COMPLIANCE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS IN NEPAL

Ram Charitra Sah(B.Sc., B.Sc.Forestry, M.Sc.Environmental Science)

Staff ScientistPro Public, Nepal

Abstract: Many industries in Nepal discharge their effluents strength enough than the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE) industrial effluent standards directly and/or indirectly into land or small channel leading to the nearby rivers. Nationwide study of 22 different industries whose standard has been already set up, it has been found that almost all industries are violating the effluents standard all the times, and polluting near by rivers, agricultural land and soil in presence of effluents standard.

Lack of proper human resources and commitment of the government, the implementation of the Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1996, Environment Protection Regulation (EPR) 1997, and Standards are not likely to comply any where. Instead of executing themselves, MOPE had handed over its responsibilities of implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply (MOICS) whose prime aim is to promote the industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution. In this context, the role of civil society like Pro Public, a national level NGO become very crucial towards initiating compliance monitoring program in Nepal.

Even to this degree of violence of first generation industrial effluent standards, the industries are being given provisional pollution control certificates against EPA provision, soft loan and grant for the treatment plant under Environment Sector Support Program (ESPS)/DANIDA Cleaner Production program which is against the motto of polluters pays principles required for the sustainable development. Therefore adequate steps have to be taken towards compliance of all environmental quality standards for betterment of the environment and reduce health impact.

Key Word: effluent standard, compliance monitoring, sustainable development

1. Introduction

Many industries in Nepal discharge their effluents strength enough than the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE) `s tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into the inland surface water directly or indirectly into soil and/or small channel leading to the nearby rivers. From our series of study of 22 different industries whose standard has been already set up , it has been found that almost all industries are violating the effluents standard all the times, and polluting near by rivers, agricultural land and soil in presence of effluents standard set up by the government due to lack of compliance monitoring.

1.1. The Industrial Development in Nepal

Nepal is not an industrialized country. With increase of global market and access to the developed science and technologies as well as demand of the courtiers' peoples, many industries, factories as well as small plant units has been established in to some industrial estate, the Kathmandu valley

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and rest mostly located in the Terai region near to Indian boarder. Industries are categories into cottage industries, small industries (fixed capital up to Nepalese Rupees 30 million), medium industries (fixed capital Nepalese Rupees 30 to 100 million), and large Industries (fixed capital above Nepalese Rupees 100 million). Contribution of the manufacturing industries to the gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to be around 10 percent. At present, about 4,500 manufacturing units employing 10 or more persons are operated in different part of the country providing employment to over 0.2 millions peoples.

Forty percent of Nepal's total industries units (4,271) in 1992 were related to water pollution. Our capital city Kathmandu Valley alone accommodates nearly 50.9 percent of the total industrial units (2,174). All industrial waste in most cases are directly discharge into local water bodies without treatment which are considered as the major places for disposal of urban solid waste and industrial effluents. The number of officially recorded industries establishment is shown in table1. Table 1. Trends of Industrial Development

971

2054

4271 4487

3357

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

Num

bers

1981 1986 1991 1994 1996

Years

Trend of Industries Development in Nepal

Looking on the contributions of industries in pollution load to the nearby rivers, the table 2 shows the Kathmandu valley has more than 72 percent of the countries water polluting industries. Many of these industries discharge effluents into local rivers without treatment, spoiling the quality of the river water. A study indicates that the contribution of industrial effluents to the river is about seven percent of the total effluents (domestic and industrial) in the Kathmandu Valley.

Table 2. Water polluting Industry in Kathmandu ValleyLocations Country total

industries Industries in

Kathmandu Valley% of total Industry

in ValleyTotal industries 4271 2174 50.9Water polluting industries

1714 1241 72.4

Source: State of the Environment, Nepal, HMGN/MOPE, 2001, p 124

Localized industrial pollution is on the rise. Since the waste water generally contain high load of oxygen demanding wastes, diseases causing agents, synthetic organic compounds, plant nutrients, inorganic chemicals, minerals, and sediments1.

A general scenario of total industrial waste have been estimated at 0.764 million tons of TSP, 8.557 million cubic meter of waste water, 0.057 million tons of BOD, 0.096 million tons of TSS and 0.220 million tons of solid wastes.

Years No. of Factory /plant

1981 971

1986 2054

1991 4271

1994 4487

1996 3357

Source: CBS 19982

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Fig 1.

Ten years ago 125 industrial plants throughout the country were identified as industrial pollution hot spots (IUCN 1991). Sixty plants were identified as highly polluting hot spots. These included brewery and distillery, cement, cigarette and tobacco, feeds, iron and steel, rosin and turpentine, soap and chemicals solvent, oils and vegetable ghee, jute, Katha, leather and tanning, marble and magnetite, quarry, pulp and paper, sugar and textile industries3.

1.2 Environmental Conservation is Prime Focus

It has been realized at policy level of Nepal that the sustainable economic development would be possible through the integration of environmental aspects in the development policy and plan. Realizing the benefits of environmental management, His Majesty's Government of Nepal established the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE –September 22, 1995) in order to help streamline the environmental improvement works through institutional efforts. After nearly two years of its establishment, the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and the Environmental Protection Rules 1997 have been enforced as legal measures of environmental degradation. The ministry is then promulgating several environmental quality standards as well. The Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard 2000, Inland Effluent Standard of nine (Pulp & Paper, Tanning, Distillery, Vegetable oil & Ghee, Wool processing, Milk processing, Sugar, Textile/Cotton, and Soap) specific industries, one Generic effluent standard, Effluent standard of common treatment plant, standards of sample collection and analysis procedures have been recently set up. We have got National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in place. These are the most strength of the ministry so far achieved in terms of policy but its effective implementation and monitoring have been not happening anywhere in the real ground. These standards has set up by the government through least public participations, expert consultation and entirely on the basis of some consultant study which is not even included independent scientist working in this sectors.

