere roduced.
Also used to provide imbeddedintelligence in some earlycomputer-controlled devices.
N. B. Dodge 01/1244 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
Notice 16 output wires/pads.
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State of the ArtState of the Art
Intel Core i7 3960X EE Hex-Core
Processor*, (6 processors on chip**),
~ .
Features: Up to 3.7 GHz clock (4.2
O/C), 15M L3 Cache, 1333MHz FSB. Currently built with the 32 nanometer
(Nehalem) process (32 nanometers =
. , .
minimum feature size of the Intel
4004!).
N. B. Dodge 01/1245 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
* As of Jan. 2012 ** This is really a variant of the Intel Xeon 8-core chip with
two cores disabled.
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Generation 6 Embedded ProcessorsGeneration 6 Embedded Processors
Today, computers are not only an invaluable tool for
. ., ,
also embedded in just about any device and appliance
that one can imagine:
Every mobile telephone has a computer in it.
Many appliances have embedded computers (washers, dryers,
televisions, cable boxes, computer printers, DVD players/
recorders, microwave [and regular] ovens, etc).
We are even beginning to see smart clothing apparel that
has embedded computing as a part of the material.
N. B. Dodge 01/1246 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
htt ://www.
skuAddTo
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Smart ClothingSmart Clothing
An example of embedded processing is
the Adidas 1.
Introduced in 2005 it features active
cushioning. A processor in each shoe
constantly measures sole forces as the
user runs, then activates a motor, whichs or ens or eng ens a ca e a ac e o
a cushioning element.
The cushion is compressed or relaxed by
the cable makin it softer or firmer
depending on the need of the runner. Cost $250 at introduction in 2005,
discontinued in 2006-7. Still available
N. B. Dodge 01/1247 Lecture #1: Introduction, History of Computing
from some sources for $100-150.