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POPULAR ELECTRONICS

COMMUNICA

CITIZENS RADIO (CB)

Getting a License-Using the 10 -Code

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'Nut the Canadian General Radio Service

Delai!s on REACT, HELP, DAIR. HART, etc.

PLUS: CB 5 -WATT TRANSCEIVER CATALOG

BUSINESS RADIO SERVICE

Who Gets a License-Private Channels

Comparison With CB-Choice of Bands

Remote Control-The Specialty Services

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Tuning All the Bands-How To Report

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SWL Antennas-Clubs-Call Listings

AMATEUR (Ham) RADIO

The Code is Easy-How To Be a DX Man

All About SSB-Make Your Own QSL's

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Coiled Microphone CableProvides low impedance for mobilemicrophone applications. Neo-prene jacket remains flexible at lowtemperatures. Available with orwithout shielded conductors.

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1967 Edition1

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COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

1967 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

PUBLISHED BY

POPULAR ELECTRONICS

PHILLIP T. HEFFERNAN

OLIVER P. FERRELLVditol

WILLIAM GALBREATHArt Director

MARGARET MAGNA

ANDRE DUZANTIllustrator

NINA KALAWSKY.4gOstnot

PATTI MORGAN.,ostrint

LAWRENCE SPORNi!o,reixing Salvo

ARDYS C. MORANAdvertisinp Service .II.,ager

ZIFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANYExecutive Editorial and Circulation Offices

One Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016212 679-7200

Eastern Advertising Manager, RICHARD J. HALPERN

Midwestern Office307 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60601

312 726-0892Midwestern Advertising Manager, JAMES WEAKLEY

Western Office9025 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, California 90211

213 CRestview 4-0265; BRadshaw 2-1161Western Advertising Manager, BUD DEAN

Japan: James Yogic/o Fukushima

19-14 Minami 3-chomeKoenii, Suginami-ku

Tokyo, Japan

William B. Ziff, Chairman of the Bawd (1946-1953)William Ziff, President

W. Bradford Briggs, Executive Vice PresidentHershel B. Saibin, Vice President and General Manager

Philip Sine, Financial Vice PresidentWalter S. Mills, Jr., Vice President, Circulation

Stanley R. Greenfield, Vice President, MarketingPhillip T. Heffernan, Vice President, Electronics Division

Frank Pomerantz, Vice President, Creative ServicesArthur W. Butzow, Vice President, Production

Edward D. Muhlfeld, Vice President, Aviation Division

1967 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK, published by the

Ziff -Davis Publishing Company, One Park Avenue, NewYork, New York 10016. Also publishers of Popular Electron-ics, Electronics World, HiFi/Stereo Review, Electronic Experi-menter's Handbook, Tape Recorder Annual, Stereo/HiFiDirectory, Electronics Installation and Servicing Handbook.Copyright 1966 by Ziff -Davis Publishing Company. Allrights reserved.

3

MESSENGER 323Everything you could want in a CB transceiver! Ready togo on all 23 channels. Solid-state construction throughout.Crystal filter to minimize adjacent channel interference.Built-in PA system and "S" meter/power meter. Can beused base or portable with accessory power supplies.Cat. No. 242-153 $229.95 Net

MESSENGER 100Now with six channels, built-in PA and provision for ToneAlert! The all -transistor Messenger 100 is one of the bestbuys on the CB market today. Sensitive, selective receiver.Full 5 -watt transmitter.Cat. No. 242-156 $129.50 Net

MESSENGER III and 300Base, mobile or portable, the Messenger III and 300 aretwo top performing units designed to please any CB oper-ator. All solid state -12 channels. Built-in PA. Messenger300 features a crystal filter which virtually eliminatesadjacent channel interference.Cat. No. 242-143-Messenger III, 12 VDC... $159.95 NetCat. No. 242-149-Messenger 300, 12 VDC $189.95 Net

MESSENGER I and MESSENGER TWOTwo of the most popular tube -type transceivers ever of-fered. Messenger I features five channels. Messenger Twofeatures ten channels plus tunable receiver. Both modelsavailable for 115 volts AC and either 6 or 12 volts DC.Cat. No. 242-127-Mess. I,

115 VAC and 6 VDC $ 99.95 NetCat. No. 242-128-Mess. I,

115 VAC and 12 VDC $ 99.95 NetCat. No. 242-162-Mess. Two,

115 VAC and 6 VDC $149.95 NetCat. No. 242-163-Mess. Two,

115 VAC and 12 VDC $149.95 Net

MESSENGER 350Talk right through skip and noise interference with theMessenger 350 single sideband CB transceiver. SSB hasbeen proven to furnish the most reliable and consistentcommunications over extended range and adverse condi-tions. All solid state-maximum legal power input.Cat. No. 242-154 $299.95 Net

PERSONALMESSENGERTop quality components forrugged use. Twice the sens-itivity and 40% more rangethan similar units with con-ventional circuitry.Cat. No. 242-101-100

milliwattPers. Mess. $109.50 Net

Cat. No. 242-102-11/2watt PersonalMessenger $129.50 Net

VOLTAGE REGULATOR and IN -CONVERTERCorrects improper voltages and polarity.Enables CB to be installed in almost anytype of vehicle, foreign or domestic.Cat. No. 239-119-1-Voltage

Regulator (Pos. Grd.) $14.95 NetCat. No. 239-119-2-Voltage

Regulator (Neg. Grd.) $17.95 NetCat. No. 239-120-1-

In-Converter $22.95 Net

TONE ALERT Dramatically extends

contact range. Provides silent

"standby" operation.Tone Alert silences yoursystem until you are called.Avoid distracting noise andcalls not intended for you.Mobile Tone Alert

$59.95 NetBase station Tone Alert

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POWER PACK and PORTABLE FIELD PACKOperate any transistorized Messenger inthe field with Power Pack or the Portable FieldPack. Units operate at full power. Recharge-able nickel -cadmium batteries.Portable Field Pack

(Mess. III only) $169.95 NetPower Pack (includes

antenna) $ 79.95 Net

ANTENNA METER and CB MATCHBOXAssures proper match between transmit-ter and antenna. A "must" for properoperation. Easy to use. Installs anywhere.Cat. No. 250-49-

CB Matchbox $15.95 NetCat. No. 250-849-1-

Antenna Meter $14.95 NetPERMA-VIBETransistor vibrator eliminator. Stops hash.Cat. No. 239-50-1 $8.95 Net

WRITE TODAY! for completeliterature or see yourJOHNSON Distributor.

The most reliable name in communications

E. F.,11311N5 ON COMPANY2696 10th Ave. S.W. Waseca, Minn. 56093

4CIRCLE NO. 13 ON READER SERVICE CARD


CONTENTS

7 BECOMING A SHORT-WAVE LISTENER Hank Bennett W2PNA/WPE2FT

17 TUNING THE AM BROADCAST BAND Stewart Drake

21 SWL DX'ING ON THE HAM BANDS William Schultz

25 REPORTING, VERIES, AND QSL'S John Beaver, Jr.

35 RIDING THE TV DX TRAIL Gary Olson

37 60 METERS-DX THE TROPICALS Bob Hill, W1ARR/3

39 JOIN THE SWL CARD SWAP Walter R. Levins

40 SWL ANTENNAS J. C. Gillespie

41 RADIO CAROLINE Edward Griffin, Jr.

43 WHAT IS AMATEUR RADIO? Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ

49 MECHANICS OF GETTING A LICENSE Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ

54 LEARNING THE CODE Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ andNicholas Rosa WB6JTJ

59 CORRECT KEY AND BUG OPERATION Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

63 WORLD'S GREATEST CODE TEACHER Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

66 HAM RADIO EQUIPMENT SAMPLER Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ, andRobert Cornell, WA2HDQ

79 OPERATING YOUR FIRST HAM STATION Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ

87 THE MAKING OF A DX MAN George Lesnick, W9EBQ

93 MAKING YOUR OWN QSL CARDS Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

95 SINGLE SIDEBAND TURNS GOLD Iry Strauber, K2HEA/4

99 CITIZENS RADIO SERVICE EXPLOSION .Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060

108 1967 CB TRANSCEIVER SAMPLER 0. P. Ferrell, KOD3631

115 GETTING YOUR CB LICENSE Peggy Ploger, KLJ8033

119 INSTALLING YOUR CB SYSTEM John Francis, KHD4785

122 CB OPERATING PROCEDURES Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060

127 CB ALSO MEANS "PUBLIC SERVICE" Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060

131 NATIONAL CB EMERGENCY GROUPS. Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060

135 THE GENERAL RADIO SERVICE Harold Merton, XM-44-042

139 THE BUSINESS RADIO SERVICE Robert M. Brown

1967 Edition 5

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WHERE ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IS A WAY OF LIFE



Becoming a Short -Wave ListenerSWL

The Why And Haw Of Starting a New Hobby

By Hank Bennett, W2PNA/WPE2FT

IT'S SAFE TO SAY that most people inNorth America are aware that there issuch a thing as short-wave radio. To

some people, "short wave" is synonymousto propaganda broacasting. To other peo-ple, "short wave" is something used bythe American astronauts for communica-tion between their orbiting capsule andground stations. Few are aware that thereare short-wave stations continuously broad-casting programs for North American audi-ences and that practically all of these sta-tions transmit programs completely freeof commercial advertising.

In Europe, Asia, and Africa, there is farmore interest in listening to short-wavebroadcasting stations than there is in

North America. This is especially true be-hind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains. Manypeople in countries behind those Curtainssuspect that their own governments with-hold and/or suppress news which they donot wish their people to hear, and that theypresent their own program of world news,often distorted, exaggerated, or slanted tosuit their needs.

Unfortunately for dictorial governments,the people behind the Curtains often can-not tune in local radio stations becausethe signals will not reach them. Hence,they tune to the short-wave bands whereradio signals can be heard halfway aroundthe world.

Also, people living on small islandsaround the world, too far from large landareas to hear AM broadcast -band signals,turn to the short waves for their news,music, or sports programs. And shipscruising the seven seas are kept abreast

of the latest happenings around the worldthrough the medium of short-wave broad-casts.

Over a number of years the author hashad the opportunity to discuss short-wavebroadcasting with people from all walks oflife and at all age levels. It would appearthat the average person believes it takes a

One of the most widely known short-wave radio per-sonalities is Edward Startz of Radio Nederland, Hil-versum, Holland. Producer and announcer of his own"Happy Station Program," Startz has been broad-casting to his English-speaking friends for decades.Listen for him any Sunday afternoon around 2p.m. Eastern Standard Time in the 25 -meter band.

1967 Edition 7

Most serious SWL's sooner or later Join a club toavail themselves of the opportunity to get hot tipson new stations, changes in frequency, etc. TheNewark News Radio Club, oldest SWL club, hadthis distinguished group of officers in late 1966:(top row) Richard Labate, executive secretary; Al-bert Sauerbier, treasurer; Harold Williams, cor-responding secretary; (bottom) Emil Vandevelde,membership secretary; Bill Schultz, president.

lot of know-how and expensive equipmentto tune in short-wave broadcasts. True,you do require training in electronics ifyou want to obtain an amateur radio trans-mitting license-or any of the various com-mercial licenses. But for the purpose ofshort-wave listening, no license is required,there are no fees attached, no experienceis necessary, and you do not have to layout a lot of your hard-earned money for areceiver capable of pulling in broadcastsfrom London, Cairo, Melbourne, or MexicoCity.

Your First Receiver. Thirty years agopractically every console radio designed

This happy chap is Paul Johnson, Monmouth, Ill.A short time before this picture was taken, Paulhad logged short-wave stations in 45 countries andhad received 37 verifications. The two receiversare a Heathkit GR-54 and a Hallicrafters S-120.

for use in the living room was capable oftuning in two or three of the major short-wave broadcasting bands. The 1966-67radios capable of tuning the short wavesare few and far between. Most of the re-ceivers that you will see in the average de-partment store are for AM or FM broad-casts only. Only one manufacturer ofhigh-fidelity equipment sells a receivercapable of tuning in the major short-wavebroadcasting bands.

Over three-quarters of the receivers-also in the department stores-that tunethe short waves are transistorized andwere made in either Japan or West Ger-many. A transistor portable with provi-sions to tune short-wave bands makes awonderful Christmas or birthday present.It also represents a good "jumping-offpoint" for your first adventures in DX'ing(tuning in the distant stations) on eitherthe AM broadcast or the short-wave bands.

For about the same amount of moneythat you would pay for a fine-looking tran-sistor portable, you can buy an American -or Japanese -made "communications -style"receiver. These receivers have the advan-tage of being designed for short-wave lis-tening and, even at the lower price levels,very frequently include various featuresthat SWL's find desirable. In price, the"communications -style" receivers rangefrom about $59 to $120.

The budding SWL should also considerthe possibility of buying a "second-hand"communications receiver. Most second-hand receivers are in perfect operatingcondition and have only been discardedbecause the previous owner was movingup to a top quality and more expensiveproduct (or moving to the VHF region, orgoing 100% single-sideband).

How To Tune. In tuning your AM broad-cast -band radio, you've become ac-customed to rapidly turning that main dial-you know exactly where your favoritestations are on the dial and it's a cinch totune in the station that you want. But thismethod of tuning doesn't work too well onthe short-wave bands.

Look at the dial on your AM broadcastreceiver-the main dial may be four inches


in length and cover a tuning range of 540to 1600 kHz or about 110 channels. Nowlook at the tuning dial on a short-wave re-ceiver. A comparable four -inch segmentmight cover from 13,000 to 21,000 kHz,or about 8000 channels! You can read-ily see what this means: there are far morefrequencies covered and, therefore, manymore stations. If you turned your short-wave dial at the same speed as you doyour AM broadcast receiver, you wouldpass right over anything that there is to beheard.

In tuning the short waves, you musttune very slowly and very carefully. Youwill find, in many cases, that there are adozen stations broadcasting in a halfdozen languages and all within a barelyperceptible movement of your main tuningdial knob. With care you will be able toseparate these stations into their own re-spective channels.

What You Can Hear. Before you knowit, you'll be listening to a program of lightmusic from Buenos Aires, a newscast fromOslo, or, perhaps, a sporting event from theWest Indies. The average person, when

first tuning the short-wave bands, may findthat all the spoken languages are foreign.You'll hear an assortment of Dutch, French,Russian, and other languages.

But don't become discouraged if youfail to hear a program in your native En-glish. Just try again. Short-wave stationsgenerally broadcast program after program,hour after hour, in a multitude of lan-guages, and English is likely to be one ofthem. Most short-wave station programsare of short duration, and if you tune in aquarter hour or half hour later, you mayhear an English newscast.

What else can you hear on the shortwaves? You can hear discussion programsin English transmitted by "Radio Buda-pest," the "Voice of America," "RadioCanada," "Radio Moscow," and manyother stations. You'll be able to pick upbroadcasts of current events aired bystations where the news is originatingrather than having to wait for it to clearthe news services to your AM home -townstation. In recent years the author hasheard news programs coming from a for-eign city in which the sound effects in-cluded rifle fire from a local uprising tak-

No one questions that short-wave broadcasting is used to disseminate truth and propaganda throughout theworld. It is principally a contest between Radio Moscow and the Voice of America, and the latter now seemsto have the upper hand. This is the master control of the VOA in its Washington, D.C., studios. Twenty-sixprograms can be fed simultaneously through this board to VOA transmitters here and overseas.

1967 Edition 9

ing place outside of the studio. We'vealso picked up transmissions from weatherplanes as they were flying in the eye oflarge hurricanes.

In other portions of the short-wavespectrum, you'll be able to hear shipstalking with other ships or with coastalstations. You can hear planes on trans-oceanic flights from many parts of theworld. You can tune in on the "hams,"the amateur radio operators, as they dis-cuss new additions to their equipment,route messages, or converse with fellowhams overseas. With a VHF receiver, youcan hear buses on the highway, trains run-

ning between terminal points, truck andtaxi companies, fire and police services,forest fire stations, satellites, and nearlyanything else that is on the air.

But perhaps above all you will find yourgreatest enjoyment in tuning in the foreignbroadcasting stations-learning the cultureand customs of people in foreign lands-and the policies of their government-andlistening to music from the northern andsouthern hemispheres, from the Old Worldand the New.

For those readers who prefer religiousprograms, the short-wave channels offermany of them. One of the most widely

Various international short-wave broadcasting stations mail advance program guides to American audiences.Pictured above are a few of the attractive pamphlets presently being distributed. Listeners can usually beput on a program mailing list by sending in a detailed reception report to the broadcasting station.


ENGLISH -LANGUAGE BROADCASTS TO NORTH AMERICAFOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY

Prepared by ROBERT LEGGE

TO EASTERN AND CENTRAL NORTH AMERICATIME-EST TIME-GMT STATION AND LOCATION FREQUENCIES (MHz)

7 a.m. 1200 Copenhagen, Denmark 15.1657:15 a.m. 1215 Helsinki, Finland 15.185 (Tues., Sat.)

Melbourne, Australia 9.58 or 11.716 p.m. 2300 London, England 6.195, 7.13, 9.51

Moscow, U.S.S.R. 7.15, 7.205, 9.665, 9.6856:45 p.m. 2345 Tokyo, Japan 11.78, 15.1357 p.m. 0000 London, England 6.195, 7.13, 9.51

Moscow, U.S.S.R. 7.15, 7.205, 9.665, 9.685Peking, China 15.06, 17.68Sofia, Bulgaria 6.07Tirana, Albania 7.265

7:30 p.m. 0030 Budapest, Hungary 6.235, 9.833Johannesburg, So. Africa 9.675, 11.90Kiev, U.S.S.R. 7.11, 7.31, 9.645

(Mon./Thurs./Fri.)7:50 p.m. 0050 Vatican 5.985, 7.25, 9.6458 p.m. 0100 Berlin, Germany 5.96, 6.16

Havana, Cuba 6.17, 11.76London, England 6.195, 7.13, 9.51Madrid, Spain 6.13, 9.76Moscow, U.S.S.R. 7.15, 7.205, 7.31, 9.665Prague, Czechoslovakia 5.93, 7.115, 7.345, 9.72Rome, Italy 6.01, 9.63

8:15 p.m. 0115 Berne, Switzerland 6.12, 9.535, 11.7158:30 p.m. 0130 Bucharest, Rumania 5.99, 9.57

Cairo, U.A.R. 9.475Cologne, Germany 6.075, 9.64Hilversum, Holland 9.59

8:45 p.m. 0145 Stockholm, Sweden 5.999 p.m. 0200 Lisbon, Portugal 6.025, 6.185

London, England 6.195, 7.13, 9.51Moscow, U.S.S.R. 7.15, 7.205, 9.665

10 p.m. 0300 Bucharest, Rumania 5.99, 9.57Budapest, Hungary 6.235, 9.833Buenos Aires, Argentina 9.69 (Mon.Fri.)Havana, Cuba 6.135, 6.17

10:30 p.m. 0330 Accra, Ghana 6.11Prague, Czechoslovakia 6.095, 7.115, 7.345, 9.72

TO WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

TIME-PST TIME-GMT STATION AND LOCATION FREQUENCIES (MHz)

6 p.m. 0200 Melbourne, Australia 15.22, 17.84Tokyo, Japan 15.135, 15.235, 17.825

6:50 p.m. 0250 Taipei, China 11.825, 11.86, 15.3457 p.m. 0300 Moscow, U.S.S.R.

(via Khabarovsk) 9.54, 11.755, 15.14Peking, China 9.457, 11.82, 15.095

8 p.m. 0400 Sofia, Bulgaria 6.078:30 p.m. 0430 Budapest, Hungary 6.235, 9.8339 p.m. 0500 Berne, Switzerland 5.965

Cologne, Germany 6.145, 9.735Moscow, U.S.S.R.(via Khabarovsk) 9.54, 9.64, 11.755

1967 Edition 11

known stations, and the pioneer in religiousbroadcasting, is HCJB, Quito, Ecuador.Located atop the Andes Mountains, thisstation has a tremendous signal that canbe heard in nearly every corner of the globe.First Blessings, as given by newly ordainedpriests of the Roman Catholic Church, maybe heard from time to time from the En-glish-speaking "Vatican Radio."

Would you like a broadcaster to playyour request recording? Well, one of thefinest musical programs on the air today-for smooth and easy ballroom dance music-is "Victor Sylvester and His Orchestra."This program is broadcast several timesweekly and beamed to countries all overthe world from the British BroadcastingCorporation studios in London. Sylvesterdevotes his entire 45 -minute program ofinstrumental music to requests from peo-ple in India, the South Seas, United States,and from every country where there is a

radio set capable of tuning the short-wavebands.

Or you might try the "Happy StationProgram" which is broadcast to listenersin North America from Hilversum, Holland,on Sundays at 2 p.m. Eastern Standard

Ruby Jean Beatson, left, a student trainee in theBurmese Service of the VOA, broadcasts with MissMyint Myint Zaw, a translator -announcer from theWashington, D.C., studios of the Voice of America.