Moreover, in the name of coordination with other governmental agencies MOPE had handed over its responsibilities of implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply (MOICS) whose prime aim is to promote the industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution. In this context, the role of civil society like Pro Public, a national level NGO dedicated for environment conservation become very crucial towards initiating compliance monitoring program in Nepal. So far we have monitored 22 ( Annex 1) different industries on a series of time and result of analysis is used for our advocacy, research and litigation program for the environmental justice to conserve the ecologically, culturally rich rivers and associated flora and fauna.

In order to effectively carry out or cause to be carried out the acts of the mitigation, avoidance or control of pollution or the acts required to be carried out in accordance with the Initial Environment Examination (IEE) or the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report, the Ministry may, by fulfilling the procedures prescribed by the Public Service Commission appoint Environmental Inspector (EI) or designate any employee to carryout functions of such Inspector. So far since eight years of Environment Ministry establishment, government is failed to recruit any single Environment Inspectors except appointing some government official temporarily to look on specific problem. In general, the MOPE does not have the required human resources equipped in the sector of environment and particularly in the industrial pollution monitoring and hence the implementation and execution of those Acts, Regulations, standards are not likely to happen any where which results continuous environmental degradation of the nation and increased pollution load to the river, soil and agricultural land.

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Under our compliance monitoring program, we have so far monitored about 22 different industries. For illustration purpose in this sustainable development conference, I am presenting the details with reference to two groups of industries belongs to Paper & Pulp and Tanning industries. Since these two are the most environmental polluters industry at present in terms of volume of waste they produced and strength of effluent they discharge to the inland surface and near by water bodies.

2. Pro Public's Compliance Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Standard

Forum for Protection of Public Interest (Pro Public) is a non-profit, non-sectarian, non-political and non-governmental organization committed to the cause of public interests. Founded in 1991, by a group of environmentalists, women's rights activists, consumer activists, lawyers, journalists, engineers, and economists, the organization has been incessantly working guided by its mission-"To help Nepalese people seek and obtain social, economic, environmental, and political justice". The organization has earned the credibility of the people by consistently pursuing people's rights through research, advocacy, capacity building and litigation.

With prime focus on the environment conservation aspect, the forum is constantly working on the various issues from its beginning and focuses in almost all sectors of the environmental pollution on the basis of self motivation towards public causes and on the appeal of public interest. The handful efforts have been putted in the industrial pollution sector, vehicular pollution sectors, and conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage sites of the country. Moreover, the form have been playing crucial role in the development of environmental related Act, Rules, Regulations, strategies and setup of comprehensive different environment quality standard through active participation and providing early expert suggestions, comments and memorandums to MOPE and MOICS.

But the similar level of commitments from the concerning authorities have hardly been found so far. There is limited scope of NGOs with respect to authority to work in the monitoring part of the environmental management and hence despite of getting several positive environmental justice its implementations part is very week. For example, concerned government officers (Environmental Inspector) is only able of collect samples, inspect and observe any environmental related activities causing public nuisance with full authority which are appointed on ad hoc basis or almost nil in number with proper academic background. As consequences the effluent standard setout by the MOPE is unable to implement themselves and handed over the responsibility to implement the standard to the MOICS in the name of coordination which is also neither having sufficient manpower nor required equipment. Pro Public has filed a lawsuit (August 26, 2003) against MOPE to recruit enough Environment Inspectors required for the execution of its activities. The case is under subjudice.

2.1 Materials and Methods

Based on the seriousness of river pollution and threats to public lives and properties caused by the discharge of the effluents of industries (Pulp & Paper and Tanning) claimed their effluents as treated one were considered as main focus for the study to carryout the physico-chemical analysis to check efficiency of their adopted treatment systems. At the same time to monitor the compliance of the effluent standards set by the MOPE. That is why the waste water sample were taken at the point of the discharge after their treatment plants from where the effluents enters into the ecosystem or environment resulted soil and river pollution. In order to know the degree of water pollution caused by these industry the upper stream and downstream river water samples were also analyzed and studied. The air pollution is also seen prominent into the nearest vicinity

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of the industries. In case of Pulp and Paper mills, in which rice husk is a use as major energy sources. The residues after burning this husk are found to be dumped in near by land close to the village. The direct fall out of burned dust particles into the nearest villages, the excess hurricanes and multidirectional flow of air during summer season carry away these burned materials to long away and deposited to the roofs, drinking water, meals, surface of green vegetable plant leaves of the nearest communities' peoples. The eye irritation problems were experience more frequently in these areas. Recently in August 26, 2003, there were leakage of Chlorine gas using for bleaching the pulp from Baba Pulp and Paper Industry, Sunsari had caused serious health damages to resident of the nearby poor community of about 400 peoples. Mostly respiratory disease and eye related problems have been observed. The concerned authorities and local administration was silence on this problem.

Three time series samples of Everest mills (August 2001, March-2002, October 2002), Arbind and Baba Pulp & Paper mills (March 2002, October 2002, June 2003) were taken and analyzed into a government accredited laboratory.

Similarly three time series samples were taken and analyzed for the four tanning industries viz: Nepal tanning, Universal tanning, Pioneer tanning and United tanning located in the eastern development region (EDR) of Nepal. The results were compared against the government standards. The industries taken for this compliance monitoring are mostly under Cleaner Production (CP) programs of ESPS/DANIDA and granted provisional pollution control certificate by MOICS.

2.2 Sample Analysis

The parameter we choose for the monitoring are based on the particular industries waste characteristics and also with the view of the parameters listed in the government standards for these group of industries.

In this study parameters to be studied were considered for direct effluent from the point of entering into the environment. Physico-chemical characteristics analysis were done with the view of comparing with the MOPE`s standards as well as importance of the water pollution. The following parameters were considered for assessment: pH, color, odor, electrical conductivity, N-Ammonia, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Na and Total Cr. Effluent samples, river water samples(before and after mixing of effluent) collection were performed by standard grab sampling method and its physico-chemical parameters analysis was performed by the Standard Method as tabulated in the table shown below.