Time (1400 by the 24 -hour clock; 1900Greenwich Mean Time). Eddie Startz, thecongenial host of this 80 -minute program,may read your letter on the air and per-haps play a tune that you have requested.Numerous other short-wave stations alsohave record request shows, nearly all ofthem in English.

Would you believe that there are SWL's(Short -Wave Listeners) who have actuallylearned to master a foreign language,thanks to the short-wave stations that con-duct language lessons? "Radio Neder-land" in Holland, with Dutch lessons, and"Radio Japan," in Tokyo, with Japaneselessons, are two of the stations that haveregularly scheduled language lessons.

Your Antenna. If you use an older tablemodel or console receiver, an antenna is amust. It can be simply a length of antennawire strung up between two trees, or houseand garage, or any place where you cananchor both ends. To this you attach an-other piece of wire, preferably with an in-sulated covering (as opposed to the barewire that you've used for the antenna it-self) and this wire is fed into the houseand attached to the antenna terminal ofyour receiver. For safety's sake, youshould purchase a lightning arrestor andinstall it following the directions given.

An outdoor antenna is preferable for acommunications receiver, but because ofthe added sensitivity of communication re-ceivers, somewhat shorter antennas willsuffice.

At least two manufacturers of electronicequipment specialize in selling antennasfor use by hams or SWL's. One of thesemanufacturers, Mosley Electronics, sells anSWL antenna that can be erected in abouttwo hours for about $15. This antennauses a system of "wave traps" to tune itsown electrical length to the seven principalshort-wave broadcast bands. The secondmanufacturer, Hy -Gain Electronics, sells akit of parts for erecting an antenna out ofan apartment window.

The Short -Wave Bands. Because it wasdone that way many, many years ago,SWL's continue to refer to the short-wave


International Call -Sign Prefixes

The call -signs of radio stations throughout the world have beenestablished by international agreement. The first two letters, ornumeral and letter, are the key to identification. Using the listbelow, the SWL can tell at a glance what country he is monitoring.

AAA-ALZ United States PKA-POZ Indonesia 2AA-2ZZ United KingdomAMA-AOZ Spain PPA-PYZ Brazil 3AA-3AZ MonacoAPA-ASZ Pakistan PZA-PZZ Surinam 3BA-3FZ CanadaATA-AWZ India QAA-QZZ International Abbre- 3GA-3GZ ChileAXA-AXZ Australia viations 3HA-3UZ ChinaAYA-AZZ Argentina RAA-RZZ U.S.S.R. 3VA-3VZ TunisiaBAA-BZZ China SAA-SMZ Sweden 3WA-3WZ VietnamCAA-CEZ Chile SNA-SRZ Poland 3XA-3XZ GuineaCFA-CKZ Canada SSA-SSM Egypt 3YA-3YZ NorwayCLA-CMZ Cuba SSN-STZ Sudan 3ZA-3ZZ PolandCNA-CNZ Morocco SUA-SUZ Egypt 4AA-4CZ MexicoCOA-COZ Cuba SVA-SZZ Greece 4DA-41Z PhilippinesCPA-CPZ Bolivia TAA-TCZ Turkey 4JA-4LZ U.S.S.R.CQA-CRZ Portuguese Colonies TDA-TDZ Guatemala 4MA-4MZ VenezuelaCSA-CUZ Portugal TEA-TEZ Costa Rica 4NA-402 YugoslaviaCVA-CXZ Uruguay TFA-TFZ Iceland 4PA-4SZ CeylonCYA-CZZ Canada TGA-TGZ Guatemala 4TA-4TZ PeruDAA-DTZ Germany THA-THZ France & Territories 4UA-4UZ United NationsDUA-DZZ Philippines TIA-TIZ Costa Rica 4VA-4VZ HaitiEAA-EHZ Spain TJA-TJZ Cameroon 4WA-4WZ YemenEIA-EJZ Ireland TKA-TKZ France & Territories 4XA-4XZ IsraelEKA-EKZ U.S.S.R. tLA-TLZ Central Africa 4YA-4YZ International CivilELA-ELZ Liberia TMA-TMZ France & Territories AviationEMA-EOZEPA-EQZ

U.S.S.R.Iran

TNA-TNZTOA-TQZ

BrazzavilleFrance & Territories

4ZA-4ZZ Israel5AA-5AZ Libya

ERA-ERZ U.S.S.R. TRA-TRZ Gabon 5BA-5BZ CyprusESA-ESZ Estonia TSA-TSZ Tunisia 5CA-5GZ MoroccoETA-ETZ Ethiopia TTA-TTZ Chad 5HA-5IZ TanganyikaEUA-EWZEXA-EZZFAA-FZZGAA-GZZHAA-HAZHBA-HBZHCA-HDZHEA-HEZ

BielorussiaU.S.S.R.France & TerritoriesUnited KingdomHungarySwitzerlandEcuadorSwitzerland

TUA-TUZTVA-TXZTYA-TYZTZA-TZZUAA-UQZURA-UTZUUA-UZZVAA-VGZ

Ivory CoastFrance & TerritoriesDahomeyMaliU.S.S.R.Ukrainian U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.Canada -

5JA-5KZ Colombia5LA-5MZ Liberia5NA-50Z Nigeria5PA-5QZ Denmark5RA-5SZ Malagasy Republic5TA-5TZ Mauritania5UA-5UZ Niger5VA-5VZ Togolese Republic

HFA-HFZHGA-HGZHHA-HHZ

PolandHungaryHaiti

VHA-VNZVOA-VOZVPA-VSZ

AustraliaCanadaBritish Colonies

5WA-5WZ Western Samoa5XA-5XZ Uganda5YA-5ZZ Kenya

HIA-HIZHJA-HKZHLA-HMZ

Dominican RepublicColombiaKorea

VTA-VWZVXA-VYZVZA-VZZ

IndiaCanadaAustralia

6AA-6BZ United Arab Republic6CA-6CZ Syria6DA-6JZ Mexico

HNA-HNZ Iraq WAA-WZZ United States 6KA-6NZ KoreaHOA-HPZ Panartia XAA-XIZ Mexico 60A -60Z Somali RepublicHQA-HRZ Honduras XJA-XOZ Canada 6PA-6SZ PakistanHSA-HSZ Thailand XPA-XPZ Denmark 6TA-6UZ SudanHTA-HTZ Nicaragua XQA-XRZ Chile 6VA-6WZ SenegalHUA-HUZ El Salvador XSA-XSZ China 6XA-6XZ Malagasy RepublicHVA-HVZ Vatican City XTA-XTZ Upper Volta 6YA-6YZ JamaicaHWA-HYZ France & Territories XUA-XUZ Cambodia 7AA-7IZ IndonesiaHZA-HZZ Saudi Arabia XVA-XVZ Vietnam 7JA-7NZ JapanIAA-IZZ Italy & Areas Under XWA-XWZ Laos 7RA-7RZ Algeria

Mandate XXA-XXZ Portuguese Colonies 7SA-7SZ SwedenJAA-JSZ Japan XYA-XZZ Burma 7TA-7YZ AlgeriaJTA-JVZ Mongolian Republic YAA-YAZ Afghanistan 7ZA-7ZZ Saudj ArabiaJWA-JXZ Norway YBA-YHZ Indonesia 8AA-81Z IndonesiaJYA-JYZ Jordan YIA-YIZ Iraq 8JA-8NZ JapanJZA-JZZ West New Guinea YJA-YJZ New Hebrides 8SA-8SZ SwedenKAA-KZZ United States YKA-YKZ Syrian Arab Republic 8TA-8YZ IndiaLAA-LNZ Norway YLA-YLZ Latvia 8ZA-8ZZ Saudi ArabiaLOA-LWZ Argentina YMA-YMZ Turkey 9AA-9AZ San MarinoLXA-LXZ Luxembourg YNA-YNZ Nicaragua 9BA-9DZ IranLYA-LYZ Lithuania YOA-YRZ Rumania 9EA-9FZ EthiopiaLZA-L2Z Bulgaria YSA-YSZ El Salvador 9GA-9GZ GhanaMAA-MZZ United Kingdom YTA-YUZ Yugoslavia 9KA-9KZ KuwaitNAA-NZZ United States YVA-YYZ Venezuela 9LA-9LZ Sierra LeoneOAA-OCZODA-ODZOEA-OEZOFA-OJZOKA-OMZ

PeruLebanonAustriaFinlandCzechoslovakia

YZA-YZZZAA-ZAZZBA-ZJZZKA-ZMZZNA-ZOZ

YugoslaviaAlbaniaBritish ColoniesNew ZealandBritish Colonies

9MA-9MZ Malaya Federation9NA-9NZ Nepal90A-9TZ Leopoldville9UA-9UZ Burundi9XA-9XZ Rwanda Republic

ONA-OTZ Belgium ZPA-ZPZ Paraguay UnassignedOUA-OZZ Denmark ZQA-ZQZ British Colonies 6ZA-6ZZ 9HA-9JZPAA-PIZ Netherlands ZRA-ZUZ Union of South Africa 70A-7QZ 9VA-9WZPJA-PJZ Netherlands Antilles ZVA-ZZZ Brazil 80A-8RZ 9YA-9ZZ

1967 Edition 13

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broadcasting bands in two different framesof reference-frequency and wavelength.

The international short-wave broadcast-ing bands are known as the 49 -meter, 41 -meter, 31 -meter, 25 -meter, 19 -meter, 16 -meter, and 13 -meter bands. According tointernational treaty (not strictly adheredto), the above bands are comparable tothe following frequencies: 5950-6200 kHz,7100-7300 kHz, 9500-9775 kHz, 11,770-11,975 kHz, 15,100-15,450 kHz, 17,700-17,900 kHz, and 21,450-21,750 kHz.

There are a few specialized short-wavebroadcasting bands for listeners in thetropics (see page 37). The most importantof these minor bands is the one around 60meters (4700-5100 kHz).

Your best chances for picking up En-glish transmissions will be during the

early to late evenings (your local time)from stations in Africa, Europe, and West-ern Asia, and during the hours around sun-rise from stations in the Far East andPacific areas. Always tune the 19-, 25-,and 31 -meter bands first and then the41- and 49 -meter bands. The 13- and 16 -

FCC Frequency Assignment Lists

Special lists of call -sign and frequency assignmentsby the FCC are available from Cooper -Trent, Inc.,1130 19th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.These lists are reproductions from the FCC files andare sold on a unit basis, or on subscription. They in-clude stations in the aviation, industrial, marine,public safety, experimental, land transportation, andbroadcast services. For details on prices, write toCooper -Trent; however, note that a complete listingof all broadcast stations (AM, FM and TV) wouldcost about $12.00.

North AmericanShortwave Association

The NASA is the only "all -shortwave broadcast"club in North America. Membership is $4 per year,which includes 12 issues of the club's "NASA-Frendx" bulletin. Members may pay $6 to receivethe bulletin via first-class mail. A typical bulletincontains information on new members, "Aroundthe Clubs" commentary, station information, awardsgiven, and a special last-minute "Flash Sheet."Write to NASA Headquarters, 1503 Fifth Ave., Al-toona, Pa. 16602, for membership blanks.

American SWL Club

This club specializes in thorough coverage of hap-penings on the international broadcast bands, sendsits monthly publication "SWL" first class mail to

Producers Nancy Grosshans and Maggie McNamaradiscuss a Radio New York Worldwide program. MissGrosshans was formerly with the Voice of Kenya inNairobi; Miss McNamara is the well-known stage,TV, and film star. WNYW is the only commercial U.S.station on the international broadcasting bands.

meter bands are usually only active duringdaylight hours. However, you might as wellforget the tropical bands during daylighthours; it takes darkness for signals on

members. Dues, $4.00. Details from 16182 BalladLane, Huntington Beach, Calif. 92647.

Radio New YorkWorldwide Listeners Club

With over 3000 members in 76 countries, this clutis sponsored by WNYW (formerly WRUL), "RadioNew York Worldwide." Membership is open to any-one for $1.00. A monthly publication containing DXtips, technical information, and feature articles isdistributed to the membership. Club members alsoreceive a certificate for wall mounting and a wallet -size numbered membership card. Members are in-vited to listen to their program over WNYW on Sat-urdays at 2307 GMT and Sundays at 1307 GMT. Fordetails, write to: RNYW Listeners Club, Attention Mr.Irwin Belofsky, Radio New York, 485 Madison Ave.,New York, N.Y. 10022, USA.

Learning Dutch By Radio

From the months of March through August 1967,"Radio Nederland" will broadcast its third "DutchBy Radio" language course. Readers interested inlearning how to speak and read Dutch should writeto "Radio Nederland," P.O. Box 222, Hilversum,Holland, for details. This course is not a basic one,but is intended for advanced students. The broad-casts are 15 minutes long and 26 are given duringeach "semester." Although the schedule has notbeen completed at this writing, it will be supplied toall interested parties.

1967 Edition15

GROUND

WAVE

RECEPTION

these frequencies to travel any great dis-tance. A few notable exceptions are sta-tions operating in the tropical bands inAustralia, Indonesia and other SouthwestPacific areas. If you tune carefully, youmay be able to log some of them within anhour or two after your local sunrise.

There are a number of other channelsthat are used for short-wave broadcasting.These are to be found in between thebands listed above. Many stations operatebetween 5700 and 5950 kHz. And thereare a few broadcasters between 11,975and 12,100 kHz. One of Israel's short-wave outlets operates on 9008 kHz, andstations from several other countries canbe heard between 9350 and 9490 kHz,especially from Spain, Pakistan, the SovietUnion, anj Egypt.

Several clandestine broadcasting sta-tions outside of the usual short -

(Continued on page 42)

International Ice Patrol

Ice broadcasts (in CW) are made twice daily, at0048 and 1248 GMT, by the U.S. Coast Guard.Transmissions are made on 155, 5320, 8502 and12880.5 kHz from station NIK, Argentia, New-foundland. Each broadcast is preceded by thegeneral call "CQ" on 500 kHz with instructionsfor all interested parties to shift to one of theother clear channel frequencies. Station NIK opensup with a 2 -minute test signal using the Inter-national Ice Patrol call -sign (NIK) and then broad-casts at 15 words per minute (repeated at 25words per minute). Transmissions of ice mapsusing 60 -rpm drum speed facsimile are made fromtime to time on 5320, 8502 and 12880.5 kHz.

How To Listen To The World

This famous book on the art of short-wave listeningis now available in North America in a brand-newedition. Prepared by 0. Lund Johansen, HTL is aprimer on how to DX, what to listen for, how toreport, etc. Packed with interesting articles pre-pared by experts, this 176 -page book has a placein most SWL shacks. Price, $3.50. Available instores, or from Gilfer Associates, P.O. Box 239J,Park Ridge, N.J. 07656.

IONOSPHERE

/140,

1 II Ilitt:h b

SKIP ZONE SINGLE HOP RECEPTION

SKIP DISTANCE

This simplified drawing shows how radio signals arepropagated around the curvature of the earth. Atheights between 60 and 350 miles above the surfaceis a region called the ionosphere. The free electronsin this rarefied region distort the path of a radiobeam. When the distortion is sufficiently great, theradio beam is said to be reflected back to earth.The ability of the ionosphere to reflect radio wavesvaries from hour to hour, day to day, month tomonth, and year to year. Generally speaking, thehigher frequencies are more usable in the daytimethan at night, in local winters vs. local summers,and when the sunspot number is high.

In the above drawing, a high -frequency radio wave(26 MHz) is distorted by the ionosphere, but be-cause the free electron density is too low, the wavepasses on out into space. A much lower frequencyradio wave (4 MHz) is nearly reflected, but the

MULTI -HOP RECEPTION

ionosphere absorbs most of the signal before it canbe returned to earth. Frequencies between 7 MHzand 21 MHz are reflected at different angles to theionosphere and returned to earth. The differingangles result from the fact that for a particularelectron density the higher radio frequencies musttravel further into the ionosphere before being re-flected. Thus, the highest frequency that can bepropagated around the earth depends not only onthe density, but also upon the angle at which theradio beam strikes the ionosphere.

Note how the skip zone is created between thefading out of the ground -wave signal and the firstreturning signal from the ionosphere. Reception ofDX signals further away than the "single -hop re-flection" is made possible by "multi -hop" reflec-tions (double, triple, or greater) depending upon thefrequency of the radio wave.


Tuning the AM Broadcast BandSWL

There Is More To AM Radio Than Rock -and -Roll

By Stewart Drake

ALMOST EVERYONE in the United Stateslistens to AM radio at some time eachday. The reasons why are obvious-

there are more programs, more stations tolisten to, and more radio receivers thattune the AM band (540-1600 kHz) thanany other frequency range.

It was inevitable that the broadcastband would spawn the majority of the

DX'ers-whether or not they eventuallygravitate to the short waves or to the hambands. Since equipment to start DX'ingon your own is right at hand, why don'tyou try listening to something other thanrock-and-roll on the AM broadcast band?The techniques of BCB DX'ing are simple,and because of the vast number of stationson the air, the results are immediatelyrewarding.

Allocation of Frequencies. The listenershould understand the basic scheme offrequency allocation of AM broadcastingstations in the United States. The FCC hasestablished three classes of stations: clearchannel, regional channel, and local chan-nel. These titles are misnomers, for al-

though a clear -channel station is permittedto operate with a full-time power output of50,000 watts-the maximum power per-mitted in the United States-it does notmean that this broadcasting station has

sole use of that frequency. In actual fact,several stations strategically locatedthroughout the country will all be assignedto this "cleared channel."

As an example, look at the stations that

operate on 1530 kHz. In the East you willfind WCKY, Cincinnati, Ohio. In the mid -west is KGBT, Harlingen, Texas, and in

the far west KFBK, Sacramento, California.All three of these stations may presumablybe on the air at the same time to servetheir primary listening area without fear ofmutual interference. Also on this samefrequency you may find a number of day-time -only stations (WQVA, WMBT, KMAM,WCTR, etc.). These stations are local orregional broadcasters that are permittedto operate only during the hours of day-light and must sign off near local sunset.

The stations assigned to the regional -channel frequencies are permitted a day-time maximum power output of 5000 watts.After local sunset, many of the regionalstations must reduce their power to 1000watts. This lower power is sufficient dur-ing nighttime to serve their primary listen-ing areas, and it simultaneously reducesthe chance of interference with other re-gional broadcasters assigned to the samechannel. The regional -channel frequenciesare also used by the daytime -only broad-casters and, as in the case of the day -timers that operate on the clear channels,they must sign off at local sunset.

Broadcast -band DX'ers call the six fre-quencies assigned by the FCC as the localchannels the "graveyard." The six fre-quencies used by the locals -only are 1230,1240, 1340, 1400, 1450, and 1490 kHz.Each of these channels has more than 150station assignments, covering all 50 states,all the Canadian provinces, and such out -

1967 Edition17

W.RONDAM 1140 KC50,000 WATTS

AFM 94.5 MC*25,000 WATTS

SERVING VIRGINIA AND THE NATION SINCE 1925

This typical QSL card is used to verify receptionof WRVA, Richmond, Va. Hundreds of AM broadcast-ers send out QSL cards acknowledging correct re-ports. You can hear WRVA on 1140 kHz any evening.

lying points as the Virgin Islands andPuerto Rico. Local -channel stations mayoperate 24 hours a day with a daytimemaximum power of 1000 watts and 250watts for nighttime operation.

In the AM broadcasting band, the lis-tener will find several frequencies that areseemingly exclusively used by the majorbroadcasters in Canada, Mexico and Cuba.With the exception of the Cubans, thevarious governing bodies concerned haveworked out these frequencies to preventunnecessary interference.

Frequency Separation. By internationalagreement, AM broadcasting stations inNorth America may operate on one of 107frequencies in the band between 540 and1600 kHz. This is equivalent to spottingbroadcasting stations every 10 kHz. InEurope and most African countries, theseparation between adjacent channels var-ies between 8 and 9 kHz. In South andCentral America, and portions of the WestIndies, you will observe some separationson the order of 15-25 kHz. For lack of abetter title, North American DX'ers refer toall stations not operating on the 10 -kHzseparation principle as being "split -chan-nel" stations.

On the East Coast, one of the most commonly heard split -channel stations is ZBM,Hamilton, Bermuda, on 1235 kHz. Listen-ers east of the Mississippi may also inter-cept the propaganda broadcasting station(Spanish -language) called "Radio Ameri-cas," which is located on Swan Island in

the Caribbean. This station is generallyfound on 1165 kHz, but varies its fre-quency ± 10 kHz from time to time. An-other easy DX station to catch at night is4VEF, Cap Haitien, Haiti, on 1035 kHz.The languages broadcast by this stationinclude French, Creole, and English.