Table 3. The Sample analysis methodsPhysico-chemical parameters Method Applied for laboratory analysis

pH pH MeterColor (Apparent) VisibleOdor Sensation methodElectrical Conductivity PotentiometryN-Ammonia Nessler`s MethodTotal Dissolved Solid (TDS) Gravimetric, Oven drying at 180 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Gravimetric , Residue, drying at 105 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Potassium dichromate , closed reflux methodBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 5 days incubation at 20 oCSodium (Na) Atomic Absorption in Emission modeTotal Chromium (Cr) Atomic Absorption

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P1

P3P2

Fig 2.

P2

P3

3. Approach of Monitoring Industrial PollutionAccording to present existing Act and Regulation, It is legally not been possible to inspect and sampling of industrial pollution (air/water). We as a NGO representative of civil society dedicated for protection of public interest will take advantage of local governance Act/Regulation. We approach concerning VDC, ward representative and meet even local affected people, the industries personals with our simple request letter.

Most of the time they have taken it positive, cooperated and allow us to inspect and sampling their effluent. Sometime they are not happy and hence we are helpless in that circumstance. But as we are concerned with pollution outside their industrial premises, we usually sample any industrial effluents at the point of discharge it into the environment. Most of the time, it has been found tat they are discharging either directly or temporally inefficiently storing in series of settling ponds and/or simple treatment plants.As our purpose of industrial effluent sampling is for compliance monitoring of existing MOPE`s industrial effluent's standards. So we usually take three samples at different location upstream sample (P1), direct industrial effluent from entry point to the environment (P2) and downstream sample after mixing of industrial effluent (P3) as shown in fig.2.

We do analysis from the government accredited laboratory like ENPHO, NESS etc depending upon the parameters to be tested and availability of testing equipments in those laboratories and invested more than 0.5 Millions Nepalese rupees. The results are compared with the government existing standards to find out the degrees of breezing the MOPE`s standard and scale of environmental causes. For illustration, only time series data of the sample of direct effluent after their treatment (P2) are illustrated into the table shown with the following sections.

3.1. Pulp and Paper Industry

We have so far monitored five Pulp and paper Industries (Annex 1) viz: Baba, Arbind, Everest, Bhrikuti and Reliance Pulp and paper industry from Eastern, Central and Western Development Region of Nepal. Here, illustrations have been made with standard compliance of three Pulp and Paper industries in very brief.

Paper Industries, such as Everest Paper Mills located near to the down to confluence of Aurahi and Bashi River, Mahendranagar Sakhuwa VDC, ward no. 5 in maithly culturally rich Dhanusha district of the Central Development Region of Nepal. Likewise Arbind and Baba Pulp & Paper Mills discharge their effluents after lagooning to the Sunsari River at Narshing VDC, ward no.1 of Sunsari district of Eastern Development Region of Nepal. Aurahi, Bashi and Sunsari River are one of the major sources of irrigation. In the present study, effluents from these three industries after treating in their so called treatment plants were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters like pH, color, odor, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD, and Sodium.

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3.1.1 Characteristics of pulp and Paper mill wastes

The volume of waste depends mainly on the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy adopted in the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy adopted in the plant. The mode of discharge in all the three pulp and paper industries are found to be continuous type. Generally the pulp and paper mills waste are characterized by very strong color, high BOD, high suspended solids, and high COD/BOD ratio4. Among them the Everest Pulp and Paper mill of Dhanusha district collect their effluent into series of oxidation ditches and finally discharged to small channel controlled by gate valve leading to the Aurahi River. Like wise the effluent of Baba Pulp and Paper Industry collected into two settling pond fitted with gate valve and then discharged to the Sunsari River of irrigation importance. It is worthy to be noted that though these both paper mills have got initial treatment facilities fitted with gate valve to control discharge rate of their so called treated effluents, there are some additional provisions apart from this gate valve through which they can discharge their effluents without the consideration of the river flow rate and hence sometimes the whole river seems to be their waste drains as observed and reported several times during the field visits. The Arbind Pulp and Paper mill of same district and location found discharging their effluents directly into the Sunsari River. All these industries are found to be constructing treatment plant during our visit in June 2003.

3.1.2 Everest Pulp and Paper Mills, Dhanusha district

In this study, physico-chemical parameters have been carried out in order to assess the treated effluents characteristics and strengths with respect to the standard setup by the MOPE for this Pulp and Paper industry and parameters considered important with respect to water pollution. The results of time series analyzed parameters are presented into table no.4 with impressions and remarks drawn with respect to the effluent standard for the Pulp and Paper industry. The result is also compared with help of bar diagram as shown in fig. 3.

Table 4. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent of Everest Pulp and Paper Industry

Parameters Unit 7thAugust, 2001

13thMarch, 2002

22nd October, 2002

MOPE Standard

Impression/ Remarks

P2 P2 P2PH - 6.4 8.35 6.1 5.5 - 9 Within rangeElectrical Conductivity uS/cm 6020 - - Very highN-Ammonia mg/L 147.7 - - HighTotal Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 1330 1022 2290 100 10 to 23 times

moreTotal Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 9070 2690 7060 - Very highBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

mg/L 1581 618 2100 100 6 to 21 times more

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/L 15250 1660 4160 250 * 5.5 to 61 times more

Sodium (Na) Mg/L 283.48 454.1 - Very highSource: ENPHO laboratory analysis reports.Note: * The figure of important parameter like COD is not included in Pulp and Paper Industry standard, so Generic Standard values is taken for comparison.