If you tune well after sunset or towardsthe morning hours, look on 1466 kHz for3AM2, Monte Carlo, Monaco. This AMbroadcasting station is rated at a poweroutput of about 400,000 watts! The au-thor believes that the best time to try forthis easily heard European DX catch is

early Monday morning (around 0100 EST)when many of the North American stationsare silent. At the same time, try tuning forDakar, Senegal, on 746 kHz, or "RadioNacional Espana," San Sebastian, Spain,on 773 kHz.

The crowded conditions in the AM broad-casting band are a real challenge to theDX'er. With a reasonably good receiver,a long-wire antenna and a good groundsystem, you should never fail to be amazedat just how many distant stations you canreally hear in the AM broadcasting band.During the winter season (1965-1966), theauthor heard broadcasting stations on 171frequencies in the small band that extendsfrom only 540 to 1600 kHz.

Call -Letter Assignments. In most cases,AM broadcasting stations in your area willhave call -signs that begin with either theletter "W" or "K," depending upon yourlocation in the United States. Canadianstations have call -signs starting with theletter "C," and Mexican stations with theletters "XE." Practically all AM broadcast-ing stations east of the Mississippi Riverhave call -signs beginning with the letter"W." West of the Mississippi, most ofthe AM stations have call -signs beginningwith the letter "K."

There are a few exceptions and theseresult from a mix-up in call -letter assign-ments made many years before the abovegeneral rule was put into practice. Hence,we have KYW, Philadelphia; KDKA andKQV, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Converse-ly, WDAY is in Fargo, North Dakota, andtwo stations in Texas-WFAA, Dallas, and


WBAT, Fort Worth, Texas-have the wrongprefixes. There are several others.

In assigning new call letters for AMbroadcasting stations, the choice is fre-quently left up to the broadcaster. If a

particular call -sign has not been previouslyallocated, and a new AM broadcasting sta-tion would like to use it, the broadcastermay request use of this call -letter groupfrom the FCC. Many seemingly meaning-less call -signs are really part, or all, of theinitials of the station owner.

Some call -signs refer to the name of thecity in which the station is located. One

of those errant call -signs, WACO, is ap-propriately enough located in Waco, Texas.From a Chamber of Commerce point ofview, WPG was once assigned to AtlanticCity, New Jersey, standing for the WORLD'SPLAY GROUND. Other examples includeWNEW, New York City; KARK, Little Rock,Arkansas; and WCAM, Camden, N. J.

Broadcasting Time Limitations. A broad-cast -band DX'er who wants to round outhis total of stations heard and verified isfaced with the awesome problem of broad-casting time limitations. The daytime -onlystations may operate from approximatelylocal sunrise to local sunset. In practice,this means that the station may sign onthe air, or sign off the air, within a rangeof 15-20 minutes of sunrise or sunset inthat community. There are a few instanceswhere a broadcaster in this category ispermitted on the air prior to sunrise, butthis only occurs when there is no interfer-ing station on the same frequency to the

One of the best ofthe AM broadcast-ers is WJR, "TheGoodwill Station,"Detroit, Mich. A50,000 -watt trans-mitter is locatedin nearby Riverview.

east of the "eager" broadcaster. At thesame time, this broadcaster must considerthe possibility of an all-night station operat-ing on the same frequency that might ob-ject to a 4 a.m. return of the daytime sta-tion.

Some AM broadcasters are permitted"limited -time" operation and may thus beon the air past their local sunset hour.Provision must be made for the broadcast-er not to interfere with stations to eitherthe east or west, or to any clear -channelstation. The operating hours of the lim-ited -time broadcasters are very erratic andvary to a great extent according to thefrequency and geographical position of thebroadcasters on that channel.

The unlimited -time stations, as the nameimplies, may operate 24 hours a day,seven days a week. Some of these broad-casters will have a silent period (generallyone night a week) that is reserved formaintenance of the transmitting equip-ment. After you have been DX'ing thebroadcast band for some time, you willbegin to know which stations can be

counted on to be silent at regular intervalsand which stations just never go off theair. The advantage of listening in during asilent period is quite obvious, since thepotentially interfering stations are oftenhundreds or even thousands of miles away.With nearly 5000 broadcast -band stationson the air in North America, you will alwayshave an opportunity to hear a new station.

Reception Conditions. One of the majorproblems concerning DX on the broadcast

1967 Edition 19

band involves day-to-day weather. The idealtime to tune for DX is on a winter eveningwhen the temperature dips below the freez-ing point. During the summer months, thelightning static level caused by near or dis-tant thunderstorms can obliterate evenreasonably strong signals from transmittersonly 75-100 miles away.

The aurora borealis will also ruin other-wise good AM broadcast reception. Dur-ing severe-so-called ionospheric-storms,practically all of the sky wave signal fromAM broadcasting stations will be absorbed.Such disturbances generally last for 24-30hours and then reception conditions grad-ually return to normal. Fortunately, thesestorms are a rare occurrence.

The broadcast band is also susceptibleto many other forms of electrical interfer-ence. A faulty thermostat on a tropical fishtank, a bad thermostat on an oil burner.old fluorescent lamps, most neon signs,most pieces of medical equipment, andeven sewing machine motors will ruin re-ception. The only solution to the problempresented by this excessive interference isto do your tuning at night, when most ofthe electrical equipment has been turned off.

Tuning the AM Tests. A good time to logmany AM stations that you would not nor-mally hear is when a broadcaster checksout his station equipment in the wee smallhours of the morning. Such tests are runaccording to FCC regulations and mayoccur weekly, biweekly, or even monthly.During some test periods, the announcermay play request recordings or even accepttelephone calls from DX listeners who wantto chat for a few moments. But, as a gen-eral rule, the station transmits a test tone(usually a steady 1000 cycles) which is

used by an independent monitoring com-pany to measure the transmitting frequency.

Only one station identification is requiredduring each test period and whether youhear it or not is just a matter of chance.The author listened to 41 test programs onone weekend and came out of it with onlytwo positive DX identifications. On theother hand, some AM broadcasting stationswill give their call -signs as often as everytwo or three minutes.

In Conclusion. If you are going to do anyserious AM broadcast listening, you shouldequip yourself with a pair of headphones.With headphones you can often distinguisha signal far better and with considerablymore ease than when it is heard througha loudspeaker mixed in with external noises.Obviously, headphones will also be appreci-ated by other members of your household.

Another point worth mentioning is thatthere are many stations on one frequencythat have similar sounding call -signs. On1490 kHz, for example, there is WTXL,West Springfield, Mass.; WDXL, Lexington,Tenn.; and WDXB, Chattanooga, Tenn. Onthe same frequency, watch out for WRNB,New Bern, N. C., and WRMT, Rocky Moun-tain, N. C. Or, if you miss the last letter ofthe call -sign, you may have trouble dis-tinguishing between such stations asWMRF, Lewistown, Pa., and WRMB, Green-ville, S. C.

Just because DX'ing on the AM band isthe oldest part of the fascinating hobby ofshort-wave listening, don't neglect it-you'llbe both amazed and amused at some of thethings you can hear.

Jamming On the Broadcast Band

DX'ers tuning for European BCB stations shouldbe aware that certain frequencies are unlistenablebecause of Iron Curtain jamming. At the latestreport, jamming was interfering with 683 kHz(Berlin RIAS), 719 kHz, 737 kHz (Hof RIAS), 791kHz (VOA), 854 kHz (Berlin RIAS), 989 kHz (BerlinRIAS) and 1088 kHz.

North AmericanRadio -TV Station Guide

A 128 -page book listing over 5000 AM radio sta-tions, 1500 FM stations and 1000 TV stations(North American ONLY), this Station Guide iscross-referenced according to frequency and geo-graphic location, with separate listings by call -signs. Published by Howard W. Sams, & Co., Inc.,4300 West 62 St., Indianapolis, Ind. Price, $1.95.

World Medium Wave Guide

This is the only frequency list of AM broadcastingstations (520-1602 kHz) outside of North America.Guide also contains a listing of AM broadcast -bandstations within North America, plus a listing oflong -wave (151-433 kHz) broadcasters. Availablefrom Gilfer Associates, P.O. Box 239E, Park Ridge,N.J. 07656. Price, $2.25.


SWL DX'ing On The Ham BandsSWL

There Are Many Reasons To Tune The Radio Amateurs

By William. Schultz

TRY LISTENING IN on the ham bandsand you may never go back to the in-ternational broadcasting bands! There

are about 400,000 radio amateurs scat-tered throughout the world. They comprisea pretty good cross-section of the popu-lation and the things which interest themare quite varied. But politics, race or na-tional origin rarely enter into a ham con-versation, and ham radio is a hobby wherelast names are never used.

If you don't care to hear about the dealone ham is making with another for a newcar, turn your dial just a few kilohertz.There you may hear a couple of engineersdiscussing electronics theory, or two doc-tors setting up a transfer from one eyebank to another. You may pick up anAfrican ham explaining that zebra and an-telope meat are common commodities inthe butcher shops of his area, or enthus-ing over the sailboat racing on Lake Vic-toria. You may learn about the excellentreef fishing off the coast of British Hon-duras, or about the unusual quality ofsome of the cabinet woods carved fromtrees grown there.

Or you may hear our military service-men in Libya, Saipan, Alaska, or Antarcti-ca talking to their loved ones at home,courtesy of ham radio. During hurricanesand earthquakes, when all regular lines ofcommunication are broken down, you'llhear the amateur "emergency nets" takeover to keep the disaster area in touchwith the outside world. You may evensomeday listen to the voice of Tom Chris-tian, direct descendent of Fletcher Chris-

tian of "HMS Bounty" fame, from hisamateur radio station (VR6TC) on still -lonely Pitcairn Island.

"DXomania." There is a occupationalhazard connected with the hobby of ham -band listening One day, you will suddenlyrealize that you have heard hams in about25 countries scattered around the world.You'll wonder why you have heard Boliviabut not Paraguay, New Zealand but not Ta-hiti, the Philippine Islands but not Singa-pore, Rhodesia but not Tanzania-andyou'll consciously start trying to fill thegaps in your logbook. You will have beenbitten by the mythical DX bug: you'll have"DXomania."

Symptoms of DXomania are the inabilityto eat regular meals ("not NOW, forHeaven's sake, I think this weak station isin Nepal!"), the inability to sleep ("condi-tions were good this evening; maybe Fijiwill be coming through around 3 a.m."),and astigmatism from constant staring atthe dials. It is said that cauliflower earscan develop from wearing headphones forhours on end. Others may tell you that,within 24 hours of infection, the DXomaniadisease can transform a good-natured,smiling Ham -Band Listener into a nasty,snarling Ham -Band DX Hound.

Once bitten by the DX bug, all you cando is be thankful that you picked the hambands for your listening pleasure. Morethan 300 separate land areas, includingislands and island groups, are recognizedas separate countries by radio amateurs.Ham activity from all of them will keep

1967 Edition 21

you hopping. And since there are morecountries, it follows that the ham -bandDX'er has the best chance of any to rackup a really high score in his logbook.

Don't let the language problem botheryou; you don't have to be a linguist to DXon the ham bands. While you will hearforeign languages (mostly Spanish) usedwhen they are native to both the parties incontact, English is the universal tongue ofham radio. Three -fifths of the amateursin the world live in the United States andat least another fifth are English or ofEnglish extraction. So most of the otherslearn to speak English as a second lan-guage. You'll find that a Russian ham incontact with a Cuban or a Peruvian incontact with a Finn will almost certainlybe using it.

The Ham Bands. In order to reduce in-terference between different types of sta-tions, the radio spectrum is, by internationalagreement, sliced up like a big bolognaand divided between the various radiocommunications services. Several slicesare allocated to the Armed Forces. Othersare reserved for broadcasting, police,

Frequency Allocations for Amateur Radio

BAND(meters)

REGION P(kHz)

REGION 2"(kHz)

REGION 3***(kHz)

10 28,000-29,700 28,000-29,700 28,000-29,70015 21,000-21,450 21,000-21,450 21,000-21,45020 14,000-14,350 14,000-14,350 14,000-14,35040 7000-7100 7000-7300 7000.710080 3500-3800 3500-4000 3500-3800

*Europe, Africa, U.S.S.R.**North & South America, Northeast Pacific***Asia (except U.S.S.R.), Australia, New Zealand,

and portions of the Pacific

overseas and ship -to -shore telephony, air-craft, CB, LORAN and other navigationalaids, and the radio amateurs. The ama-teur slices are then cut up again by thethe Federal Communications Commission(FCC).

Those hams using Morse code (CW) arepermitted to operate anywhere in any ofthe ham bands, but most do not stay inthat portion of the ham bands that is re-served for radiotelephony. If you don't

"copy" CW, you will be primarily in-terested in the radiotelephony or voiceportion. You will find that this portion ofmost bands is cut into two segments, onefor U.S. operation, and the other for for-eign operation. To avoid swamping foreignhams by the sheer weight of U.S.A. num-bers, American hams are not permittedto operate in the foreign portion thoughyou will often find foreign stations in theU.S. segment of the bands.

In addition to the amateur bands listedin the accompanying tables, there are anumber of others of lesser importance.For example, the 160 -meter band coversthe frequencies of 1800 to 2000 kHz inRegions 2 and 3, and from 1715 to 2000kHz in Region 1; however, in the latterregion, operation is only permitted in cer-tain countries with a maximum power of10 watts. The 6- and 2 -meter bands,covering the frequencies of 50,000 to54,000 and 144,000 to 148,000 kHz aretunable by the SWL through the use ofspecialized equipment; these ham bandsare too high in frequency to be covered bynormal radio receivers. In addition, thereare no less than eight more amateur bandsthat are still higher in frequency!

Because most other countries also haveregulatory radio commissions which for-mulate the rules for their own citizens,some foreign amateurs are permitted touse only a portion of the ham bands listedin the tables. A few countries may permitoperation outside of the frequencies shown.And, because international commissionscould not compromise some divergentpoints of view, the ham -band DX'er has topick his way between the short-wave broad-casting stations in the 40 -meter band.You'll find that a half dozen of these sta-tions, or more, also cause interference onthe upper portion of the 80 -meter band,particularly in the 3925 to 3975 kHz por-tion. One of the stations that you mayhear frequently is the BBC, London, op-erating on either of two frequencies, 3952.5and 3975 kHz, during mid -evenings.

Along about here, if you're new to thehobby, you will undoubtedly wonder whyeach radio service wasn't given one bigchunk of the bologna instead of several


little slices. The answer lies in propaga-tion conditions, which change from hourto hour, day to day, month to month, andyear to year. The variation between day-time and nighttime reception on the stan-dard AM broadcast band is a familiarexample, although different bands reactdifferently to the same changes in condi-tions. The aim of the slicing process isto insure that each service will always havea usable band available for communication.

Propagation on the higher frequenciesis best during the day, in the summer,and at or near the peak of the 11 -year

Voice Portions of the Amateur Radio Bands

BAND(meters)

FOREIGNOPERATION

(kHz)

AMERICANOPERATION

(kHz)

10 28,000-28,500 28,500-29,700

15 21,100-21,250 21,250-21,450(high end used most)

20 14,100-14,200 14,200-14,350

40 7050-7150 7200-7300(7050-7100 used most)

80 3700-3800 3800-4000(3750-3800 used most)

sunspot cycle (next peak due in 1969).Conditions on the lower frequencies arebest at night, in the winter, and at or nearthe low point in the sunspot cycle. At thetop of the cycle, the 10- and 15 -meterham bands are the best daytime bands,usually open to those parts of the worldwhere the signal path is entirely in day-

light. At night, the best bands will be 20and 40 meters; optimum conditions willprevail when the path is wholly in dark-ness. At the bottom of the cycle, 10 and15 meters are useless for DX purposes.The useful DX bands then become the20 -meter band, with the path in daylight,and 40 and 80 meters if the signal pathsare in darkness. In all cases, daylightbands will show some improvement duringthe summer months and nighttime bandspeak up when the sun goes south for thewinter.

Your Receiver. If you have an ordinaryAM radio receiver with one or two short-wave bands built in, you may as well for-get trying to tune in the hams. You orig-

inally purchased the radio because it hadgood tone quality. Technically, this meansthat the circuits had to pass a band ofsignals at least 10 kHz wide.

On the very crowded ham bands, youneed a receiver with a bandpass capabilityof only 2 to 5 kHz in order to cut outadjacent channel interference. Only a com-munications -type radio receiver, built forminimum bandpass with maximum intelli-gibility, will accomplish this feat. Cost ofa new receiver will run from less than onehundred dollars to well over one thousanddollars for the finest set. But most radiosupply houses also have, at suitably re-

duced prices, reconditioned receivers thathave been traded in by hams or SWL'swho were looking for better or later -modelreceivers.

If you're a beginner, you won't knowhow much or what type of gadgetry youwant in your receiver. The best bet is tobuy something on the inexpensive side. Insix months or a year, as your ideas onreceivers will have jelled, you should tradethe low-cost receiver for exactly what you

at the least economic loss.The receiver must have a bandspread

dial for the amateur bands (this is a sec-ondary dial for fine tuning, calibrated tothe amateur bands) and a BFO (beat fre-quency oscillator; you'll need it if you de-cide to study code and to listen tothe single-sideband-SSB-transmissions).Hams are gradually scrapping their straight

Edward Zebrowski divides his DX'ing time betweenthe ham bands and the international short-wavebroadcasting bands. He was issued the POPULARELECTRONICS identifier WPE1FTG. Ed uses 3 re-ceivers, including a Hallicrafters Model S-120.

1967 Edition 23

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AM transmitters and switching to SSB.Tuning in on SSB requires a certain knackof fine tuning and good receiving equip-ment. Look for a receiver with a productdetector which will greatly facilitate SSBreception.

Your Antenna. You'll hear ham signalsif you connect your antenna lead-in to abedspring, but you'll hear more if it'shooked to a good out-of-doors antenna.Generally speaking, the higher you can getyour antenna in the air, the better will bethe reception. Or, if you don't have thatmuch space available, you can get a good"trap vertical" antenna from the dealerwho sold you the receiver. This antenna isattached to a single post driven into theground and needs only clear space straightabove it to work efficiently. It will auto-matically tune to 10, 15 and 20, or 10, 15,20 and 40 meters, and cost about $20.

One word of advice: vertical antennaspick up more man-made noise (auto igni-tion, electrical, etc.) than their horizontalcounterparts. If you live near a trafficartery, the horizontal wire may be bestfor you. A horizontal "trap" antenna forham -band reception is made by MosleyElectronics. Called the RD -5, this antennaresonates in the 10-, 15-, 20- and 75 -meter bands. The RD -5 is similar to theSWL-7 made by the same manufacturerfor international broadcast reception.

Last, but not least, join a good club thatspecializes in ham -band listening or in-cludes the ham bands in its coverage.Each organization publishes a club paper,consisting largely of reports by its mem-bers of their experiences. The reports itcontains, specifying what stations andcountries are currently being heard, alongwith frequencies and times, are invaluableto the expert and the neophyte alike.

United World DX'ers Club

A non -dues -paying club, the UWDXC has only onecardinal rule: each member must try to listen in onat least two DX stations a day. At the end of themonth, each member submits a detailed receptionreport of what he has heard. This club is justgetting organized; details are available from RobertHejl, 17 Alexander Ave., Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735.


SWLReporting, Veries, and QSL's

How to Report What You Have Heard

By John Beaver, Jr.

THE short-wave listener is the unsunghero of international broadcasting. FromSWL reports, a broadcaster can de-

termine just how well signals are being re-ceived and whether or not the program-ming is more or less what the listenerexpected. So important are these reportsthat some international broadcasting sta-tions actually have paid monitors in vari-ous countries throughout the world. Thesestations are in the minority, however. Some98% of the international broadcasters de-pend on listeners' reports to verify thequality of overall reception.

The SWL's who send reports of recep-tion to international broadcasting stationscan be classified into four categories: (1)those who listen for pleasure and enter-tainment; (2) those who listen to gain abetter understanding of international af-

fairs, or to learn a foreign language; (3)those who listen for the purpose of collect-ing QSL cards and verifications; and (4)those who listen and monitor broadcasttransmissions for the sole purpose of re-porting technical information back to thebroadcaster.

Verifications (veries), or QSL's as theyare commonly called, are acknowledgingletters or cards sent to the listener bythe station after the listener has submit-ted satisfactory proof of reception. ManyQSL cards are colorful and some are veryplain, but they all serve their intendedpurpose-proof that a DX station has beenreceived.

The QSL may be no more than a fewwords on a card. Some QSL's are accom-panied by station schedules, and, in a few

cases, by souvenirs from the country of theverifying stations. One Latin American sta-tion has been known to send a listener asmall native doll in return for an excep-tionally good reception report-good in thatit was thorough and of use to the station'stechnical staff.

If a short-wave listener qualifies undercategories 1 and 2, his reception reportwill rarely contain technical information.He will probably be commenting on theprogramming, or asking for informationabout the country, or inquiring about lan-guage courses.