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13301022

2290100

1581618

2100100

1525016604160

250

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Values (mg/L)

TSS

BOD

CODPa

ram

eter

s

Compliance Monitoring of Everest Pulp and Paper Industry`s Efflunet Standard

MOPE`s Standard for Pulp & PaperSample on 22nd October, 2002Sample on 13th March, 2002Sample on 7th August, 2001

3.1.3. Arbind Baba Pulp and Paper Mills, Sunsari

The Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper industries discharge their effluent into the Sunsari River. This is one of the perennial river system having rich in aquatic flora and fauna and hence the pollution of such river should be controlled through compelling these polluting industries to compliance with the set standard from the concern government agencies as well as local bodies.

The part of the river receiving these highly polluted effluents from both these Arbind and Baba Pulp an Paper industry is about to reach eutrophic condition by loading of excess solid materials and nutrients during summer season and hence the rises of river beds colonizing with various vegetative community. The time series physico-chemical analyses of these industries are shown in table no. 5. The result is also compared with help of bar diagram as shown in fig. 4.

Table 5. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluents of Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper Mills

Parameters Unit Arbind Pulp and Paper Mill Baba Pulp and Paper MillsMOPE`s standard Impression/

Remarks

18th

March 2002

9th

October 2002

29thJune 2003

18th

March 2002

9th

October 2002

29th

June 2003

pH - 6.61 7.5 6.3 6.22 6.9 5.5 - 9.0 Within rangeColor (Apparent) - Blackish

brownTurbid white

Grey Brown Deep yellowi

sh brown

Brownish

Black

- Not acceptable

Odor - Foul Odorless

Rotten egg

Slight Pungen

t

Pungent sharp dour

Pungent

- Not acceptable

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 282 110 990 6870 4640 6400 - Low to Very

8

Fig 3.

highTotal Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 1312 240 1060 660 440 5825.3 100 2.4 to 58 times

moreChemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/L 1004 103 1614.1

7616 5108.8 6656 250* 4 to 30.5 times more except once comply

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

mg/L 360.5 65 450 1668 1080 1300 100 3.6 to 16.6 times more except once

complySodium (Na) mg/L 50.38 39.59 520.32 356.31 - - Low to Very

highSource: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) laboratory analysis reports.Note: *The figure of important parameter like COD is not included in Pulp and Paper Industry standard, so Generic Standard value is taken for comparison

3.1.4. The effects of Paper Mills Effluents to the receiving Water Courses

Crude pulp and paper mill wastes, or insufficiently treated waste as in case of present study cause very serious pollution problems, when discharged into the streams and river. The pollution problems, when discharged into the streams. The pollution extends over a very long time, due to the presence of slowly decomposing components in the waste. The fine fibbers often clog the water intake screens in downstream side. A toxic effect may also be induced upon the flora and fauna of the stream due to sulphites and phenols in the waste. Again, the bottom deposit of Ligninocellulosic materials near the point of discharge of the waste in a stream undergo slow decomposition and may lead to the dissolved oxygen depletion followed by the creation of anaerobic condition and destruction of the aquatic life.

The dark color of the paper industries effluent is due to the lignin compounds which are not easily biodegradable and hence it imparts persistent color to the receiving water as resulted of Sunsari River water due to the mixing of Baba and Arbind Pulp & Paper Industry's effluents and Aurahi river due to mixing of Everest Pulp and Paper industry's effluent inhibits photosynthesis and other natural self-purification process of the water streams.

The immediate oxygen demand of the effluent brings about depletion of oxygen of the receiving stream with the concomitant adverse effects to the aquatic life5.

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Values (mg/L)

TSS

BOD

COD

Parameters

Compliance Monitoring of Arbind and Baba Pulp and Paper Industries Effluent Standard

AM02 AO02 AJ03 BM02 BO02 BJ03 MOPE`s Standard

A=Arbind Paper MillsB=Baba Pulp and Paper MillsM= March, O= October, J= June

Fig 4.

The chemicals present in the effluent, e.g. sulfites, phenols, free chlorine, methyl mercaptan, pentachlorophenol are harmful to fauna and flora of the receiving waters. The settable materials present may sink to the bottom and interfere with aquatic life5.

If level BOD effluent used for irrigation purposes it makes a coating on the soil surface restricting aeration and suppressing the emergence of seeds6.

3.2. Leather and Tanning Industries

We have so far monitored five leather and tanning Industries (Annex 1) viz: Nepal tanning, Universal tanning, Pioneer tanning, United tanning from Eastern Development region of Nepal and one Standard tanning industry from Central Development Region of Nepal. For illustrations purpose the four tanning industries are dealt in brief, since these are the comparatively larger most polluting industries. The actual production scale of all these tanning industries are shown in table 6 given below.

Table 6. Actual daily production of different tannery industry studied

S.No. Industries Actual Production

(kg hides/skins/day)

Remarks

1 Nepal Tanning Industry

4000 Polluting ground, agricultural fields and groundwater

2 Universal Tanning Industry

4900 Polluting Judi River by discharging untreated effluents, hides, fats and other waste materials.

3 Pioneer Tanning Industry

3750 Polluting Budhi River, its catchments area, and a lot of solid waste generated from this industry discarded outside the industrial premises.

4 United Tanning Industry

1800 Polluting Budhi River, its catchments area, and a lot of solid waste generated from this industry discarded outside the industrial premises.

5 Standard Tanning Industry

9000 Polluting Sirsiya River, Birgunj

Source: Training Program on Industrial Waste Water Standard and Monitoring Training Plan. IEM, Kathmandu, Nepal 2003, pp 167-169.

3.2.1 Sources of Waste Water and their Characteristics of Tanning Industry

The wastewater originates from all the operation in the tanning process. The waste may be classified as continuous flow waste and intermittent flow waste. Continuous flow wastes consists of wash water after various processes and comprises of a large portion of the total waste, and are relatively less polluted than the other one. Spent liquors belonging to soaking, liming, batting, pickling, tanning and finishing operations are discharged intermittently. Although these are

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relatively small in volume, they are highly polluted and contain varieties of soluble organic and inorganic substances.

The spent soak liquor contains soluble proteins of the hides, dirt and large amount of common salts when salted hides are processed. The spent liquor undergoes putrefaction very rapidly as it offers a good amount of nutrients and favorable environment for bacterial growth. The growth of pathogenic anthrax bacteria in this waste is also reported.

The spent lime liquor contains dissolved and suspended lime, colloidal proteins and their degradation products, sulphides, emulsified fatty matters, and also carry a sludge composed of un-reacted lime, calcium sulphide and calcium carbonate. As such, the spent lime liquor has a high alkalinity, moderate BOD, and high ammonia-nitrogen content.

The spent bate liquor contains high amount of organic and ammonia nitrogen due to the presence of soluble skin proteins, and ammonium salts used in bating.

The spent pickling and chrome tanning waste comprise a small volume, have a low BOD, and contains traces of proteinic impurities, sodium chloride, mineral acids and chromium salts. Chromium is known to be highly toxic to the living aquatic organisms in the hexavalent form and somewhat less toxic in the trivalent form.

The spent dyeing and fat liquoring waste has got little significance, as major part of the dye and fat liquor are made to fix to the leather.

In general the tanning industry wastes are of strong color, high salt content, high pH, high BOD, high COD, high dissolved solids, presence of sulphides, lime and chromium4.

3.2.2. Physico-Chemical Analysis of Tanning Industries

Tanning Industries, such as Nepal Tanning located at Rani, Biratnagar Sub-meropolice ward no 11, Pioneer tanning at the bank of Judi River at Kathari VDC, Morang district, Pioneer and United tanning at the bank of Budhi River, Duhabi, VDC, Sunsari district of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. In the present study, direct effluents from all these four tanning industry at the point of entering into the outer environment and after treating in their so called treatment plants were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters like pH, color, odor, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD, and Sodium and Total Chromium (Cr) with standard laboratory method (table 3)

The result of analysis of all tanning industries with impression and remarks drawn with respect to MOPE`s standard for tanning industry are shown in table 7, 8, 9 and 10. The result is also compared with help of bar diagrams as shown in fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8. The trends of pollution levels of industrial effluents of tanning industries are also shown with help of graphs as shown in fig. 9, 10, 11 and 12 respectively.

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Table 7 .Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Nepal Tanning Industry

Parameters Unit March 18th, 2002 October 10th, 2002 June 29th

2003MOPE`s

Standard for Tanning Industry

Impression/Remarks

Direct effluent Sample

Settling pond

Sample

Direct effluent Sample

Settling pond

Sample

Direct effluent Sample

pH - 7.05 7.46 7.3 9.0 8.78 6.0-9.0 with in rangeColor (apparent) - Slight

YellowPinkish Brown

Yellowish Yellowish Blackish Absent Not complying

Odor - Foul Foul Odorless Odorless Rotten egg

Absent Not complying

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 696 2142 1630 40 7630 2100 Comply mostly except twice

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 59 59 440 50 1710 100 Twice exceeds with 4.4 to 17 times

Sulphate Mg/L 15.2 315.3 156.87 100 Twice exceeds with 1.5 to 3 times

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 103 156.8 195.7 490.3 3244.8 250 Twice exceeds with 2 to 13 times

Biological Chemical Demand (BOD) mg/L 40 56.5 95.1 81.5 1450 100 Mostly comply except once exceeds by 14 times

Sodium (Na) mg/L 238.06 611.18 261.41 500.04 2092 60 4 to 35 times more than standard

Total Chromium (Cr) mg/L 29.63 1.64 0.04 0.26 3156 2 Twice exceeds with 14 to 1578 times

Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 29th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result

Table 8. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Universal Tanning Industry Parameters Unit 5th July 2001 15th March 2002 10th Oct. 2002 MOPE`s Standard for

Tanning IndustryImpression/Remarks

pH - 2.10 7.15 6.7 6.0-9.0 With in rangeColor (apparent) - - Slight Yellow Greenish blue Absent Not complyingOdor - - None Odorless Absent Complying

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 31370 743 6780 2100 Exceeds 1.5 to 3 times more than standard

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 750 68 630 100 Exceeds 6.3 to 7.5 times more than standard

Sulphate Mg/L - - 2229.2 100 Exceeds 22.29 times more than standard

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/L 7120 48 473.8 250 Exceeds 2 to 28.4 times more than standard

Biological Chemical Demand (BOD)

mg/L 926.19 12.34 192 100 Exceeds 1.9 to 9.2 times more than standard

Sodium (Na) mg/L - 176.38 2350.0 60 Exceeds 3 to 39 times more than standard

Total Chromium (Cr) mg/L 62.11 13.17 > 6.02 2 Exceeds 3 to 31 times more than standard

Source: Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 5th July 2001, 15th March 2002, 10th October 2002 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result

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Table 9. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of Pioneer Tanning Industry Parameters Unit March 18th, 2002 10th October 2002 June 28th2003 MOPE`s

Standard for Tanning Industry

Impression / Remarks

pH - 3.86 12.8 8.12 6.0-9.0 Not complying, highly acidic to alkaline

Color (apparent) - Blue Greenish yellow Dark grey Absent Not complyingOdor - Pungent pungent Pungent Absent Not complying

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 15590 5440 3485 2100 Exceeds 1.6 to 7.4 times more than standard

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 950 520 930 100 Exceeds 5.2 to 9.5 times more than standard

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 1613 585 7072 250 Exceeds 2.3 to 28.2 times more than standard

Biological Chemical Demand (BOD)

mg/L 744 450 725 100 Exceeds 4.5 to 7.4 times more than standard

Sulphate - 37.5 1466.58 100 14.66 times more than standard

Sodium (Na) mg/L 4547 2127 1099.5 60 Exceeds 18.3 to 75.8 times more than standard

Total Chromium (Cr) mg/L 675.94 0.83 559.5 2 Exceeds 279.7 to 337.97 times more than standard

Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 28th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result

Table 10. Physico-Chemical analysis of direct effluent sample of United Tanning Industry Parameters Unit March 18th, 2002 October,10 th2002 June 28th 2003 MOPE`s

Standard for Tanning Industry

Impression / Remarks

pH - 4.32 9.7 11.22 6.0-9.0 Not complying, highly acidic to alkaline

Color (apparent) - Blue Turbid white milky Absent Not complyingOdor - Pungent Odorless pungent Absent Not complying

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 16930 1020 1750 2100 Exceeds 8.06 times more than standard once

Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/L 2196 440 320 100 Exceeds 3.2 to 21.9 times more than standard

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L 1075.2 972.3 440.96 250 Exceeds 1.7 to 4.3 times more than standard

Biological Chemical Demand (BOD)

mg/L 372 345 200 100 Exceeds 2 to 3.72 times more than standard

Sulphate - 107.0 227.89 100 Exceeds up to 2.2 times more than standard

Sodium (Na) mg/L 3362.4 255.31 448 60 Exceeds 4.2 to 56 times more than standard

Total Chromium (Cr) mg/L 1237.81 1.36 20.1 2 Exceeds 10 to 618.9 times more than standard

Source: Sah, Ram Charitra, Field Survey, 18th March 2002, 10th October 2002, 28th June 2003 and ENPHO Laboratory analysis result

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Compliance Monitoring of Nepal Tanning Industry

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Trend of Pollution of Nepal Tanning Industry

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Fig. 12.

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3.2.3 Effects of the Waste on Receiving Waters and Sewers

As stated earlier the three tanning industries located on the bank of holly rivers, near to residential area and one Nepal Tanning located in the middle of the large agricultural fields near to dense public residential area in one hand where as on the other hand the tannery wastes are characterized by high BOD, COD, high suspended solids and strong color. These wastes when discharged as such deplete the dissolved oxygen of the stream very rapidly, due to both chemical and biological oxidation of sulphur and organic compounds. A secondary pollution of the stream may occur due to the deposition of solids near the discharge point and its subsequent putrefaction. The gas evolved during this process has got a typical foul odor. The chromium is toxic to aquatic life and inhabits the growth of fish in the stream as also reported about disappearance of fishes from Budhi and Judi rivers. Presence of tannins in the raw water renders it unsuitable for use in certain industries.

Even lagooning of the untreated tannery waste on open land may adversely affect the groundwater and nearby surface water sources due to the seepage of dissolved solids (chiefly in respect of sodium chloride); this also makes soil unsuitable for cultivation for high salt content in case of Nepal Tanning industries.

As chromium contents of the tested effluent samples are also found to be very high than the industrial effluents standards fixed by the government of Nepal. Chromium compounds in excess of 10-20 mg/L disrupt the operation of trickling filter. Sulphides are also toxic to the microorganism; however they get oxidized in the sewer before their arrival to the sewage treatment plant. Presence of lime also inhibits biological action in the sewage treatment plant. Though there is no permanent treatment plant setup by any of these industries, the natural water courses and rivers is getting more and more polluted day by day and the self purification power of these rivers will be definitely decreased.

Bathing in the river water contaminated with tanning industries pollution containing high level of Chromium tan certainly have skin problems. Chromium is known to toxic to body tissues, can cause irritation, dermatitis, ulceration of skin, perforation of nasal septum and suspected carcinogenic action 5.

4. Standard Formulation Process in Nepal

For the promotion of quality product, the very first step is the defining of quality level authentically which is done by the development of national standards. This is done with the common consensus for general approval of concerned sectors like industry, trade, consumer and experts. A technical committee is formed calling representative from the concerned sectors. Preliminary draft is prepared after making comparative studies of other national and international standards, technical papers, tests reports of various samples tests. Draft approved in technical committee meeting is sent to wide circulation for comments.

After incorporation of comments, if any, the draft standard is sent to the Nepal Council for Standards which is being chaired by the Minister of Industry, Commerce and Supplies (MOICS). After the approval of draft standard by the council it becomes Nepal Standard (NS). Generally in period 5 years standards are revised and reviewed, but in case of urgency, they can be revised at any times. This is the history with Nepal standard7.

Since, establishment of the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE), government has come of with several national level environmental quality standards. Which are legally binding and its implementation is compulsory. Of course the processes of formulation of such standards are not transparent as earlier. These were developed on the basis of least consultation of experts and stakeholders and hence are very soft and less comprehensive. These first generation standards are not been able to

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accommodate all the required parameters representing the characteristics of this particular group of industry. For example, important parameter like COD is missing in the Pulp & paper industry's standard.

As stated above, any standard have to be reviewed in 5 years, so the compliance monitoring of all the industrial effluent standards are must. So far government has not taken any initiative towards compliance monitoring of such polluting industries effluents standards. According to latest development, they will soon working towards human resource as well as infrastructure development required for the compliance monitoring such as training to the staffs and setup laboratory. In this context, the role of civil society like Pro Public become crucial in initiating compliance monitoring of the industrial effluent standards in Nepal from standard setup time.

5. Common Treatment Plant for Hetauda Industrial district

In the recent few years, with support of Environment Sector Support Program (ESPS)/DANIDA, government has initiated Cleaner Production Policy. But the overall out comes of this program is not significant as it's aimed to be at the cost of huge foreign investments.

ESPS started up its activities in September 1999 in Nepal with the aim of strengthen the overall environmental management of the so-called "brown sector" i.e. the industrial and urban environment. Among the five different components, components 2: Promotion of Cleaner Production (CP) in Industry is at present working with more than 50 industries all over Nepal. Through this work several hundred cleaner production options have been identified out of which several have already been implemented8

The results of CP are more exaggeratedly published. But in real terms, there is very little achievement in the overall environmental pollution reduction as also found from our compliance monitoring result. Several industries which are under CP and also granted provisional pollution control certificate by MOICS never comply the standard. There is definitely increase in water use efficiency as well as energy use efficiency but not significantly reduction in the pollution load to the environment. Sometimes, the increased strength of the effluent were founds.