Several international short-wave broadcasting sta-tions have sponsored their own SWL clubs. The offi-cers of the Radio Canada Short Wave Club are(left to right): S.B. (Pip) Duke, President andSupervisor of Engineering Services for the CBC; Si-mone Rubal, Club Secretary; and Duncan Nichol-son, Vice President and Assistant Supervisor.

1967 Edition 25

In reporting for a QSL (category 3), itis particularly important to remember thatstations prefer a reception report of trans-mission over an extended period of time-aminimum of one half hour and, if at allpossible, one or two hours in length. Suchreports are of much more use to the sta-tion. It is not unusual for a SWL to reporton reception over a period of several hourson several different days. Since stationschedules are so varied, the listener mustjudge for himself just how long he canmonitor a particular station's transmis-sions and when conditions will warrant alonger or shorter reporting period.

What To Include. Once you have identi-fied the country and call -sign (or slogan)of a short-wave broadcaster, try to deter-mine the frequency of the transmitting sta-tion as accurately as possible. Stationannouncements are a valuable aid. How-ever, when no frequency announcementsare made and the language is unfamiliar,other methods of determining the frequen-cy are required. A listing of stations byfrequency (as in the "World Radio TVHandbook") is very helpful. The SWL mustinclude the frequency in his report in or-der to assist the station in determiningwhich of several parallel frequencies hasbeen heard. When a station has severaltransmitters, or parallel frequencies in op-eration, the listener should always indicatewhich transmitter is being tuned. Broad-casters also like to see a comparative sig-nal strength report, and the SWL will findthis is relatively easy to provide-especial-ly when the station is transmitting thesame program on two or more frequencies.

All reports must include the date andtime of the broadcast, and the time zone.Simply stating, for example, 0600 hours,

The 555 Code

Signal Strength Interference Overall Merit

0 Inaudible 0 Total 0 Unusable1 Poor 1 Very severe 1 Poor2 Fair 2 Severe 2 Fair3 Good 3 Moderate 3 Good4 Very good5 Excellent

4 Slight5 None

4 Very good5 Excellent

is not sufficient. If local time (at the SWLmonitoring post) or another time zone isbeing reported, be sure to specify whichone. The listener should also try to obtaina clock with a sweep second hand andshould verify its accuracy periodically bychecking with the transmissions of WWVor CHU.

A good report should itemize selectionsof music heard (the title or a brief descrip-tion); provide a short resume of broadcastnews items, feature talk or other program-ming; and mention any other peculiaritythat will assist the station in verify-ing the tuning of its frequency. If thetransmissions are in a language other thanEnglish, the SWL should listen carefullyfor anything that will assist him in report-ing the nature of the programs (music,talks, etc.), and in these cases a clock witha sweep second hand is of particular value.

Program details in the report should beconcise and to the point. Practically everyinternational broadcasting station will checkthe report against the master station logfor the time period indicated. Irregularitiesor insufficient information will always ruleout the chance of a verification or QSLcard coming through.

Reporting Codes. The listener should in-clude a report on signal strength and read-ability of the particular transmission beingreported. Bear in mind that stations arevery much interested in knowing exactlyhow they are being received in a particularlocality. Various reporting codes have beendeveloped to simplify and standardize methods of conveying this information. TheSINPO and 555 Code are the most popu-lar and the most often used.

Regular monitors and listeners to theBritish Broadcasting Corporation are askedto use the 555 code. This code is simpleand comprehensive and the novice listenermay find it useful as a guide when tuningand monitoring stations other than thoseof the BBC. The newest code is the SINPOcode, which is rapidly gaining popularityamong SWL's-although it remains rela-tively unknown among amateur radio oper-



Times Around The World

Listed below are the differences between local Standard Time and Universal Time (UT) ina great many countries. A plus sign indicates the number of hours that local Standard Timeis "ahead" of Universal Time; a minus sign indicates the number of hours that local timeis "behind" UT. Differences between local Daylight Saving Time and UT are also shown.Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and UT are interchangeable for the purposes of this list.

Stand- Day- Stand- Day- Stand- Day -COUNTRY ard light COUNTRY ard light COUNTRY ard light

Time Saving Time Saving Time SavingAden + 3 El Salvador - 6 Netherlands + 1Afghanistan + 41/2 Ethiopia + 3 Neth. Antilles - 41/2Alaska - 8 Falkland I. - 4 New Caledonia +11Albania + 1 Faeroes I. UT New GuineaAlgeria + 1 Fiji I. +12 (Australian) +10Argentina - 3 Finland + 2 New Hebrides +11Australia France -+ 1 New Zealand +12

Victoria Germany + 1 Nicaragua - 6New South Gibraltar + 1 Nigeria + 1

Wales, Gilbert I. +12 Norfolk I. +111/2Queensland, Ghana UT Norway + 1 + 2Tasmania +10 Great Britain UT + 1 PakistanN. Territory Greece + 2 West + 5S. Australia + 91/2 Greenland East + 6W. Australia + 8 Thule area - 4 Panama - 5

Austria + 1 Angmagssalik - 2 Papua +10Bahamas - 5 Guadeloupe - 4 Paraguay - 4Barbados - 4 Guam +10 Peru - 5Belgium -1-- 1 Guatemala - 6 Philippines + 8Bermuda - 4 Guiana (Br.) - 33% Poland + 1 + 2Bolivia - 4 Guiana (Dutch) - 31/2 Portugal UT + 1.Brazil Guiana (French) - 4 Puerto Rico - 4

Eastern - 3 Guinea UT Rhodesia + 2Manaos 4 Haiti - 5 Ruanda-Urundi + 2Acre - 5 Hawaii -10 Rumania + 2

Brunei (N. Honduras - 6 Samoa I. -11Borneo) + 8 Honduras (Br.) - 6 Sarawak + 8

Bulgaria + 2 Hong Kong + 8 + 9 Saudi Arabia + 3Burma + 61/2 Hungary + 1 + 1 Senegal UTCambodia + 7 Iceland - 1 UT Seychelles + 4Canada India + 61/2 Sierra Leone UT

Newfoundland - 31/2 - 21/ Indonesia Singapore + 71/2Atlantic N. Sumatra + 61/2 Solomon I. +11

(Labrador, Java, Borneo, Somalia + 3Nova Scotia, Bali + 7% S. AfricaQuebec) - 4 3 Celebes + 8 (Union of) + 2

Eastern Iran + 3% Spain + 1(Ontario) -- 5 4 Iraq + 3 Sudan + 2

Central Ireland (Eire) UT + 1 Surinam - 31/2(Manitoba) - 6 5 Israel + 2 Sweden + 1

Mountain Italy + 1 Switzerland + 1(Alberta) - 7 G Ivory Coast UT Syria + 2

Pacific (Br. Jamaica - 5 Tanganyika + 3Columbia) - 8 - 7 Japan + 9 Tahiti -10

Yukon 8 Jordan + 2 Tasmania +10Ceylon Kenya + 3 Thailand + 7China Korea -1- 9 Trinidad - 4

People's Rep. 8 Kuwait + 3 Tunesia + 1Taiwan 8 -I 9 Laos + 7 Turkey + 2

Colombia - 5 Lebanon + 2 Uganda + 3Congo, Rep. of Liberia - 34 Uruguay - 3

Leopoldville 1 Libya + 2 U.S.S.R.Elisabethville . 2 Luxembourg + 1 Moscow,

Congo Rep. - 1 Madagascar + 3 Leningrad + 3Cook I. -101/2 Malaya + 714 Sverdlovsk + 5Costa Rica - 6 Mali UT Tashkent + 6Cuba - 5 Malta + 1 Vatican + 1Curacao -- 41/2 Marshall I. +12Cyprus ' 2 Martinique - 4 Venezuela - 41/2Czechoslovakia 1 Mexico - 6 Vietnam (Rep.) + 8Dahomey !-- 1 Monaco + 1 Virgin I. - 4Denmark I- 1 Mongolia (Outer) + 8 Windward I. - 4Dominican Rep. -- 5 Morocco UT Yemen + 3Ecuador - 5 Mozambique + 2 Yugoslavia + 1Egypt + 2 - 3 Nepal + 5.40 Zanzibar + 3

1967 Edition 27

All -Time Countries ListThe following is a complete listing of countries that you may claim to help you quali-fy for one of the POPULAR ELECTRONICS DX Country Awards.

1 Afghanistan 41 British Guiana2 Agalega, St. Brandon (Guyana)

Islands 42 British Honduras 803 Aland Island 43 British Phoenix Island 814 Alaska 44 British Virgin Is. 825 Albania 45 Brunei 836 Adabra, Cosmoledos 46 Bulgaria 84

Islands 47 Burma 857 Algeria 48 Burundi* 868 American Samoa 49 Cambodia 879 Amsterdam, St. Paul 50 Cameroun 88

Islands 51 Canada 8910 Adaman, Nicobar 52 Canal Zone

Islands 53 Canary Islands 9011 Andorra 54 Cape Verde Islands 9112 Angola 55 Cargados Carajos 9213 Anguilla Island Island14 Antarctica 56 Caroline Islands 9315 Antigua, Barbuda (Eastern) 94

Islands 57 Caroline Islands 9516 Argentina (Western) 9617 Armenia 58 Cayman Islands 9718 Aruba, Bonaire, 59 Central African 98

Curacao Islands Republic 99(Netherland Antilles) 60 Ceuta, Melilla 100

19 Ascension Island (Spanish Morocco) 10120 Asiatic Russia 61 Ceylon 10221 Auckland, Campbell 62 Chad* 103

Islands 63 Chagos Island22 Australia (including 64 Chatham Island 104

Tasmania) 65 Chile 10523 Austria 66 China (including 10624 Ayes Island Manchuria) 10725 Azerbaijan 67 Christmas Island 10826 Azores Islands (Indian Ocean) 10927 Bahama Islands 68 Christmas, Fanning, 11028 Bahrein Island Washington Islands29 Bajo Nuevo Island (Line Islands)30 Baker, Canton, Ender- 69 Clipperton Island 111

bury, Howland 70 Cocos -Keeling Islands 112Islands (Indian Ocean) 113

31 Balearic Islands 71 Cocos Island (Pacific 11432 Barbadoes Ocean) 11533 Belgium 72 Colombia 11634 Bermuda 73 Comoro Island 11735 Bhutan 74 Congo Republic 11836 Bolivia (Brazzaville)'- 11937 Bonin, Volcano 75 Congo, Republic of

Islands (Iwo Jima) (Leopoldville) 12038 Botswana (Bechu- 76 Cook Islands, Northern 121

analand) (Manihiki Is.) 12239 Bouvet Island 77 Cook Islands, 12340 Brazil Southern

78 Cormoran Reef79 Corsica

Costa RicaCreteCrozet IslandCubaCyprusCzechoslovakiaDahomey'DenmarkDesroches IslandDodecanese Islands(Rhodes)Dominica IslandDominican RepublicEast Germany (in-cluding East Berlin)East PakistanEaster IslandEbon AtollEcuadorEl SalvadorEnglandEstoniaEthiopiaFaroe IslandsFalkland IslandsFernando de Noron-ha IslandFiji IslandsFinlandFormosa (Taiwan)FranceFranz Josef LandFrench GuianaFrench Polynesia(except MarquesasIsland)French SomalilandFrench Saint MartinGabonGalapagos IslandGambiaGeorgiaGhana'GibraltarGilbert, Ellice,Ocean IslandsGlorieuse IslandGreeceGreenlandGrenada & De-pendencies

124 Guadeloupe125 Guam & Cocos

Islands126 Guantanamo Bay127 Guatemala128 Guernsey & Depen-

dencies (ChannelIslands)

129 Guinea'130 Haiti131 Hawaii (including

Tern Island)132 Heard Island133 Honduras134 Hong Kong135 Hungary136 Iceland137 Ifni138 India139 Indonesia'-140 Iran141 Iraq142 Ireland143 Isle of Man144 Israel145 Israel -Jordan Demili-

tarized Zone146 Italy147 Ivory Coast'148 Jamaica149 Jan Mayen Island150 Japan151 Jersey Island

(Channel Islands)152 Johnston Island153 Jordan154 Juan de Nova,

Europa Islands155 Juan Fernandez

Island156 Kaliningradsk157 Kamaran Island158 Kazakh159 Kenya160 Kerguelen Island161 Kermadec Island162 Kirghiz163 Kure Island164 Kuria Maria Island165 Kuwait166 Kuwait -Saudi

Arabia Neutral Zone167 Laccadive Island

Countries marked with an asterisk in the listing above are valid for crediton or after the dates indicated below.

48 Burundi49 Cambodia59 Central African Republic62 Chad74 Congo Republic (Brazzaville)86 Dahomey92 East Germany & East Berlin

113 Gabon117 Ghana129 Guinea139 Indonesia144 Israel145 Israel -Jordan Demilitarized

Zone147 Ivory Coast168 Laos

July 1, 1962July 21, 1954August 13,1960August 11, 1960August 15, 1960August 1, 1960October 7, 1949August 17, 1960March 6,1957October 2, 1958May 1, 1963May 15, 1948

May 15, 1948August 7, 1960July 21, 1954

183 Malaysia, Eastern186 Mali196 Mauritania216 Niger220 North Korea221 North Vietnam247 Rwanda262 Senegal271 Somali Republic275 South Korea279 South Vietnam293 Tanzania311 Upper Volta320 West Germany & West

Berlin

only if heard

September 16, 1963June 20, 1960June 20, 1960August 3. 1960June 25, 1950September 1. 1954July 1, 1962June 20, 1960July 1, 1960June 25, 1960September 1. 1954July 1, 1964August 5, 1960

October 7, 1949


for SWL DX AwardsApplicants are urged to be careful in listing countries, particularly those which havechanged names in recent years. Changes will be published in POPULAR ELECTRONICS.

168 Laos*169 Latvia170 Lebanon171 Lesotho (Basuto-

land)172 Liberia173 Libya174 Liechtenstein175 Lithuania176 Lord Howe Island177 Luxembourg178 Macao179 Macquarie Island180 Madeira Island181 Malagasy (Mada-

gascar)182 Malawi183 Malaysia, Eastern"184 Malaysia, Western185 Maldive Island186 Mali"187 Malpelo Island188 Malta189 Marcus Island190 Mariana Islands

(Rota, Saipan,Tinian, etc.)

191 Maria Theresa Reef192 Marion, Prince Ed-

ward Islands193 Marquesas Island194 Marshall Islands195 Martinique196 Mauritania"197 Mauritius198 Mexico199 Midway Island200 Minerva Reef201 Moldavia202 Monaco203 Mongolia204 Montserrat Island205 Morocco206 Mozambique207 Nauru Island208 Navassa Island209 Nepal210 Netherlands211 New Caledonia

212 New Guinea, Terri-tory of

213 New Hebrides214 New Zealand215 Nicaragua 255216 Niger"217 Nigeria 256218 Niue Island 257219 Norfolk Island220 North Korea'221 North Vietnam'222 Northern Ireland223 Norway224 Oman Sultanate

(Muscat)225 Oman, Trucial,

Das Islands226 Palmyra, Jarvis

Islands227 Panama228 Pantelleria, Pelagian

Islands229 Papua Territory230 Paraguay231 Peru232 Philippine Islands233 Pitcairn Island234 Poland235 Portugal236 Portuguese Guinea237 Portuguese Timor238 Puerto Rico 274239 Qatar 275240 Reunion Island 276241 Revilla Gigedo Island 277242 Rhodesia243 Rio de Oro (Spanish 278

Sahara)244 Rodriguez Island245 Romania246 Roncador Cay,

Serrana Bank247 Rwanda"248 Ryukyu Islands

(Okinawa)249 Saint Helena Island250 Saint Kitts, Nevis

Islands251 Saint Lucia Island

252253254

258259260

261262263264

265266267268

269270271272273

279280281282283

284285286287

Saint Pierre IslandsSaint Vincent IslandSan Andres, Provi-dencia IslandsSan Felix, San Am-brosia IslandsSan MarinoSao Tome, PrincipeIslandsSardiniaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia -IraqNeutral ZoneScotlandSenegal'Seychelles IslandsSicily, Eolian,Ustica IslandsSierra LeoneSikkimSingaporeSint Maarten, St.Eustatius, SabaIslandsSocotra IslandSolomon IslandsSomali Republic"South AfricaSouth Arabia Protec-torate (includingAden)South Georgia IslandSouth Korea.South Orkney IslandSouth SandwichIslandSouth ShetlandIslandSouth Vietnam'South-West AfricaSpainSpanish GuineaSpitzbergen (Sval-bard)Spratly IslandSudanSurinamSwan Island

288 Swaziland289 Sweden290 Switzerland (includ-

ing I.T.U., Geneva)291 Syria292 Tadzhik293 Tanzania"294 Thailand295 Tibet296 Togo297 Tokelau (Union)

Islands298 Tonga (Friendly)

Islands299 Trinidade, Vaz Islands300 Trinidad, Tobago

Islands301 Tristan da Cunha,

Gough Islands302 Tromelin Island303 Tunisia304 Turkey305 Turkmen306 Turks, Caicos Islands307 Uganda308 Ukraine309 United Arab Republic310 United States of

America311 Upper Volta"312 Uruguay313 Uzbek314 Vatican City315 Venezuela316 Virgin Islands317 Wake Island318 Wales319 Wallis, Futura Islands320 West Germany (in-

cluding West Berlin).321 West Pakistan322 Western Samoa323 White Russia324 Willis Islands325 Yemen326 Yugoslavia327 Zambia

The countries listed below have been deleted from this all-time countries list, but creditmay be taken for reception (and verification) on or before the dates given.

DI Borneo (Indonesian Kali-mantan)

D2 British SomalilandD3 British TogolandD4 Celebes, Molucca IslandsD5 Damau and DiuD6 DanzigD7 EritreaD8 French Equatorial AfricaD9 French IndiaD10 French Indo-ChinaDll French West AfricaD12 Germany013 GoaD14 Gold Coast015 Italian SomalilandD16 JavaD17 Karelo-Finnish RepublicD18 Korea

April 30, 1963

June 30, 1960March 5, 1957April 30, 1963December 19, 1961September 1, 1939November 30, 1962August 16, 1960October 31, 1954July 20, 1954August 6, 1960October 6, 1949December 19, 1961March 5, 1957June 30, 1960April 30, 1963July 15, 1956June 24, 1950

019 Kwantung PeninsulaD20 ManchukuoD21 Newfoundland & LabradorD22 PalestineD23 Ruanda-UrundiD24 SaarlandD25 SabahD26 SarawakD27 Spanish Morocco (except

Ceuta & Melilla)D28 SumatraD29 TanganyikaD30 TangierD31 Tannu TuvaD32 Timor (Indonesian)D33 TriesteD34 West Irian (formerly Dutch

New Guinea)D35 Zanzibar

September 2, 1945September 2, 1945March 31, 1949May 14, 1948June 30, 1962December 31, 1956September 15, 1963September 15, 1963

April 6, 1956April 30, 1963June 30. 1964October 28, 1956November 15, 1945April 30, 1963October 25, 1954

April 30, 1963June 30, 1964

1967 Edition 29

ators. Many short-wave stations, notably"Radio Japan" and "Radio Nederland,"prefer the SINPO code and ask their lis-teners to report reception using this sys-tem.

The SINPO code chart, with Q -codeequivalents and ratings, appears on page31. Use of the SINPO code is simplicityitself. When reporting to a station whosesignals are loud and clear and completelyfree of any interference, the report shouldstate: SINPO 55555 (not S5 15 N5 P5 05).

Other Details. A report might also in-clude comments on the program the lis-tener heard and what he liked or did notlike. However, the SWL should rememberto be constructive and not unjustly criti-cize program content without offering somesuggestions as to how it could be im-proved. Each international broadcastingservice is going to thousands of listeners,and it is quite impossible to suit the earof everyone. If a report is complete andaccurate, it will be noted by the station'spersonnel handling SWL reports. It willenable the broadcaster to plan future pro-gramming and to adjust schedules and fre-quencies if reception was not satisfactoryover the period of time that the SWLmonitored.

The SWL should also remember to becourteous in requesting a QSL (verifica-tion). The following example can be usedas a guide: "If this report of reception onthe dates, times, and frequencies checks

In this SWL shack, note convenient layout of re-ceivers (Hallicrafters SX-100 and Lafayette HA -52A), work space, world map, and tape recorder.Drew Kalman, Dearborn, Mich., used this equip-ment to log 102 countries, with 50% verified.

accurately with your station log and isfound to be of value to your engineeringstaff, verification would be sincerely ap-preciated."

It is always proper to include returnpostage when sending station reports. Thelistener should remember that to some ex-tent the station is doing him a favor byverifying his reception report. Many broad-casters will indicate that return postage isnot required, and those short-wave broad-casters which are government -owned ob-viously do not need to be sent returnpostage.

Return postage for foreign countries canbe sent in the form of an InternationalReply Coupon (IRC) which is available fromlocal post offices. However, listeners shouldbe aware that IRC's are NOT valid in Bul-garia, Congo, Peru, Pitcairn Island, SaudiArabia, Somali, Sweden, the Soviet Union,Yemen, and Yugoslavia.

In some unusual cases, the SWL mayfind it necessary to obtain mint (unused)postage stamps from the country involved.Mint stamps can be purchased from stampdealers who specialize in this service.Also, many Sunday newspapers that regu-larly publish a stamp collecting columnwill list stamp dealers who specialize inselling mint foreign stamps.

Tape -Recorded Reports. In recent years,tape recordings in place of written reportshave become a very effective means of ob-taining QSL's. Obviously, a short-wave sta-tion that receives a report on tape is ableto judge far more accurately just how itssignals are being received.

Before starting to record on tape, thelistener should tune in the broadcaster aswell as possible. From this point on, thelistener should not change any of the re-ceiver settings regardless of how the sig-nal fluctuates or interference increases ordecreases. The broadcaster is interested inknowing exactly how the signal strengthand readability varies over a period oftime and how the signals are being affect-ed by other stations or electrical distur-bances. Tape reports must be long enoughto be of value to the station; a 30 -minutereport is about the minimum necessary to


Time Conversion Within U.S.A.

UniversalTime

(GreenwichMean Time)

(hours)

EasternDaylight

Time

EasternStandard

orCentralDaylight

CentralStandard

orMountainDaylight

MountainStandard

orPacific

Daylight

PacificStandard

Time0000 8:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.0100 9:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m.0200 10:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m.0300 11:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m.0400 Midnight 11:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m.0500 1:00 a.m. Midnight 11:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m.0600 2:00 a.m. 1:00 a.m. Midnight 11:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m.0700 3:00 a.m. 2:00 a.m. 1:00 a.m. Midnight 11:00 p.m.0800 4:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m. 2:00 a.m. 1:00 a.m. Midnight0900 5:00 a.m. 4:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m. 2:00 a.m. 1:00 a.m1000 6:00 a.m. 5:00 a.m. 4:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m. 2:00 a.m.1100 7:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. 5:00 a.m. 4:00 a.m. 3:00 a.m.1200 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m., 6:00 a.m. 5:00 a.m. 4:00 a.m.1300 9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. 5:00 a.m.1400 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m.1500 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m.1600 Noon 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m.1700 1:00 p.m. Noon 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m.1800 2:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Noon 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m.1900 3:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Noon 11:00 a.m.2000 4:00 p.m. 3:00 pm. 2:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. Noon2100 5:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m.2200 6:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.2300 7:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m.

provide a broadcaster with the informa-tion he desires.

And outside noises should not be per-mitted to appear on the tape. The listenermust record directly from the speaker ter-minals or headphone jack and should nev-er try to record the sound from the loud-speaker through the recorder's microphone.Sufficient leader tape on each end of therecording tape should be provided. If thelistener decides to record transmissionsover several different days, it is important

to remember to use one track of the tapefor the first day, and the second track forthe next day, or to interrupt the tape withvoice announcements establishing exactlywhen and how the transmissions are beingrecorded. Be sure to plainly mark on thetape which of the two standard speeds(33/4 or 71/2 ips) was used in making therecording.

A written note should be sent with thetape, containing the listener's name andaddress, the date and time of the record-

DX Awards Program

Holders of WPE Monitoring Certificates are eligibleto apply for awards that may be affixed to the cer-tificate itself. Three awards are now open-one for25-150 verified countries, one for 20-50 verifiedstates, and one for 6-12 verified provinces/terri-tories. Details on joining the WPE Monitor Programwill be found in the March, May, July, September,November (1966) and January (1967) issues ofPOPULAR ELECTRONICS. Award application formsappear in the February, April and November 1965issues of POPULAR ELECTRONICS. To qualify for anaward, the steps listed below must be followed.

1 Each applicant must be a registered WPE Short -Wave Monitor and must enter his call letters onthe application form (or facsimile).

2 Each applicant must submit a list of stations(any frequency or service) for which he has re-ceived verifications, one for each state, country orprovince heard. The list should contain 25, 50, 75,100, or 150 countries if applying for a countryaward, or 20, 30, 40, or 50 states if applying for astate award, or 6, 8, 10 or 12 provinces/territoriesif applying for a province award. The following in-formation must be furnished in tabular form andin alphabetical order by country, state, or provincefor each verification.

(a) Country, state, or provinces/territories heard(b) Call -sign or name of station heard and

verified(c) Frequency(d) Date the station was heard(e) Date of verification (postmark dates are

acceptable)(f) For the states award only, indicate whether

the broadcast was a normal transmissionfor the class of station received, or a test.

All of the above information should be copied fromthe station's verification. Don't list any verificationyou can't supply for authentication on demand.

3 All pertinent verifications, whether QSL cards orletters, should be carefully packaged and storedby the applicant until such time as instructionsare received to send in some or all of them forchecking purposes. Instructions on how and towhom to send the verifications will be given atthat time. Failure to comply with these instruc-tions will disqualify the applicant.

4 A fee of 50 cents (in U. S. coin) must accompanythe applicant's list of verifications to cover thecosts of printing, handling, and mailing. This feewill be returned in the event an applicant is foundto be ineligible for any of the awards. Applicantsoutside of the United States may send 60 cents(U. S.) in coins of their own country if they sodesire. However, please do NOT send any Inter-

ing, the frequency monitored, the antennaused, make and model of receiver, and acourteous request that the station con-sider the recording for QSL purposes.

Time Conversion. While the SWL mightprefer to use his own time zone in makinghis report, he will find that most broad-casters appreciate the thoughtfulness ofconverting from local time to that of thebroadcaster. Since short-wave stations arescattered throughout the world, it has be-come a common practice to report recep-tion in terms of Greenwich Mean Time(GMT), or as it is more commonly referredto in this space age, Universal Time (UT).

The 24 -hour clock system is now gen-erally understood and accepted throughoutthe world. In this system, the hours from1:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. are expressed as0100 to 1100. Noon, or midday, is re-ferred to as 1200. From 1:00 p.m. to11:00 p.m. ,the times are expressed as1300 to 2300. Midnight is 0000.

Some reporters prefer to use 2400 formidnight; although both are technically cor-rect, 0000 is more commonly used.

DX Awards. There are numerous awardsavailable to the SWL for QSL'ing or ver-ifying a certain number of countries,states, or Canadian provinces. Many SWL'scollect these certificates, which are usuallyvery attractive and colorful. Details onPOPULAR ELECTRONICS' award programappear at left.

Reporting Forms & Log Sheets

Special station logging sheets (punched for a 3 -ringbinder) and pads of 50 reporting forms designedaccording to recommendations of international

SWL

Riding the TV DX Trail

Looking For Freak Conditions Results In DX

By Gary Olson

THOSE rolling black bars that have pes-tered your Channel 2 TV reception area sign of "sporadic -E". At least a dozen

times each year freak radio wave propa-gation conditions permit the transmissionof TV signals out to distances of 1300-1500 miles or more. Since TV signals aresupposed to die out rapidly at distances of80-100 miles, the sudden appearance of aTV program transmitted a thousand milesaway is real DX.

From mid -May through to the first weekof August-is the time when a buddingclan of TV DX'ers keeps scanning thosevacant (no locals) TV channels. Sporadic -E, or "E -skip" as it is sometimes called,usually is first noticed on Channel 2. If

conditions are right and the channels areoccupied at the right distances, DX cansometimes be seen on Channels 2, 3, and4. The chance of E -skip on Channels 5and 6 is less than on the lower three chan-nels, but many TV DX'ers have picked offchoice stations by "viewing -in" at the prop-er moment.

Television DX is not limited to just thestations in the United States; transmissionsfrom Canada, Mexico, Cuba, etc., are re-ported during the month of June.

Sporadic -E: What Is It? The transmis-sion of most radio signals well beyond thecurvature of the earth is due to the bend-ing or reflecting of the signals by the "iono-sphere," now a popular term because ofspace satellite activities. The ionosphere isplagued by freak conditions that scientistsneither understand nor are able to predictthe occurrence of. Sporadic -E is the mostnotorious-it affects all radio wave trans-missions from 4 to 100 MHz.

While most ionospheric effects take placeslowly, sporadic -E comes on in a suddenonslaught. Freak conditions may last a

few minutes, or an hour or so, or even awhole day, but no one can say why. Whensporadic -E is "in," radio signals are re-

flected at a height of only 65-70 milesabove ground level. Normally, most radiosignals below 8 MHz would simply passthrough this region.

Television channels were originally as-signed by the FCC on the premise thatnothing in the ionosphere would affect fre-quencies above 54 MHz. Sporadic -E, thoughcomparatively rare, does affect low -bandreception (channels 2 through 6), and onoccasion even the FM broadcasting bandabove 88 MHz.

TV DX: When and Where

TYPE CHANNELS

E -Skip 2- 6

E -Skip 2- 4Tropo 2-13

Tropo 14-83

TIME OF YEAR TIME OF DAY DISTANCE

Late May to Early August 0800-1100 500-1500 miles1700-2100

Mid -November to January 1700-2100 600.1500 milesMid -June to Mid -September 1900-0200 200- 800 miles

0500-0900

May to Mid -September 2000-0100 200- 450 miles0500-0800

1967 Edition 35

This photograph was taken at a station break (aswere all the others in this article) and serves asa "verie," or proof of reception. From Harrington,III., to Lafayette, La., is a distance of about925 miles-a sizable hop for Channel 3 E -skip.

Wichita Falls, Texas, is just under 950 miles fromthe author-another example of E -skip. Note howthe picture is tearing and that there is a strongghost. This type of TV picture is typical of E -skip when the signal is undergoing heavy fading.

Scientists have confirmed that sporadic -

E ionization is cloudlike and that theseclouds move along above the earth as ifbeing pushed by a strong wind. Coupledwith the phenomenon of suddenly appear-ing and disappearing sporadic -E are the er-ratic DX conditions which can change ina few minutes.

Television DX via sporadic -E is charac-terized by signals that fade in and out-somewhat akin to the fading due to airplanereflections, though at a somewhat slowerrate. The distance covered by sporadic -Eis rarely less than 500 miles, most com-mon between 800 and 1100 miles, andrarely beyond 1500 miles. Sometimes TV

DX can be seen in excess of 1500 miles,but this is due to so-called "double -hop"conditions where the signal is reflected bytwo separate sporadic -E clouds.

Tropo DX'ing. Summer is also the timeof the year when TV DX signals can beseen at double or even triple the usualground wave range via "tropospheric bend-ing." This type of DX propagation is notaffected by the ionosphere, but by weatherand atmospheric conditions less than 5-6miles above the earth's surface.

On some occasions (far more frequentthan for sporadic -E), an "inversion" ofthe temperature humidity rate takes placein the low atmosphere. Television signalsare then trapped between the ground andthe inversion, guiding the wave over dis-tances of 300-500 miles.

Tropo DX signals are sometimes strongerthan sporadic -E signals and the fading isslower and deeper. Most DX'ers reportthat tropo signals stay in view much longerthan the mysterious short-lived sporadic -ETV DX signals.

Equipment. The impression that TV DX'ingnecessitates an extra investment in equip-ment is false. Unless you live in the metro-politan New York, Los Angeles, or Chicagoareas, your chances of seeing some TV DXare quite good. They are better if you havean outdoor antenna, and still better if thatantenna is on a rotator.

A TV DX'er located about 15-20 milesfrom the nearest transmitting station canusually catch some DX with a 2-, 3-, or5 -element antenna. But the bigger yourantenna, the better your DX. And, photo-graph the TV screen-that's your verie.

Photographing TV Screen

There is a precise technique for photographing pic-tures on a TV screen. The TV picture is being pro-duced at a rate of 60 fields and 525 lines persecond. The fields are interlaced to 30 frames. Thenumber of lines determines the picture definition.To take usable photos, the camera must be sloweddown to either I/25 or 1,i0 second. Use film with anexposure index of 100, or slightly higher. Withnormal TV picture tube brightness, a typical expo-sure would be at f stop openings of either 2.8 or4.0. If you have a choice, try not to use a camerawith a focal plane -type shutter.

36COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

SWL

60 Meters DX the Tropicals

Marconi Was Tuned Up Near This Band andHis Equipment Wasn't As Good As Yours-So Why Not?

By Bob Hill, W1ARR/3

IF YOU NEED fast, fast, FAST relief fromthe rigors of everyday DX'ing-now thatyou've logged 100 -plus countries-why

not treat yourself to the tropical band be-tween 4700 and 5100 kHz? This is the 60 -meter band that was allocated many yearsago for domestic broadcasting by countriesin or near the equatorial regions. For thelisteners down south, the lightning staticbelow 3 MHz is so intense that normalAM reception is practically impossible dur-ing the evening hours. Many would-be lis-teners are also 50 to 250 miles from thenearest broadcaster and the 60 -meter bandhas solved the problem of coverage at alower atmospheric noise level.

Since most of the 60 -meter stations areprogrammed for local listeners, the poweroutput is only 5 to 10 kilowatts. Thelanguages used are generally Spanish and

Portuguese in South America and localdialects in Africa and Asia. A good long-wire antenna is a blessing for catchingthose weaker ones, but a short indoor an-tenna can snare the strongest stations.

What You Can Hear. In general, no

matter where you live in North America,you'll hear many stations from LatinAmerica (particularly Venezuela, Colombia,and Brazil) during early- and mid -eveninghours. Eastern and Midwest North Ameri-can DX'ers can pull in Africa during thelate afternoon and again around 11 p.m.to 2 a.m. EST (0400-0700 GMT), whileRocky Mountain and Far West listenerswill find their best bets for Africa to bearound 8-11 p.m. PST (0400-0700 GMT)and occasionally around 6-8 a.m. (1400-1600 GMT). Asia is a breeze for Western

Listening On 60 MetersThis table will help you to determine when to search for a particular area of the world.Times are GMT and are valid from about October to April; if you are hardy enough tobrave summer static, you'll find that DX signals fade in about an hour later and fadeout about an hour earlier. Subtract 5 hours for EST, 6 for CST, 7 for MST, and 8 for PST.

AREA OF WORLD EAST MIDWEST ROCKIES PACIFIC

Central America 1100-1230 0000-0300 0100-0300 0130-03002300-0300 1100-1300 1100-1330 1100-1400

South America 0900-1200 0900-1230 0030-0600 0130-06002230-0600 2330-0600 0900-1300 0900-1330

West Africa 0400-0730 0400-0730 0400-0730 0400-07302100-2400 2200-2400 2300-2400

Central/South Africa 0400-0600 0400-0600 0400-0600 0400-06002100-2230 2200-2230

East Africa 0300-0430 0300-0430 0300-0430 0300-04301400-1430 1400-1530

Europe (U.S.S.R.) 0130-0530 0130-0530 0200-0530 0300-0530

South Asia 0130-0230 0130-0230 0100-0230 0100-03001100-1230 1100-1330 1100-1500 1100-1600

Far East 1000-1230 1000-1330 0830-1430 0600-1600

Oceania 0700-1300 0630-1400 0600-1500 0430-1630

1967 Edition 37

SWL's between 11 p.m. and 8 a.m.(0700-1600 GMT), but it's a stiff windfor their Eastern brethren around 4-7:30a.m. (0900-1230 GMT). Everybody cantune for Oceania around 0600-1300 GMT,and all areas have a shot at hard -to -logEuropean U.S.S.R. regional outlets around0200-0500 GMT.

You might start things off by looking forthe powerful Colombian station HJAE, "Ra-dio Sante Fe," Bogota, which transmits inSpanish 24 hours a day-HJAE has a

good signal on 4965 kHz, and can betuned in any time during the evening.Some Latin stations such as HRVC, "RadioEvangelica," Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 4820kHz, and ZYY9, "Radio Timbira," SaoLuiz, Brazil, 4975 kHz, will carry Englishprograms or announcements at times; butthe only broadcaster south of the borderthat uses English full time is the Wind-ward Islands Broadcasting Service, trans-mitting from St. Georges, Grenada, on5015 kHz. If it's rare birds you're after,cast your nets for such elusive Spanish-speaking specimens as CP75, "La Cruzdel Sur," La Paz, Bolivia, 4985 kHz (se-verely chopped up by CW marker stationWKA24); OAX9E "Radio Tropical," Tara-poto, Peru, 4937 kHz; and HCVS6, "LaVoz de Saquisili," Ecuador, 4903 kHz.

Except for Europe, where only a handfulof Soviets broadcast on 60 meters, theother continents are well represented. Witha little luck and a lot of determination,you can bag all six continents. In fact,you can knock off all but Europe (theRussians) in English.

The Six Continents. Listeners in theEast and Midwest should try for: Wind-ward Islands Broadcasting, Grenada, 5015kHz, 2245 GMT s/off (North America);ZYY9, Brazil, 4975 kHz, 0100 on Mon-days (South America); Moscow, U.S.S.R.,4860 kHz, around 0400 and later in Rus-sian (Europe); Eastern Nigeria Broadcast-ing, Enugu, Nigeria, 4855 kHz, 2300 s/offand 0500 s/on (Africa); AIR, Delhi, India,4960 kHz, with news at 1230-a toughone! (Asia); and VLT4, Port Moresby,Papua Territory, 0730-1300 or so (Ocean-ia).

The DX'ers in the Mountain and Pacificareas should try for: HRVC, Honduras,4820 kHz, 0300-0330 on Mondays (NorthAmerica); HJGF, Bucaramanga, Colombia,4845 kHz, 0400 s/off (South America);Kiev, Ukraine, 4940 kHz, around 0500in Ukrainian (Europe); ELWA, Monrovia,Liberia, 4770 kHz, 0615 s/on (Africa);Kabul, Afghanistan, 4775 kHz, news at1400 (Asia); and VTW2, Tarawa, 4912kHz, 0730.1030 on Thursdays (Oceania).

Another incentive for tuning 60 metersis that many countries are either verydifficult or downright impossible to hearon the international broadcasting bands.Would you believe that you could pickup Afghanistan, Azores, Brunei, Burma,Cameroon, Central African Republic, CookIslands, French Somaliland, Gabon, Geor-gian SSR, Portuguese Guinea, Sao Tome,Spanish Guinea, Turkmen SSR, and Togo?And there are others.

It should be mentioned that there aretwo more tropical bands (3200.3400 and2300-2500 kHz) where good DX is hidingout, but the QRM and QRN difficulties areenough to defeat all but the most stub-born and experienced listeners.

So crank that "RF Gain" control up full,set the selectivity to "Sharp," and forgetthe "high" bands for a while. Come on"up" to 60 meters where the DX is great.

Broadcasting Stationsof the World

The U.S. Government Printing Office has for salefour volumes that list all non-U.S.A. radio broadcast-ing stations-AM, FM, and TV. The first volume(called Part I) is an alphabetical list of AM stationsby country and city. Part II is the same list re-arranged according to frequency. Part III does thesame thing for all FM stations (country/city and byfrequency), while Part IV (the fourth volume) coversTV broadcasters. Parts I, II, and IV are $2.25 each,and Part III is only $1.50. Available from theSuperintendent of Documents, G.P.O., Washington,D.C. 20401.

SWL Program Guide

This is a listing of the English -language broadcastsof 40 international broadcasters arranged by thehour. Each listing shows duration of broadcast,area to which transmission is beamed, etc. Guideis printed on Bristol stock and bound in plastic.Prepared by SWL Program Guide, 218 Gifford St.,Syracuse, N.Y. 13202. Price, $2.00.


SWL

Join The SWL Card Swap

Add to your collection and double your fun

By Walter R. Levins

THE CARDS you see on this page wereall received from fellow short-wave lis-teners. Like the author, these SWL's

have increased their hobby enjoyment byswapping SWL/QSL reporting cards. Suchan exchange makes new friends and servesas a handy means of gathering informationabout the other fellow's equipment, DX'ingtechniques, country totals, etc. After youhave your own SWL cards, you will prob-ably want to start your own collection.

There are scores of SWL/QSLers who advertise their wares in the clas-sified ad columns of the various electronicsmagazines. Cards are not expensive, butit is our recommendation that you selectsomething which is colorful and-if pos-sible-novel. Oddly enough, few experi-enced SWL's use their cards for reportingthe reception of stations they've intercept-ed-they use reporting forms printed forthat purpose-although they may send acard along as a "gesture."

Names and addresses of SWL/QSL cardswappers can be found in many SWL clubbulletins. The Canadian DX Club, for ex-ample, has a Swapper's Column; as doesthe Newark News Radio Club, InternationalShort Wave League, etc. A new club calledthe International League of Signal Chasersis devoted completely to card swapping.