Similarly, from the ESPS components 3:Demonstration of common waste water treatment in Hetauda Industrial District with an aim of demonstrating that the industry can benefit economically and environmentally by connecting to common wastewater treatment plants instead of establishing individual treatment plant. Our experience with the Guheshowary common sewerage treatment plant which also aims to treat the sewerage mixed with effluent of various wool processing and dyeing industries in the upper catchments is not functioning efficiently due to various reasons. The strength of the effluents of those industries is quite enough to kill the effective viable population of the bacteria essential for efficient treatment work is one of the major reasons of inefficiency of that treatment plant. So similar situation might have to face with this common treatment plant, constructed in Hetauda Industrial district in absence of primary level treatment plant at individual industry level. We have to wait to see its performance. Currently the plant construction is over, ready to handover to the government. Who have taken initiative to resolve the earlier problems and issues raised by the participating industrialist to this treatment plant. One very serious assurance from the government side is commitment to give the first priority to purchase their products despite of its higher cost up to 20 percent than the general market price. This is against the Financial Administration Regulation (Tender rules). So their is doubt on the implementations of such commitments. Industrialists are the polluters so, they have to spend on the treatment according to Polluters pay Principle and it is there responsibility too required for the sustainable development. So there is no need to make any kind of commitment rather than compel them to comply the standard with joining the treatment system. Since any such kind of assistance to the few industries inside this industrial district will result bad impression to the rest of the industries and open room to bargain with the government for the establishment of treatment plant and hence the compliance of the industrial effluent

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standard remains a secondary thing for them. The promotion of eco-labeling to their products, advertisements facilities etc could be given which once again support to the comply of the standard. The operation of such common treatment plant will cater for the treatment of effluents which contribute to pollution reduction of the Kara Rivers. The operation mechanism and its financial management system is the most important factors need to be finalized before the handover and full operation of the treatment plant.

Since we have a failure example of Guheshowary Biological Treatment Plant made at the cost of about 56 Million Nepalese rupees is inefficient in treating the sewerage of upper catchments and presently also facing the financial crisis for its sustenance. So please stop repetition of similar event with this new Hetauda Industrial District Common Treatment Plants constructed at the cost of 53 Million Nepalese rupees to treat 1.2 million liters of waste water per day. Treatment plant is based on biological treatment process and having 9 aerobic ponds, 2 anaerobic ponds and one extra pond in case of any emergency. The treatment plants about to operation and the hand over of the operation responsibilities to the management committee including industrial representative will be done soon9.

6. Trans-boundary movement of industrial waste

Although waste generation , accumulation, and disposal problems are common phenomenon in Nepal's urban and industrial area, there is an increasing trends of deliberate disposing of , degradable non-biodegradable waste such as toxic effluents, scrap, plastic, glasses and so on into the nearby rivers and land beyond its assimilation power. As Nepal is also known as the country of mountains and rivers, most of the perennial rivers flows through the boarder into the neighboring countries India and then into Bangladesh. Transboundary movements of such toxic waste through these inter-country following rivers have not been considered a major issue so far. However, it will likely increase number of industries that use scarp as raw martial and the industries that uses a lot of chemicals and water during process of their product release allot of toxic waste to the nearby rivers. Hence this issues of transboundary movement of pollution demands close attention to comply with the national and international, legally binding instruments and standards as Nepal is party (15 th August 1996) of the Basel Convention (May 22, 1989) on the control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous waste . Thus the compliance of the industrial effluent standard is therefore also most necessary and its monitoring is even quite essential before the other neighboring courtiers raise their concern on this issues.

7. Conclusion

With increase in industries, the industrial pollution is also increasing day by day in every country including ours. This industrial pollution has not only brought comforts but also hazards for human beings, animals and aquatic life. Pollution has seeped into the very fiber of human society all over the world. The entire body of the earth is sullied today. The air we breathe in, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soil on which one sleeps contain some kind of poisonous chemicals which aversely affects the human and non-human on this boiling planet of ours.

According to the Indian Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environmental Pollution, no person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharge or emitted any environmental pollution in excess of such standards as may be prescribed. Similar short of provision exist with in our EPA and EPR. But from the conducted study of all the four Tanning industries and three Pulp and Paper Industries of Eastern and Central Developmental Region of Nepal, it could be inferred that none of the industries complying the first generation industrial effluents standard setout by the Ministry of Population and Environment. It is also not much exaggeration to say that none of the pollution prone industries of those groups whose effluents standard has been established by MOPE able to

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complying the standards due to lack of implementation and monitoring mechanism. Though the set up standard is not much comprehensive and also lack of emission standard. Also there are only nine industries effluent standards have been set up and government is not showing their keen interest to bring all the other industries under generic standard for which it has been developed. Other wise there is not necessary to have a generic standard. Moreover, the industries whose standard are in place have to be provided permanent pollution control certificate for the 3 years and for the rest of the industries one year provisional pollution control certificate have to be given. But government through MOICS granting provisional pollution control certificate to all industries(about 30) applying for which is against our EPA 1996 of Nepal.

There is far beyond of our hope to have better standard with their effective implementation and monitoring mechanism quite essential for the overall environment conservation of the nations which helps in their sustainable development. Though it is hard enough to comply the environmental standards, this could be strategically achieved through having in-house competent technical professional with effective monitoring mechanism rather than limited to only hiring the consultants for standard development and handover the responsibility of implementing to other institutions having similar deficiency of infrastructures and expertise. In this instant, the Government-NGO partnership in the compliance monitoring and evaluation should be promoted.

8. Discussion and recommendations

With a view to check and prevent Air, Water and Soil pollution arising out of industrial areas following are the some recommendation made based on present compliance monitoring study and practical problems of existing environmental rules and regulations.