How To Get Started. When you've re-ceived your supply of cards and chosen afew names and addresses, send your cardalong to each of them in an envelope (sothat your card can be put up on the otherswapper's wall) and a few politewords of greeting. If your card is going

overseas, a few words in the native languageof the recipient is always appreciated andguarantees a card in return. And, don't for-get that many card swappers are also stampcollectors!

You might also add a picture of yourselfor your SWL setup-if it is not on your SWL/QSL card already-and occasionally a pic-ture postcard of your locale. You'll be sur-prised at the response these little thought-ful actions bring forth. Soon, with just aminimum investment in money andyou'll have brand-new friends from aroundthe world-that'll surprise your mailman!

In the sample SWL cards below, note the use ofvarious "identifiers" or call -signs. Although no of-ficial agency issues such "identifiers," they canbe obtained from The International Short WaveLeague, POPULAR ELECTRONICS' Short -Wave Moni.toring Club, etc. Many SWL's use these "identifi-ers" to call attention to their listening posts.

ilt051040

.14 to -0

'to t, """.". 4,0.tw tor,

BRASIL

y.

SWt-ZL165

ac past. .

Mt .1'. :t

0. WHITEI WC,44.2.A$T

1,M1.

1967 Edition 39

SWLSWL Antennas

To Improve Your DX, Use a Good Antenna

By J. C. Gillespie

THERE IS no record of the number ofdisenchanted SWL's who bought goodreceivers only to attach them to poor

antennas. Some years ago it was the cus-tom of many SWL receiver manufacturersto enclose a hunk of wire in the receivershipping carton. When this wire was cou-pled to the receiver, some signals could beheard on most of the International Broad-casting Bands; but so could a lot of unnec-essary noise and interfering signals.

The needs of the SWL have not reallybeen forgotten, though, and the followingparagraphs will serve as a reminder thatat least three manufacturers sell antennasideally suited for SWL DX'ing.

Peak Efficiency. Every communicationsengineer will agree that there is nothingequal to the signal -grabbing ability of aresonant antenna. Mosley Electronics Inc.(4610 N. Lindbergh Blvd., Bridgeton, Mo.63042) solved the dilemma of how to makea single antenna resonate on 6 differentshort-wave broadcast bands by insertingtraps to electronically alter the length ofthe flat -top section. When the SWL tuneswithin the resonant band, the traps act asinsulators. As soon as the SWL tunes out-side the resonant band, the traps simplyact like so much more wire and shortenthe overall length of the flat -top. Thus, theSWL-7 works at peak efficiency in the 11-,13-, 19-, 25-, 31-, and 49 -meter bands.

For the SWL who wants to concentrateon DX'ing in the ham bands, a similarMosley antenna-called the RD-5-is avail-able. This trapped antenna will resonatein the 10-, 15-, 20- and 80 -meter bands.

All -Band DX'ing. For the average SWLlikely to tune any frequency between 550kHz and 30 MHz there is nothing equal tothe flat -top (called the "Inverted L").

While by no means as responsive in theshort-wave broadcast bands as the trappedantennae, the Inverted L is simple to erectand is non -critical in operation. For thatbudget installation, Hy -Gain ElectronicsCorp. (Highway 6 at Stevens Creek, Lin-coln, Nebr. 68501) offers its SW -6. Theflat -top section is 50' long, and the antennais sold with 50 feet of insulated lead-in,molded plastic end insulators, and 18 feetof nylon rope attached to each end.

Single -Band DX'ing. The SWL special-izing in DXing only one band-say 19 or31 meters-can make good use of a verti-cal antenna. World Radio Laboratories(3415 W. Broadway, Council Bluffs, Iowa51501) has an 18' vertical which is base -

loaded and needs only to be attached to a

pipe sunk in the back yard. Changing clipson the loading coil resonates this "WVG-mkll" vertical to any frequency or narrowband of frequencies from 10 to 80 meters.

Taking a different approach to all -bandlistening, but still a vertical antenna, is theHy -Gain SW -9. This antenna consists simply of a 9' telescoping element attached toa heavy-duty bracket which is bolted to awindow frame or side of a house or apart-ment. For SWL's with space restrictions,the SW -9 is worth serious investigation.

'The Mosley SWL-7 has a figure 8 receiving patternwith the lobes of maximum signal pickup broadside,or at right angles to the wire. Thus, if strung north -

south, the SWL-7 picks up best from east and west.On the other hand, the "Inverted L" picks up betteroff the ends of the flat -top.


SWLRadio Caroline

Broadcasters Become "Pirates" On The High Seas

By Edward Griffin, Jr.

MOST CITIZENS of the United States areunaware that in many foreign coun-tries there is no commercial broad-

casting. And, to add insult to injury, thosepeople with radio or TV receivers pay a li-

cense fee just to listen or look. One such

country is staid old England, where theBritish Broadcasting Company has eminentdomain over all AM and FM radio and mostof television. At least, the BBC did untila "pirate" broadcaster called "Radio Caro-line" started to operate.

Now about four years old, "Radio Caro-line" and her sister ships* probably havea greater audience than the BBC and aremaking money hand over fist. Commer-cials, pop music, and rock-and-roll blareforth from a ship anchored five miles atsea-and presumably not in the territorialwaters of England.

Actually, "Radio Caroline" is a generalname given to two ships, one off the coastof Ramsey, Isle of Man, and a second offHarwich, Essex. The first, "Radio CarolineNorth," is operating on 1520 kHz with apower of 10,000 watts. The second, "Ra-dio Caroline South," is on 1187 kHz with60,000 watts. Both transmitters, by theway, were made by Continental Electronics,Dallas, Texas.

Schedules and QSL's. The popularity ofthe pirates has resulted in a 20 -hour broad-casting day -0600 to 0200 GMT. And, as

*In addition to "Radio Caroline," operating at thiswriting are: "Radio City" on 1034 kHz; "Radio Lon-don" on 1133 kHz; "Radio Essex" on 1349 kHz; "RadioScotland" on 1259 kHz; and "Radio 390" on 773 kHz.All stations verify reception reports; see 1967 Editionof "World Radio TV Handbook" for addresses.

though it were not enough to twist the Brit-ish tail with illegal broadcasting, the "Ra-dio Caroline" stations are actively seekingreception reports and are sending out mailbags filled with QSL cards. The two shipshave also sponsored a "Radio CarolineClub" in Liverpool, where for a small fee(about $1.50) a member receives an identi-fication card, car bumper stickers, andposters, and has first -say in requests to beplayed on the air.

During the winter months, "Radio Caro-line South" is a good DX catch for anyAmerican SWL. The best time to listen is

in the brief period before shutdown (2000-2100 EST) or when they come on the air(0100-0200 EST). In reception reports,DX'ers are urged to include the frequency,time in GMT, date. and any suggestions forprograms.

Radio Caroline North, P.O. Box 3,Ramsey, Isle of Man, England

Radio Caroline South, c/o Roman O'Rahilly,54-62 Regent St., London, W.1, England

Radio Caroline Club, 61 Lord St.,Liverpool 2, England.

This verification was received from "Radio Caro-line" for a broadcast that was logged by the authoron 1520 kHz at about 0220 EST in mid -October.

1967 Edition 41

(Continued from page 16)wave bands. Two of these are "RadioEuzkadi, The Voice of the Basque Under-ground" (probably in Spain) on 13,214kHz, and what was formerly known as "TheKiss Me Honey Station," so named be-cause they played a recording of "Kiss MeHoney" continuously while on the air.During the past year they changed to arecording by "The Beatles." The most re-cent logging of this station has been on11,695 kHz, varying slightly at times, jam-ming the transmissions of quasi -clandes-tine "Radio Peyk-e Iran" on the same fre-quency.

The Clubs. As you find yourself becom-ing more and more interested in the hobbyof short-wave listening, you may want toget more detailed DX'ing information andtake part in an organized radio club. Inaddition to many neighborhood clubs whichspecialize in membership over a very lim-ited area, there are a number of topnotchnation-wide or world-wide clubs to which

clubs all issue periodic bulletins to theirmembers.

Some clubs devote their bulletins strict-ly to coverage of activities on the standardbroadcast band. Others also cover theshort-wave bands, the amateur bands, theutility channels; and have a host of addi-tional features, such as listings of SWLcard swappers, items on tapesponding(corresponding by the tape recordingmethod), and technical tips.

With equipment capable of tuning almost any fre-quency, it is little wonder that Jack Forbing, FortWayne, Ind., has amassed DX verifications from 168countries (3500 stations). Jack is also a CB'er.

Newark News Radio Club

Organized in 1927, the NNRC is probably the oldestSWL'ing club in existence. Membership is $5 peryear and all members receive monthly copies of theNNRC "Bulletin" which averages 55 pages per issue.The "Bulletin" contains detailed information on allphases of SWL'ing (International Broadcasting, FM& TV, medium -wave, utilities, etc.) with special sec-tions on Card Swapping, Competitions, etc. De-tailed information and a sample "Bulletin" are avail-able for 25 cents from Corresponding SecretaryHarold S. Williams, 50 Third Ave., Seymour, Conn.06483.

International Short Wave Club

The oldest short-wave club in Europe, the ISWC wasfounded in 1929 and has been operating ever since.This club prides itself on the fast dissemination ofnews concerning schedules, frequencies, etc., of theshort-wave broadcasters. A monthly bulletin is pub-lished called "International Short Wave Radio."Details on membership can be obtained from theISWC, 100 Adams Gardens Estate, London, S.E. 16,England.

How They Sound

If you're not sure just what international short-wave broadcasting stations should sound like, tryplaying the 12" LP "Shortwave Listeners' Record."This record has 18 segments of typical broadcastsfrom such stations as Solomon Islands, "RadioFinland," "Kol Zion," "Radio Baghdad," etc. TheVolume I record is available for $3.95 from SWLRecords, 4017 Jackson Ave., Culver City, Calif.90231. A Volume II recording featuring 16 othershort-wave broadcasters is to be released thiswinter.

International Short Wave League

Noted for its intense interest in DX'ing the hambands, this British short-wave club issues a month-ly bulletin called the "Monitor" which containscolumns for the newcomer, ham -band DX'er, short-wave DX'er, contest listener, etc. Details onmembership can be obtained from the ISWL Head-quarters, c/o Bernard Brown, G1889, 60 White St.,Derby, England.

World Radio TV Handbook

This internationally recognized guide to short-wavelistening is now in its 21st edition. Published inDenmark, but printed in English, the WRTH is a300 -page -plus book itemizing all of the short-wavebroadcasting stations throughout the world, andincluding programs, frequencies, call -signs or slo-gans, power, antennas, etc. Any SWL who has everused the WRTH would never be without the latestedition. It is published annually; a special Sum-mer Supplement is also available. Sold in theU.S. and Canada through Gilfer Associates, P. 0.Box 239J, Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. Price, $4.95.


What Is Amateur Radio?AMATEUR RADIO

Removing The Cloud Of Mystery Surrounding a Great Hobby

By Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ

TO RADIO AMATEURS, amateur radio isthe electronic magic carpet which ex-pands their horizons to include the en-

tire world-a world in which they have amillion friends. When radio amateurs(commonly known as "hams") are on theair, their daily cares drop away. Hamsshare common interests with the King ofBhutan, a U.S. presidential candidate, amissionary in a remote African jungle, andwith many others like themselves locatedanywhere on this globe.

To the Federal Communications Com-mission, on the other hand, amateur radiois officially a "service" with the funda-mental aims of improving the communica-tions art, promoting world peace andunderstanding, providing emergency com-munications, and offering the United Statesa reservoir of self -trained electronic tech-nicians.

Every radio amateur takes it as a matterof personal pride that he has earned theright to be on the air by passing an officialnational government examination. This isthe only path to becoming an amateur;there are no shortcuts. But it is not diffi-cult to earn a ham radio license. We

make this statement to counteract thestories you may have heard about howhard it is to pass the amateur exams.Some people exaggerate the difficulties tocamouflage the reasons why they are notamateurs and some hams are not aboveexaggerating them to increase their ownsense of accomplishment.

From Country to Country. Among the400,000 -plus licensed radio amateursthroughout the world, there are some thatearn their living in electronics. In addi-tion, there are "doctors, lawyers, and Indian chiefs," not to mention schoolchil-dren, housewives, beauty contest winners,butchers, prizefighters, stockbrokers, nuns,ministers, generals, princes, and factorypresidents, blind individuals, and invalids.All of them have one thing in common:they have taught themselves the why'sand wherefore's of radio communicationsand have become radio amateurs throughlove of the game.

That fellow on the left is one of the many "famousnames" who hold radio amateur licenses: BarryGoldwater, W7UGA. He is shaking hands with an oldfriend, Alberto H. Calleja, XE1NE, of Mexico City.XE1NE is Mexico's most active DX'er; a photo ofhis antenna appears later on in this chapter.

1967 Edition43

Amateur radio stations are to be foundin homes, automobiles, boats, airplanes,in submarines (through the courtesy of theUnited States Navy), lighthouses, and in a

building under the snow at the South Pole.For many years, amateurs and their equip-ment have been part of virtually everyscientific expedition to unexplored parts ofAfrica, Asia, South America, and the frozenArctic and Antarctic regions.

As described by George Lesnick, W9EBQ,beginning on page 87, chasing DX is themajor interest of many amateurs. Otherhams are builders and experimenters; theyexperiment with radioteletype, TV, andhave built several OSCAR's (Orbiting Satel-lites Carrying Amateur Radio) which werelaunched in cooperation with the UnitedStates Air Force to relay UHF and VHFsignals. Some hams bounce their signalsoff the moon.

Many amateurs concentrate on publicservice. They relay messages-often be-

tween military personnel and their families.They enroll in the Amateur Radio PublicService Corps, Radio Amateur Civil Emer-gency Corps, or the Military Affiliate RadioService (MARS)-sponsored by the Army,Navy, and Air Force-all of which give val-uable training for use in communicationsemergencies. Each year these groups arecalled into service in the wake of tornadoes,hurricanes, etc. The first news of the1964 Alaskan earthquakes was relayed viaamateur radio.

Obviously, there is more to amateurradio than just talking to other amateurs.Nevertheless, "rag-chewing"-idle chit-chatbetween amateurs-does serve a usefulpurpose. It is one of the most direct andpersonal means of communications be-tween citizens of different countries. Ama-teur radio represents one of the few con-tacts people in the Soviet Union have withcountries beyond the Iron Curtain.

And when we speak of the romance of

This imposing antenna installation was used by Vic Michael, W3SDZ, Williamsport, Pa., to contact Arecibo,Puerto Rico. The signals were reflected off the lunar surface on a frequency close to TV channel 14!Huge antennas indicate that their owners are serious experimenters. Through the assistance of the U.S.Air Force, hams have placed several satellites in orbit and used them for long-distance communications.44


These "before and after" photos are spaced 35years apart. Note the changes in the ham equipmentand the operator. About the only thing that has re-mained the same has been the enthusiasm of Gilbert"Gil" Galambus, W9JZA, of Hammond, Indiana.

amateur radio, we sometimes mean thatliterally. A growing proportion of radio

amateurs are women, and it is fairlycommon for unattached OM's (male ama-teurs) and YL's (young lady operators) tomeet first over the air, then in person, getmarried, and start raising their own futureradio amateurs.

Obtaining an Amateur License. All radioamateurs must pass a federal examinationbefore receiving a license to operate anamateur station. This requirement is spec-ified in several international treaties be-

cause amateur radio transmitters are pow-erful enough to cause worldwide interfer-ence to other services. Also, amateurs arepermitted to build and adjust their ownequipment; therefore, each governmentmust be certain that its amateurs have

the necessary knowledge to operate theirequipment properly.

In the United States, the Federal Com-munications Commission will issue an

amateur license to any citizen (born ornaturalized) who passes the appropriateexamination. Currently, there are fiveclasses of licenses available-Novice, Tech-nician, Conditional, General, and Extra

Class.Corresponding to a learner's permit, the

NOVICE license authorizes applicants whohave never held a valid United Statesamateur license and who pass a simpletest to get on the air and "learn by doing"what is necessary to qualify for a perma-nent license. The examination consists ofa simple written test on elementary elec-tronics theory and a five word -per -minutecode test. The license is good for oneyear and is not renewable; it permits codeoperation in small segments of the 80-,40-, and 15 -meter amateur bands andphone or code operation in the 2 -meterband using a crystal -controlled transmitterwith a power up to 75 watts-sufficientpower to work all over the United Statesand most of the world under favorableconditions.

The Novice, Technician, and Conditionalclass license examinations are given by

mail under the supervision of a volunteerexaminer. The volunteer must be an adultholding an amateur license of the Generalclass or higher, or a commercial radio-telegraph license, or be in the service ofthe United States as the operator of a

manually operated code station.The TECHNICIAN license is issued for

five years and is renewable. It grants allamateur operating privileges on the fre-quencies above 50 MHz. The examinationconsists of a 5 -wpm code test and thesame written examination as given for theGeneral and Conditional licenses. Thiswritten test is considerably more compre-hensive than the Novice test, but the aver-age applicant passes it easily after a fewmonths of spare -time study. Incidentally,you can obtain a Novice license and then aTechnician license, or you can apply forthem simultaneously, but you cannot ob-tain a Novice license after you have sat -

1967 Edition 45

The tower atop this 10 -story office building on theoutskirts of Mexico City supports the beam an-tenna of XE1NE. It's no wonder that XE1NE can saythat he has one of the highest ham radio antennasin all of the world-especially since Mexico Cityis about 7500 feet above sea level to start with.

isfactorily passed the Technician exam.The GENERAL class license grants all

amateur privileges. Obtaining it requirespassing a 13 -wpm code test and the stan-dard amateur written test under the super-vision of a Federal Communications Com-mission engineer at one of the examinationpoints listed on page 53.

If you are physically handicapped andcannot travel, live more than 175 milesfrom the nearest point where the FCC givesamateur examinations at least twice a year,or are living overseas, you may apply fora CONDITIONAL license by mail. It grantsthe same privileges as the General license,except that you may not act as a volunteerexaminer for Novice, Technician, or Con-ditional examinations.

After you have held an amateur licenseof any class except Novice or Technicianfor two years, you are eligible to take theEXTRA CLASS examination. It consists ofa 20 -wpm code test and a comprehensivewritten examination on advanced elec-tronics theory. At present, except for theprestige involved, there are no operatingprivileges attached to owning an Extra

Class license, but anyone who qualifies forit has a right to feel proud.

No fee is charged for a Novice license,but a $4 fee is charged for other licensesand renewals. Application fees are not re-funded, even if the applicant fails to quali-fy for the license he applies for. Upgrad-ing a license takes the $4 fee. A change ofaddress takes a $2 fee.

Eventual License Changes. For sometime, the Federal Communications Com-mission has been studying methods of up-grading the amateur license structure.Subject to possible revisions, the new rulesenvision granting all amateur privileges toExtra Class licensees. A new First Classlicense, with a 16 -wpm code test and awritten test on a level between the Generaland Extra Class written exams, will grantall privileges, except the right to operatecode in the lower 50 kHz of the 80-, 40-,20-, and 15 -meter amateur bands. Generaland Conditional licensees will not be ableto operate code in the lower 50 kHz, orphone in half of the phone assignments inthe 80-, 40-, 20-, and 15 -meter amateurbands, but they will have all other amateurprivileges. Technician licensees will retainall present privileges, except the right tooperate in the lower 250 kHz of the 50 -

MHz amateur band. Novice licenses willbe good for two years but without 2 -meterphone privileges. In addition, the class oflicense held will be apparent from theamateur's call letters.

Do not be overly concerned about theseproposed license changes. They will notforce any presently licensed amateur totake another examination in order to stayon the air (except a Novice at the end ofhis license term, of course). They aredesigned, instead, to give amateurs an in-centive to improve their technical skills.Furthermore, it will be one year after thechanges are officially announced beforethey start to go into effect and two yearsbefore they are fully implemented.

The Amateur Bands. Overly simplified,radio signals travel in straight lines andwould quickly disappear in the endlessspace above us unless they were bent or


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This semi -humorous certificate was issued to hamswho supplied communications during the 1957"Hurricane Audrey" disaster in Louisiana.

reflected in some manner and returned toearth. The "ionosphere"-an electrifiedregion 50 to 250 miles above the earthcreated by the sun's ultraviolet radiations-does most of the reflecting by actinglike a giant radio mirror. Conditions in

the "troposphere" (lower atmosphere) alsoaffect radio signals, and both the "iono-

sphere" and the "troposphere" are changedby every change in the sun. In addition, achange in propagation conditions never af-fects two different amateur bands in thesame way.

Predicting radio wave propagation con-ditions is not the most accurate science inthe world. But the very uncertainty as towhether your next contact will be with anold friend on the other side of the world orwith a new friend a hundred miles away isone of the great fascinations of amateurradio. In general terms, however, the char-acteristics of the different amateur bandslook like the following:

160 METERS (1.8-2 MHz): The reliablerange on the 1.8 -MHz band varies from upto 25 miles or so during the day to a fewhundred miles at night. Occasional con-tacts out to a few thousand miles are pos-sible on winter nights when static is low.