1. Adequate steps shall be taken to fully comply of the government standard to prevent air, water and soil pollution.

2. All the required anti-pollution measures to be installed conform to comply the effluent (exist) and emission (need to be setup) standards prescribed by the concerned government agencies. The remaining industries should bring under the generic standard.

3. In the Environment Protection Act 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation 1997, there is no clear statement to carryout the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and/or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) while expanding the capacity of the production and reporting any pollution prone industries after certain period of closedown, and relocating such industries except its requirement only when new establishment any industries. These provide great loopholes to the opportunistic irresponsible to the environment conservation.

4. Similar to the present situation, if directly responsible government agencies like MOPE started to hand over the sole responsibility and authority to monitoring of the industrial pollution and compliance of effluent standard set by them to the other ministry in the name of coordination and lack of in-house expertise. The day would definitely come where there must be not necessity of such ministry at all and there will be no more MOPE. So it is strongly recommend that in order to prove worthy of its own existence such responsibilities should not be transferred to other and act actively to perform their own duty and responsibility by having proper trained technical manpower of environmental science related academic background under the provision of EPA. For example MOPE should recruit enough Environmental Inspectors as well as other human resources with proper academic qualification.

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5. It is prime time to strengthen the concerned governmental and non-governmental line agencies in the field of environment monitoring, research and development. The government procedure should start immediately to create post of Environmental Inspector according to them of EPA and EPR, qualified and educated in environment related subject matter.

6. The limited sole authorities and responsibilities of collecting samples, inspecting any industries and monitoring of any kinds of environmental related nuisance, pollution and non-compatibility of the governmental established rules, regulation and standards should also be given to the NGOs based on their working area, performance and available technical manpower. At the same time they have also involved into the capacity development program of concerned department and ministries.

7. Government should act immediately start compliance monitoring program of the first generation standard so that after some time advance generation standards could be established. The pollution control certification should be granted according to the EPA and EPR provisions.

8. The Pollution Control Certification Procedure should be effectively implemented which must be based on the complete environmental examination of all the pollution sources and laboratory analysis and also according to provision of EPA and EPR. A third party monitoring mechanism including the representative of the local bodies and civil society will be recommended.

9. The NGOs-Government Partnership should be developed and enhance the citizen monitoring mechanism to proper evaluation, efficiency and effectiveness of national as well as foreign aid program in the sector of environment.

10. There is urgent need of recruiting relevant personals with related academic qualification in right place and come up with standard laboratory, more stringent policies, standards and regulation of pollution control coupled with plan of actions to achieve it.

9. Bibliography

1. State of the Environment, Nepal, HMGN/MOPE, 2001, pp. 6, 15-16, 1242. A Compendium on Environmental static's, Nepal, Kathmandu, Center Bureau of Statistics

(CBS) 19983. Environmental Pollution in Nepal, A review of Studies, Kathmandu, IUCN/NPC 1991.4. Rao, M.N., Datta, A.K. , "Waste Water Treatment", 2nd ed., 1987, pp 205, 208-210.5. Dara, S.S., "A text book of Environmental Chemistry, 2001", p. 41, p.91.6. Environmental & Agriculture, at the crossroad of the New millennium, "Industrial Effluent &

their use in Agriculture along Narayani River Nawalparasi, Nepal", ECOS, Kathmandu, Nepal 2000, pp. 456-466.

7. Training Program on Industrial Waste Water Standard and Monitoring Training Plan, IEM, Kathmandu, Nepal 2003, p. 22, pp 167-169, pp 209-206.

8. Malinovsky, Mikael, "Environmental, A journal of the Environment" Air Quality Management in Kathmandu Valley, 2001, pp.50–54.

9. The daily news papers: Annapurna Post and Space time Daily of September 30, 2003. 10. Sah, Ram Charitra , Field Visits during August, 2001, March 2002, October 2002 and June 2003

in different industries.

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Annex 1. Number of Industries Monitored by Pro Public

Groups of Industries Location Time of MonitoringEverest Pulp and Paper p. Ltd., Dhanusha, CDR April 01, Aug.01, March 02, Oct.02Baba Pulp and Paper P.Ltd. Sunsari, EDR March 2002, October 2002, June 2003Arbind Pulp and Paper P.Ltd. Sunsari, EDR March 2002, October 2002, June 2003Reliance Pulp and Paper P. Ltd. Rupandehi, WDR January 2003Nepal Tanning P. Ltd. Morang, EDR March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003Universal Tanning P. Ltd. Morang, EDR July 01, March 02, Oct.02, June 2003United Tanning P. Ltd. Sunsari, EDR March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003PioneerTanning P. Ltd. Sunsari, EDR March 2002, Oct.2002, June 2003Standard Tanning Industry, P. Ltd. Birgunj, CDR April 2003Swdeshi Soap Udhog Ltd. Morang, EDR July 2001Himalaya Soap and Chemicals Ltd. Morang, EDR July 2001Quality Soap and Chemical Industry Ltd. Morang, EDR June 2003Puja Soap and Chemical Ltd. Birgunj, CDR April 2003Amrit Vegetable and Ghee P.Ltd. Birgunj, CDR April 2003Sivshakti Vegetable Ghee and Oil P. Ltd. Birgunj, CDR April 2003Rajhans Vegetable Ghee and Oil p.Ltd, Birgunj, CDR April 2003Shree Ram Vegetable Ghee Industry Morang, EDR June 2003Nepal Liker Ltd. Morang, EDR July 2001Triveni Distillery P. Ltd. Rupandehi, WDR January 2003Ashok Textile Industry Ltd., Morang, EDR July 2001Arnica Textiles P.Ltd Birgunj, CDR April 2003Hulas wire industry Ltd. Morang, EDR July 2001, June 2003Total 22 different industries 3 DR out of 5 Three years of duration

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