80-75 METERS (3.5.4 MHz): On the3.5 -MHz band, you can expect to work outto 100 miles or so regularly during day-

CTetlikes that

--3AY SUBMITTED EVIDENCE SATISFACTORY TO THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY LEAGUE THAI' HIS

' 210 ' 120,CRED DIFFERENT. COUNTRIES

j 4,. ANDING PERFORMANCE AND

Doc Docl

110 120

WEST HARTFORD. CO.NNLC °CUT

45 CONDUCTED TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION WITH. OTHER AMATEUR STATIONS. IN AT LEAST

SINCE NOVEMBER IS, IRK. THIS. CERTIFICATE RECOGNIZES

ATTESTS HIS MEMBERSHIP IN THE DX CENTURY CLUB.

This certificate is undoubtedly the radio amateur's most -sought-after DX award. The certificate (andendorsements) issued by the ARRL would occupy an honored spot on the shack wall of any ham.

1967 Edition 47

Steve Solo, W8IEC, Detroit, Mich., combines twohobbies: ham radio and SWL'ing. His shack wallsare plastered with certificates including many fromcountries overseas. As an SWL, Steve has earned aPOPULAR ELECTRONICS 50 -State Monitor Award.

light hours and out to several thousandmiles at night when conditions are good.This is probably the best band for the be-ginning Novice or General amateur withsimple equipment.

40 METERS (7-7.3 MHz): Very goodfor daytime work over distances between250 and 600 miles and a night range of900 miles and up describes normal 7 -MHzconditions. But "skip" may prevent youfrom hearing signals from stations closerthan 1000 miles away (except those withina few miles of your station) on some winternights. Also, at night the band is filledwith International broadcasting stations.

20 METERS (14-14.35 MHz): Year inand year out, the 14 -MHz band is probablythe best amateur DX band. Depending uponpropagation conditions, its range variesfrom 600 to 12,000 miles. The band isoften filled with high -power stations usinghigh -gain beam antennas, making compe-tition for DX very difficult for low -powerstations.

15 METERS (21-21.45 MHz): Duringfavorable portions of the recurring sunspotcycle (such as now), daytime and earlyevening DX conditions are frequently evenbetter here than on the 14 -MHz band.This is the band where Novices work mostof their DX.

10 METERS (28-29.7 MHz): Very muchcontrolled by sunspot conditions, DX sig-nals from all over the world roll in on 28MHz all day from early fall until late springduring certain years. Fortunately, DX con-ditions should be favorable on this bandfor the next several years.

6 METERS (50-54 MHz): Fifty MHz isthe lowest frequency amateur band opento Technician licensees. Under extremelyfavorable conditions, worldwide DX can beworked on it; but its normal range isaround 100 miles, interspersed with num-erous "short -skip" openings between 600and 2000 miles in the spring, summer,and occasionally in midwinter.

2 METERS (144-148 MHz): The "nor-mal" range on 144 MHz is 50 to 60 miles,with extended ground -wave openings outto a few hundred miles being quite frequentin the spring and fall months. Severalwell-equipped ham stations have workedover 40 states on this band.

11/4 METERS (220 MHz and above):Conditions on 220 MHz are quite similarto those on 144 MHz, except that shorterantennas are used. The lowest frequencyon which amateur TV is permitted is 420MHz. Considerable experimenting withbouncing signals off the moon for long-distance, over -the -earth communicationshas been done on 1296 MHz (as well as onthe 144-, 220- and 420 -MHz bands). Sofar, most of the work on still higher ama-teur frequencies has been conducted byserious experimenters.

The following pages will tell you moreabout hams, and how you can put yourown station on the air.

Eye Bank Network

Over 150 radio amateurs devote time and effort tothe daily "Eye Bank Network" which covers 55 citiesin the United States and Canada. The net meetseach morning on 3970 kHz and in the evening on3963 kHz. All transmissions are SSB. Roll call isgenerally handled by Chubby Walter, W9DOG, Plain-field, Ind. The "Eye Bank Network" reports on theavailability and requirements for eye tissue, the needfor fresh eye tissue always being urgent. The net-work is involved in about one eye transplant or emer-gency per day.

National Calling andEmergency Frequencies

The voluntary program of the Amateur RadioPublic Service Corps (ARRL) has proposed the useof the following full-time frequencies for emergencycalling: 3550, 3875, 7100, 29640, 50550 and145350 kHz. Part-time frequencies are 7250,14050, 14225, 21050, 21400 and 28100 kHz. Theemergency call on CW is "QRRR" and on radio-telephone it is "CQ Emergency."


Mechanics of Getting A LicenseAMATEUR RADIO

Obtaining your first license is simpler than you think

By Herb Brier, W9EGQ

BECAUSE radio waves can travel aroundthe world, national governments mustexercise some control over who oper-

ates the radio stations. If everyone chosehis own frequency and appointed himselfan operator, the fellow in Australia wouldfind it just as difficult to get through asthe communications system in the next

city. The technique of granting operatorlicenses was established by internationaltreaty. The amateur radio operator mustknow Morse code and must have someknowledge of his equipment and operatingtechniques.

Unlike many other professions (and hob-bies) that require state or federal licenses,the licensing of amateur radio operatorshas been reduced to the simplest terms.Once you have mastered sending andreceiving code and know your theory, you'll

Just before this photographwas taken, Jerry Wayne Caudill,WN4CQD, Morehead, Ky.,worked his 33rd state and hadQSL's verifying contacts withCanada, Puerto Rico, VirginIslands, and Guadeloupe. Jerryis on all three Novice bands,running 75 watts on the lowerfrequencies and using a Heath -kit low power rig on 2 meters.

find that getting your first license is amaz-ingly easy.

Applying for Your License. When youare ready to apply for a by -mail license,carefully follow these procedures: Write tothe Federal Communications Commissionoffice nearest you (you'll find the addresson page 53) and request Amateur License

Application Form 610.Carefully choose a person to act as your

volunteer examiner (see suggestions below).When your Form 610 arrives, the volun-teer examiner will give you your code test.It consists of two parts-a 5 -minute codetransmission at the specified speed (5 wpmfor the Novice and Technician licenses; 13wpm for the Conditional license) whichyou must copy for at least one minute(60 consecutive seconds) without error or

1967 Edition49

FCC FOAM 610 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FORM APPROVEDJANUARY 1164 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION BUDGET BUREAU NO 51-P066 16

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20354.

APPLICATION FOR AMATEUR RADIO STATION AND/OR OPERATOR LICENSE

DO NOT WWI. IN THU NOMSPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

A. mas-Enclose approp ' fee with tipplkation. if required. Ns .1n .ranCADY Make check or money order payable to Federal CommunnationsCommission. (Set Pan DT, Volume VI of FCC Rules to determine whether fee is required with this applimtion.I

& CATNINAL CONVICTION INTORMATION-if you have answered -Yes- regardingcriminal convictions. furnish the followingIII For each such conviction. give Mese &teaz-

le I The nature of the offense, the date of the conviction and the nameand address of the court:

includinp the fine and imprisonment, ifGENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 00 The sentence thememtion of the sentence war suspended in whole or in pan, sure1.THIS APPLICATION IS DIVIDED IN TWO PARTS, PART I IS to what it was suspended,

BELOW AND PART II ON THE REVERSE. COMPLETE THE PART (CI The dun of commencement and termination of tictuel imprison.TTHAT DESCRIBES YOUR REQUEST. (dl If releasedon parole, film the dates of commencement and fermi.TI

2 USE TYPEWRITER OR PRINT CLEARLY IN INK. ntion of parole, and state whether or not parole was successfullyompleted without incident, if presently on parole, give name and3.cAPPLICATION MUST BE SIGNED AND DATED. address of parole officer:

4 SEND ONE COPY OF APPLICATION AND REQUIRED EXAMINA. (el State whether Cl not radio facilities were used in comminins theoffense; if such (milk.s were so used, describe how they wereTION PAPERS TO FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION,FINE

GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, 17325. III 0 statement as to the nature and duratton of your present employment or5. ENCLOSE APPROPRIATE FEE WITH APPLICATION, If REQUIRED,. LI "rs"d7e...'.:a ptSpo"'LT:1 rr'e OV,X1:iu(l'.7:firo7;711'er rmarsted

SEE SPECIAL INSTRUCTION A. lirrnsr were to hens,114

PART I-FOR NEW AMATEUR RADIO STATION AND/OR NEW OPERATOR LICENSE. DO NOT use this part to modify or renewan existing license or to change operator privileges. (See Pan II)

I NOM OF APPLICANT II ANTENNA YES NOLAST N ,PST N WOOLF

NITIAL WILL TIN ANTENNA STRUCTURE MUD AN OVERALL HEIGHT OF 170TETT ABOVE GROUND LEVEL OR ONE FOOT ROVF THE ESTANISNDAIRPORT (LAND*. AREA) ELEVATION FOR EACH 100 FEET OF ON

2 MAILING ADDRESS LANCE. OR FRACTION THEREOF, FROM THE NEAREST ROUNDARY OF

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3 BIRTHPLACE AND DATE 13 FOR CLUB STATION APPLICANTSCITY AND STATE 0011111, DAY. YEAR A OFFICIAL NAM, OF CW$

4 WITHIN TIN YEARS PREVIOUS TO THE DATE Of 11115 APPUCATION HAS T. Y. 3 aus SLAWS lAmsh a meallarl ram N Me roseeNma or IN 0,000.10.00 00000THE PPLICANT RUN CONVICTED IN FEDERAL, STATE. OR LOCALCOURT OF ANT CRIME FOR WENCH THE PENALTY IMPOSED WAS FINE015100 ON MORE OR AN IMPRISONMENT OF SIR MONTHS OR NOR,

a. A..1El CORPORATION LJ

1-1 UNINCORPORATEDASSOCIATION

Ike MOM INSTRUCTION 2 *00C IS ANY OFFICER OR DIREC1011 OF YOUR CLUE AN ALIEN. OR YES NO

ARE MO RI THAN ONFPIPTH Of TIN MEMBERS or TOW au5 A. IS APPLICANT APPLYING FOR AN OPERATOR LICENSE? ALIENS?

0 ElI II roc gm Nast DAwoes, ritchnitoon, Condilme., Gomm!, of Foie D SIGNATURE AND TITLE Of CLUE OFFICER CERTIFYING APPLICANT AS TRUSTEE

TO APPLY FOR AND HOLD STATION LICENSE IN ILEHALF OF CLUE

C Gim Cwmne C. Sop or Co* Ms, In NW

. 14 FOR STATION APPLICANTS UNDER MILITARY AUSPICES

6 A. DOES APPLICANT HAVE ANT OTHER AMATEUR RADIOAPPLICATION ON FILE WITH THE COMMISSION THAT HASNOT BEEN ACTED UPON?

A EXACT IDENTIFICATION OF 0111111, UNI1 01 01001 10 OPERATE AMATEURSTATION

6 DINS THE APPUCANT ACCEPT RESN:MSNILITY FOIL INSURING YES NOTHAT TIN STATION Will ET ONMIED ONLY SY A LICENSEDAMATEUR OPMATOIN

7 A. IS APPLICANT APPLYING FORA STATION LICENSE? C TIN STATION soul NOT BE USED SW 1NE U.S.GOVERNMENT. APPROVA TOESIANISPIANANATEUE STATION ON U.S GOVERMENT PREMISES IS WRYGRANTED

I CHICK ONE

n INDIVIDUAL STATION (Arailatde Old,il" Nitgfinent is applying for or has a. apera

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'err radio organization send Root bare anoperator's license of other 'ban nosier sla")

ri STATION FOR RECREATION1-J UNDER MILITARY AUSPICESm ADDITIONALLJ STATION

CERTIFICATION

I CERTIFY that all ttttt m end anachments hermit', aretrue, comp and correct to thek« e best of my knowledge and beliefand are made in good faith; that I am citisen of the'UnitedStates; that I am not the representative of any .lien or foreign

(Intleval. Clu11 lovernment; that I waive .y claim to the use of any particularB A. IS APPLICANT REQUESTING A CALL SIGN PREVIOUSLY

HELD IN MISCALL SIGN AREA?tsvi OsteMt .1111CDON 0.1.0,

Frequency or of the ether as against the regulatory power of theUnited S because of the previous the same whether bylicense or otherwise; that the station ocher licensed, if any, will

B cm con s... br inaccessible to unauthorised persons; that if trustee of a clubstatn, I will immediately submit the license for cancellationuponio termination of my trusteeship.

9 STATION LOCATION 0I 0.... o. 0. moiling oddrms write -2frITEM 2-1

NUMAER ANO SMUT rO.,

arr STAR COUNT. WILLFUL PALSE STATEMENTS MADE ON THIS FORMARE PUNISHARIE ST FINE AND IMPRISONMENT.

10 REJAOTF CONTROL POINT U.S. CODE, TITLE IS, SECTION 1001.A MAWR AND STRUT

THIS BLOCK FOR FCC USE ONLYOn MAR CON EXAM SCREEN SIGN II

rREMOTE CONTROL WILL IN RV:

RADIO (Stebsout informationEl WIRE ID :74117 Seth*. 97430)(6) n

ammission't Redo) -Amateur License Application Form 610, which must be used in app yingfor a station and/or operator's license, looks like this. The reverseside of the form is used to change the address of a licensed station.


omission, and a sending test. The Novice/Technician code test contains no punctua-tion marks or numerals; the Conditional/General test contains both, with each onebeing counted as two letters.

If you fail the code test, the examinationstops immediately without further ado. Butif you pass, you fill out your Form 610 andgive it to the volunteer examiner. Also, ifyou are applying for a Technician or Con-ditional Class license, you hand the exam-iner your $4 license fee in the form of acheck or money order payable to the Fed-eral Communications Commission. (No feeis required of Novice license applicants.)

The volunteer examiner will then write aletter to the Federal Communications Com-mission, stating that you passed the codetest under his supervision and requestingthe necessary material for giving you thewritten examination. In addition, his letterwill state his qualifications to act as a vol-unteer examiner and will include both hisand your names and mailing addresses.After signing the letter, the examiner willmail it, your application Form 610, andyour license fee (if any) to the FederalCommunications Commission, Gettysburg,Pa. 17325 within 10 days of the time whenyou passed the code test. A suggested formfor the examiner's letter is at right.

Upon receipt of the letter, the FCC willmail the necessary examination papers di-rectly to the volunteer examiner, who willbe responsible for conducting the examina-tion and returning the papers to the FCC.If for any reason you fail to take the exam-ination within the specified time (normallywithin 20 days of the time it was mailedby the FCC), he will return the unopenedexamination envelope to the FCC. Your ap-plication fee will not be returned, however.

In conducting the written examination,the examiner will hand you the sealed en-velope containing the examination (20 mul-tiple-choice questions for the Novice testor 50 multiple-choice questions for theTechnician/Conditional Class test) andthe answer sheet.

Read the instructions and after signingeach examination sheet and answer sheet,select an answer to each question fromthe five possible answers listed and black

in the corresponding square on the answersheet.

When you have finished the examina-tion, the examiner will certify on the backof the answer sheet that you completedthe code test and written examination inhis presence without help. He will thenplace the material in a large stamped en-velope (furnished by you) which he willmail to the Federal Communications Com-mission, Gettysburg, Pa. 17325.

If you pass the examination, your licenseand assigned call -letters will arrive in a

few weeks. If you should fail the exam,don't feel too bad; you can study a littlemore and try again 30 days later.

Examiner's nameExaminer's street addressCity, State. and Zip CodeDate

Federal Communications CommissionGettysburg, Pa. 17325

Gentlemen:

, have been asked by

(insert applicant's name and mailing address)to act as his volunteer examiner for his

(insert Novice, Technician, or Con-ditional) Class amateur operator license exami-nation. His completed #610 application formand license fee (if required) are enclosed. Mr.

demonstrated to me his abilityto send and receive the radiotelegraph code ata speed of words per minute on

(insert date).

Please send me the necessary material toadminister the Class examina-tion to Mr.

I am over 21 years of age and (add one of thefollowing) I hold an amateur operator licenseof the (insert General, Advanced,or Extra) Class, dated , and myamateur call -sign is . (or) I holdcommercial radiotelegraph license number

dated . (or) I am employed atin the service of the United

States as the operator of a manually operatedradiotelegraph station.

To the best of my belief and knowledge allthe above information is correct.

Examiner's signatureExaminer's name and permanent address(print clearly)

Although the examiner's letter need not be pre-cisely in this form, the above sample containsall of the material required by the Federal Com-munications Commission from a volunteer ex-aminer requesting the written examinationmaterial for the Novice, Technician, or Condi-tional Class license exam.

1967 Edition 51

General Class Examination. Exactly thesame procedure is followed when you takethe General Class examination as for theby -mail exams, except that an official FCCrepresentative conducts it in his office anda written examination follows the code test.

If you take the examination at a regularFCC office, it is not necessary to make aprior appointment; nevertheless, it is a goodidea to write ahead of time for your Form610 application blank and the suggesteddate on which you should appear, becausepublished dates are subject to change.

Should you plan to take the examinationat any of the other points where the FCCconducts amateur exams quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, it is necessary towrite in advance to the Engineer -in -Chargeof the FCC District in which the examina-tion is to be held for your Form 610 andexact information as to where and when theexam will be held. You mail the filled -in610 application form and your applicationfee back to the Engineer -in -Charge at leasta week ahead of the scheduled examinationdate. You will then be told where andwhen to appear to take the examination.

Hardship Conditions. If you are apply-ing for a Conditional Class license becausea permanent physical handicap makes itextremely difficult or impossible for you totravel (and are located 175 miles from apoint where the FCC conducts GeneralClass examinations twice a year, or often-er), obtain a doctor's certification of yourphysical condition and give it to your vol-unteer examiner so that he can include itwith his letter to the FCC.

Call Letters. Unless you have previously held an amateur call -sign, you have nochoice as to the call -sign that you willreceive. And even if you were previouslylicensed, there are only a couple of veryspecial circumstances under which youmight get a special call -sign. These cir-cumstances are: if you once held a 2 -lettercall, you can apply for it or the nearestavailable 2 -letter call; if you previouslyheld a call -sign which has not been assignedfor the past five years, you can apply forit; and a radio club can obtain the call

letters of a deceased club member for itsclub station. The "rub" is that there is a$20 fee required; and even if the requestfor special call letters is denied-as mostrequests are-the fee is not returned. How-ever, a BONA FIDE club or other group re-questing an unassigned special call -sign,such as WA9USA, for short time use ata fair or a convention will be issued thecall -sign without paying the $20 fee.

When an amateur license is renewed ontime (up to one year past its expirationdate), the same call letters are retained.If a Novice qualifies for a higher classlicense before his Novice license expires,he will receive a "counterpart" call -sign.For example, the current WN9EGQ (ifthere is one) would be issued a call likeWB9EGQ. Once a Novice license expires,however, its call -sign is immediately sub-ject to reassignment.

Finding a Volunteer Examiner. Almostany qualified amateur in your area will bewilling to act as your volunteer examiner.If you do not know any amateurs, ask thecountermen at radio shops or supplyhouses (or call the local TV or radio sta-tion) either for the name of a local amateuror the address of the amateur radio clubin your area. Failing these sources, dropa note to the American Radio Relay League,Inc., 225 Main Street, Newington, Conn.06111, and ask for the address of thenearest amateur radio club.

Not only will the club be a source ofvolunteer examiners, but it may offer codeand theory classes for prospective ama-teurs. Over 400 clubs offer formal coursesof this type one or more times a year; andmembers of other clubs offer help on anindividual basis.

Canadian Radio Amateur

Licensing Handbook

Would-be hams north of the border should purchasethis informative book which contains vital licensingdetails. The chapters cover example licensing ques-tions and answers, operating procedures, clubs andassociations-and there is a complete listing of allCanadian ham licensees, including addresses. Pre-pared by Jim Kitchin, VE7KN, the book is sold byR. Mack & Co., Ltd., 1485 S.W. Marine Drive, Van-couver 14, B.C. Price, $2.50.


Where Amateur Radio Examinations Are Held

General and Extra Class amateur examinations are offered at the Federal Communications Commission'sdistrict offices listed below at the times shown. The number in parentheses following the city is the dis-trict number. Listed at the bottom of the page are other cities where General and Extra Class examina-tions are offered quarterly (Q), semiannually (S), and annually (A). The number of the FCC district inwhich the city is located follows in parentheses. Write to the Engineer in Charge, Federal CommunicationsCommission, of the appropriate district for precise information on the time, date, and exact location ofthe next scheduled examination. You may take the examination at any of the listed locations, but you mustmake prior arrangements with the district office. No prior arrangements are necessary for examinationsat the district offices themselves unless otherwise stated. No examinations are given on legal holidays,and when a legal holiday falls on a Saturday, all Federal offices are closed the day before.

Alabama, Mobile (8M) 439 U.S. Court & CustomHouse, Wednesdays, by appointment.

Alaska, Anchorage (23) 54 U.S. Post Office Bldg.and Court House. By appointment.

California, Los Angeles (11) Mezzanine 50, 849 S.Broadway. Wednesdays at 9 a.m. and 1 p.m.

California, San Diego (11SD) Fox Theater Bldg.1245 7th Ave. Wednesdays, by appointment.

California, San Francisco (12) 323-A CustomHouse, 555 Battery St. Fridays at 8:30 a.m.

Colorado, Denver (15) 5024 New Custom House,19th between California & Stout Sts. First andsecond Thursday of month at 8 a.m.

District of Columbia, Washington (24) Room 204,521 12th St., N.W. Fridays. Code test at 9:30a.m. and 1 p.m.

Florida, Miami (7) 51 S.W. First Ave. Thursdays.9 a.m.

Florida, Tampa (7T) 738 Federal Office Bldg., 500Zack St. By appointment.

Georgia, Atlanta (6) 2010 Atlanta MerchandiseMart, 240 Peachtree St., N.E. Tuesdays andFridays at 8:30 a.m.

Georgia, Savannah (6S) 238 Post Office Bldg. Byappointment. (2nd and 4th Tuesday of eachmonth)

Hawaii, Honolulu (21) 502 Federal Building. Tues-days, Wednesdays at 8 a.m. and by appoint-ment.

Illinois, Chicago (18) 1872 New U.S. Court House& Federal Office Bldg., 219 S. Dearborn St.Fridays at 9 a.m.

Louisiana, New Orleans (8) 829 Federal OfficeBldg., 600 South St. Mondays at 8:30 a.m.

Albuquerque, N. M. (S) (15)Bakersfield, Calif. (A) (11)Bangor, Maine (A) (1)Billings, Mont. (A) (14)Birmingham, Ala. (Q) (6)Boise, Idaho (S) (13)Charleston, W. Va. (Q) (19)Cincinnati, Ohio (Q) (19)Cleveland, Ohio (Q) (19)Columbus, Ohio (Q) (19)Corpus Christi, Texas (Q) (9)Davenport, Iowa (Q) (18)Des Moines, Iowa (Q) (17)El Paso, Texas (S) (10)Fairbanks, Alaska (S) (23)Fort Wayne, Ind (Q) (18)Fresno, Calif. (Q) (12)Grand Rapids, Mich. (Q) (19)Great Falls, Mont. (A) (14)

Maryland, Baltimore (4) 415 U.S. Custom House,Gay & Water Sts. Mondays and Fridays, 9 a.m.

Massachusetts, Boston (1) 1600 Custom House.Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, 8 to 103.m.

Michigan, Detroit (19) 1029 New Federal Building.Wednesdays and Fridays at 9 a.m.

Minnesota, St. Paul (16) 208 Federal Courts Bldg.,6th and Market Sts. Fridays at 8:45 a.m.

Missouri, Kansas City (17) 1703 Federal Bldg., 601East 12th St. Fridays at 8:30 a.m. to 11 a.m.

New York, Buffalo (20) 328 Federal Bldg., Ellicott& Swan Sts. First and third Friday of monthat 9 a.m.

New York, New York (2) 748 Federal Bldg., 641Washington St. Tuesday through Friday, 9 a.m.to noon.

Oregon, Portland (13) 441 U.S. Court House, 620S.W. Main St. Fridays at 8:45 a.m.

Pennsylvania, Gettysburg 334 York St. 1st and3rd Tuesday. By appointment.

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (3) 1005 New U.S.Custom House. Mondays thru Wednesdays, 9to 10 a.m.

Puerto Rico, San Juan (22) 322-323 Federal Bldg.Fridays at 9 a.m.

Texas, Beaumont (9B) 301 Post Office Bldg., 300Willow St. Tuesdays by appointment.

Texas, Dallas (10) 1314 Wood St. Tuesdays, 8 a.m.to 1 p.m.

Texas, Houston (9) New Federal Office Bldg.,Room 5636, 515 Rusk Ave. Tuesdays, 9 a.m.

Virginia, Norfolk (5) 405 Federal Bldg. Fridays, 9a.m. to 10 a.m.

Washington, Seattle (14) 806 Federal Office Bldg.,First Ave. & Marion St. Fridays at 8:30 a.m.

OTHER EXAMINATION POINTS

Hartford, Conn. (5) (1)Hilo, Hawaii (A) (21)Indianapolis, Ind. (Q) (18)Jackson, Miss. (5) (8)Jacksonville, Fla. (S) (7)Jamestown, N. D. (A) (16)Klamath Falls, Oreg. (A) (13)Knoxville, Tenn. (Q) (6)Las Vegas, Nev. (S) (11)Lihue, Kuai, Hawaii (A) (21)Little Rock, Ark. (Q) (8)Louisville, Ky. (Q) (18)Lubbock, Tex. (S) (10)Marquette, Mich. (A) (16)Memphis, Tenn. (Q) (6)Milwaukee, Wis. (Q) (18)Nashville, Tenn. (Q) (6)Oklahoma City, Okla. (Q) (10)Omaha, Neb. (Q) (17)Phoenix, Arizona (Q) (11)

Pittsburgh, Pa. (Q) (20)Portland, Maine (S) (1)Rapid City, S. D. (A) (1)Roanoke, Va. (S) (5)St. Louis, Mo. (Q) (17)Salem, Va. (5) (5)Salt Lake City, Utah (Q) (15)San Antonio, Texas (Q) (9)Schenectady, N. Y. (Q) (2)Sioux Falls, S. D. (Q) (16)Spokane, Wash. (S) (14)Syracuse, N. Y. (Q) (20)Tucson, Ariz. (S) (11)Tulsa, Okla. (Q) (10)Wailuki, Maui, Hawaii (A) (21)Wichita, Kan. (S) (17)Williamsport, Pa. (Q) (20)Wilmington, N. C. (S) (5)Winston-Salem, N. C. (Q) (5)

1967 Edition 53

Learning The CodeAMATEUR RADIO

It's Not As Difficult As Some People Imagine

By Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ, and Nicholas Rosa, WB6JTJALL APPLICANTS for an amateur radio li-

cense must pass both a code andtheory examination. Many prospective

amateurs consider learning the internation-al Morse code a waste of time, because itis easier to talk over the air and this is allthat they plan to do. Nevertheless, thecode requirement is part of an internation-al treaty agreement, and although the Fed-eral Communications Commission has sim-plified the exam, you still must have theability to send and receive at least fivewords per minute.

Learning to send and receive the code isnot nearly so difficult as some people pre-fer to imagine. And radio amateurs agreethat code has advantages in its own right.A transmitter for sending nothing but codeis far simpler and less expensive than a

phone transmitter of the same power out-put. Code, or CW, as it is usually called,is readable through receiving conditionsthat would render a phone transmission ofequal power completely useless. And let'snot forget that the code signal is verynarrow; it occupies less than 5% of thespace required to pass an AM phone signal.

Finally, CW has a fascination of its own, asis attested to by many amateurs.

Personal Code Instruction. For most peo-ple, the easiest way to learn the code iswith the aid of a good teacher, either individually or in a code class. In any case,don't make the mistake of attempting tomemorize the code as a system of dots anddashes. You should think in terms of everyalphabetical letter or numeral transmittedby code having its own distinctive rhythm.Don't be scared off by tangents; just payattention to the sound of the "dit." And,the "dah." When these two are run to-gether, they will sound like "didah," not"dit-dah " Draw out that "dah"; make itsound like "da-ahh."

Hold the key tenderly, but firmly, withyour fingers surrounding the knob.


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"Perhaps the best buy we've seen yet ina VHF FM receiver . . . covering the 152to 174 megacycle band. A companionreceiver, the KG -220 covers 30 to 50megacycles. Building the kit is about aone evening project-even for beginners... You'd have to spend a lot more beforeyou'd get a significant improvement inperformance."

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KG -221A. 152 to 174 Mc FM Monitor Kit is aneasy -to -assemble receiver that lets you monitorpolice, fire, civil defense, U.S. weather bureau,forestry, conservation, and many other broad-casts. Two IF amplification stages and RF stagegive top-notch sensitivity. Complete with allparts, wire, and easy -to -follow instruc-s4495tionsKG -220. 30 to 50 Mc Monitor Kit is same asabove without RF stage and covers lower band.Monitors same type of services, except U.S.weather bureau forecasts, railroads, $3995taxis. Complete kit

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PLEASE PRINT

1967 EditionCIRCLE NO. 14 ON READER SERVICE CARD

55

When you see the printed letter H, youdon't sit down and analyze it; you don'ttake it apart; you don't say, "Let's see, thisis a letter with two vertical posts-side byside-with a short horizontal bar connect-ing them about halfway up-somethingthat looks like goalposts." Rather, youreye takes in the whole pattern of the let-ter at once. You see "H" and your mindautomatically registers "aitch"-and thereare no steps between the eye recognitionand the mental response. Obviously, thisgoes for any letter in the alphabet.

Thus, when you hear "didah," your mindregisters "A" immediately-the same wayas your eye sees the letter H. Only thistime it is your ear that is taking in thewhole pattern. You delete the steps be-tween the pattern and the letter that youwant to recognize by not counting andtranslating into dots and dashes and thengroping for whatever letter those dots anddashes are supposed to represent.

The CW operator learns very quicklythat his whole technique depends onrhythm. Act as though you're in a danceclass and, even though you may feel a littlesilly, start with the simplest sounds: "dit,"E; "dah," T; "didah," A. Whistle them-the shortest, easiest whistle for "dit" anda distinctly longer whistle for "dah." Now

A IMPB C IMP 1=1 D MI E F MD

G OM H I J MD MID 1=1K UM MSL 4=li M CID (IM)

start putting these three sounds together;try whistling TEA or EAT. Now try AT, andthen TEE, or TAT.

Seven Most Commonly Used Letters.Any crossword book can confirm the factthat the seven most commonly used lettersare E, T, A, 0, I, N, and S. In code, theywould sound like this: "dit," E; "dah," T;"didah," A; "dandandah," 0; "didit," I;

"dandit," N; "dididit," S.Whistle these sounds, or, if you come to

a code class prepared, key them on youroscillator or buzzer. Now look at whatyou've got-a whole bucketful of words! Toget yourself right off the ground, try these:IT, ON, NO, TAN, TEN, NET, SET, SENT, TO,TON, TOTE, TONE, NOTE, NOT, SEAT, SOT,TIN, SIN, SIGN, TEST, NEST, EAST, NOSE,NOISE, TASTE, and SEASON.

Learning the sound of these seven lettersconstitutes "Lesson I" in your code instruc-tion. You can spend 15 minutes or a halfhour practicing with the ET A 0 I N Ssounds. On the next day, or whenever youare ready for your next lesson, start on"Lesson II," then "Lesson III," and so on,until you have completed "Lesson VIII."

What To Do With Lesson II. In "LessonII" you will be picking up the sounds from

N OM 0 1=1 ME IMP -IMO Q 1=11 GM MDR MI S TU -V MIW MI IMX GINIO 1=1Y (=I MI OMZ OM

WAIT (AS) GM PERIOD MD AM) MOCOMMA - OM 111 11=1

FRACTION BAR (/) 1=11 0 IN, ERROR END

1=1 MIMI -2 - 1=1 MI3 - 111111104 6 MI 7 MD MO B MI 1=11=1 9 OM 1=1 1=1 I= 0 MD 4=1 an

QUESTION MARK 1=1 41= DOUBLE DASH (BREAK) I=11 4=END OF MESSAGE (AR) 1=1 a= INVITATION TO TRANSMIT 1=1 I=

OF TRANSMISSION (SK) IMO MI

International Morse code is not as fearsome as it looks. Transmission and receptionof punctuation is not required to pass a Novice ham examination. Special lettergroups such as AS and SK are transmitted without spacing between letters; whenwritten or printed, these groupings are identified by a bar drawn over the two letters.


Eight Easy Code Lessons (Learn by the Sound)

LESSON ONE

ditdahdidah A

dandandah 0diditdanditdididit

LESSON TWO LESSON THREE LESSON FOUR LESSON FIVE

didididit H dandah M didididah V dandandidah Q

didandit R dididandit F dandididit B didandandah J

dandidit D didandah W dandandit G dandididah X

didandidit L dandidandah Y dandidah K dandandidit Z

dididah U didandandit P

dandidandit C

LESSON SIX LESSON SEVEN

didandandandah 1

dididandandah 2

didididandah 3

dididididah 4dididididit 5

dandidididit 6

dandandididit 7

dandandandidit 8

dandandandandit 9

dandandandandah 0

LESSON EIGHT

dandandididandahdidandidandidahdandidididahdandididididahdididandandiditdidididididididitdandididandit

commaperiodbreak (BT)hyphen (THT)questionerror (8 dits)virgule (/)

the letters H R D L U C. In "Lesson III"you will only have to contend with five newletters, M F WY P. Obviously, you shouldrepeat any lesson as often as you thinknecessary. Also, notice that you are gettingthe alphabet in groups of diminishing sizeand in order of frequency -of -use in thespelling of English words.

Of course, you are getting these lettersin the increasing order of difficulty, andyou should learn the most common andthe easiest letters first. When you haveany of these lessons down cold-by sound-by rhythm-you should go on to the nextgroup. That group will be a little tougher,but will also consist of fewer letters. By

the time you get to Q J X Z, and the punctua-tion, you will have mastered so many "easy"letters that these seemingly "hard" letterswill cause no sweat.

Once you feel you have mastered thesound of the additional six letters in "Les-son II," you add them to the seven lettersyou absorbed in "Lesson I." This createsa whole new vocabulary, including: TOOTH,TEETH, DENTIST, DOCTOR, NURSE, RUS-TLE, CATTLE, DOLL, DELICIOUS, ENSUE,HUSTLE, SEAL, LEASE, RENT, HOUSE, andso on and so on.

You should always review the lessonsthat you have already given yourself beforetackling a new one. If there is an intervalbetween lessons, always run over the lettersfrom the previous lessons just as if youwere practicing scales on a piano. Mix the

letters up; don't stick to the frequency -of -use sequence. Use ALL the letters thatyou have learned in making up words andsentences for each lesson. At a rate of onelesson a day-averaging 20-25 minutes,you will learn the entire alphabet in from5 to 10 days-strictly by sound. (Doing itany other way might involve you in any-thing from two to five weeks of hard work.)Also, you will be receiving code well fromthe start-which is exactly what the ama-teur radio test requires.

Spacing. Ideally, there is a space of one"dit" between parts of a single letter. Thiswill eventually prove to be the time it takesyou to release the pressure on your tele-graph key and push it down again. Further-more, you will ideally allow the space of one"dah" between the letters in one word-and three "dah's" between words.

When the "sound" of code is put onthe printed page, the letter H is made tolook like "didididit." This may appear torefute the above statement concerningspacing, but if the letter H were printed as"dit dit dit dit," you could never figure outwhether it was an H or E E E E. You willeventually key the letter H as "didididit"-it has its own distinctive rhythm.

You will soon find that certain WORDS-the common ones-have their own un-mistakable rhythm, too. The word soundsof IN, THE, AND (and its substitute ES),BE (the substitute for the word FROM),

1967 Edition 57

The "bug" is semi -automatic and,through the mechanics of a vibrat-ing spring, makes its own equallyspaced dots. This is the key forspeed demons with the ability tosend up to 35-40 words per min-ute. A few would-be hams havelearned to send using the bug-only. The FCC will permit examsto be taken with the bug-but youmust bring your own with you.

ABT (ABOUT), TNX (THANKS) will simplyleap from your earphones or speaker as"one letter." So will the universal laughtersignal, HI, and of course, CQ.

About Sending. You must learn to sendcode with a rhythm-hopefully a smoothrhythm. Send only when you are comfort-able and have allowed plenty of room foryour arm on the operating table. Don'tlean on your elbow, but do have the elbowon the table. Lift your wrist off of thetable and learn to swing your hand up anddown from the wrist. Don't get the ideathat you tap the key with your index finger,although it may appear to be done thatway. You must learn to send with yourwrist and not your fingers.

Adjust your key so that the contactsmeet squarely and are spaced approxi-mately 3/64" apart with a moderatelyheavy spring tension. Place the key onthe table in line with your shoulders andlet your thumb, first finger, and middlefinger surround the knob. Relax. Don't at-tempt to send faster than you can receive.Concentrate on all of these fundamentalsand you're sure to develop a good "fist."

Code Practice Tapes Available

Lafayette Radio Electronics, 111 Jericho Tpke.,Syossett, N.Y. 11791, has a 7" reel with basiccode to 8 wpm ($6.35), or advanced lessons to18 wpm ($5.39).

Pickering Radio Co., Box 29, Portsmouth, R.I.02871, sells a 7" reel (3.75 ips) that progressesfrom 1 to 15 wpm in 8 lessons; also available in3" reel for 1.875 ips speed. Both tapes are $5.95,postpaid. They can be played at double speed toprovide practice up to 30 wpm.

Code Practice Records Available

Allied Radio Corp., 100 N. Western Ave., Chicago,III. 60680, has one LP recorded on both sidesthat progresses from 1 to 15 wpm in 10 lessons($4.49). Instruction booklet included.

Ameco Publishing Corp., 178 Herricks Rd.,Mineola, N.Y., puts out one LP recorded on bothsides that progresses from 1 to 8 wpm, and oneLP that progresses to 18 wpm ($3.95, single, or$7.50 for both LP's). FCC -type exam questionsand instruction booklets included with both.

Burstein-Applebee Co., 1012 McGee St., KansasCity, Mo. 64106, sells one LP recorded on bothsides that progresses from 1 to 15 wpm in 10lessons ($4.80), and one LP recorded on bothsides progressing from 16 to 25 wpm in 12 lessons($4.80). Detailed instruction booklets furnished withboth.

Elektra Corp., 51 West 51 St., New York, N.Y. 10019,can supply one LP with all -encompassing code les-sons for Novice to General class (5 to 13 wpm).Cataloged as CC -1 ($3.50).

Epsilon Records, 206 E. Front St., Florence, Colo.,has three LP's that progress to 13 wpm using"word method." Cataloged as ER -1001 ($9.95).

Folkways, 165 West 46 St., New York, N.Y. 10036,puts out one LP recorded on both sides, acclaimedas method used by U.S. Signal Corps and VocationalHigh School, New York. Cataloged as FX-6141($5.95).

Lafayette Radio Electronics, 111 Jericho Tpke.,Syosset, N.Y. 11791, sells one LP recorded onboth sides that progresses from 1 to 17 wpm in12 lessons ($3.50).

John F. Rider, Publisher, Inc., 850 Third Ave., NewYork, N.Y. 10022, can furnish three 10" LP's pro-gressing from 1 to 8 wpm in 28 lessons ($9.50);also, three 10" LP's progressing from 9 to 20 wpmin 18 lessons ($8.95). Both sets sold with detailedinstructions.

Howard W. Sams & Co., 4300 West 62 St., In-dianapolis, Ind. 46206, has three LP's with in-struction booklet-programmed-learning type oflessons progressing from 2 to 22 wpm ($6.95).


Correct Key and Bug OperationAMATEUR RADIO

As They All Say-Practice Makes Perfect

By Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

when you start operating in the ama-teur CW bands, you will find thatthe sounds of Morse code sent by

many hams bear only a slight resemblanceto the precise signals sent during theW1AW code -practice transmissions and

those on your code records or tapes.Many operators fail to observe properspacing between letters in a word andspacing between words. IFYOUARELUCKYTH El R SEN D ING ISAS EASYTO R EADASTH ISLINEOFTYPE. Other hams are apparently"rock and roll" fans. Some dashes arelong; others are short. One word is sentfast, the next word is sent slow; or theirdashes are sent at a sedate 10 words perminute, but their dots rattle through your

The more you knowabout the key, the moreyou will get to like it.Adjust it properly, andtreat it firmly, squarelyand with authority. Howyou adjust the key is large-ly a matter of preference,but there are some basicguide lines to help you.

headphones at 30 words per minute.You have undoubtedly complained about

these and other sending faults, but areyou sure that other hams aren't just asunhappy with your sending as you are withtheirs? Before denying such a possibility,you should tape a sample of your trans-mission and then about a day or two later,listen to a replay of the tape. If you cancopy your own fist, chances are you are ingood shape. But if it sounds like a lot ofgarbage, or you swear that it isn't you, orthat you think your tape recorder distortsyour signal, then you are eligible for mem-bership in the fraternal order of Unfriend-ly Fists Anonymous.

Possibly, if all of us took a more critical

1967 Edition 59

look at our own sending, there would befewer unanswered calls. Let's briefly re-view the rules for good sending and takeoff from there. Like a spoken language,the Morse code is a coherent combinationor grouping of sounds that make up aletter, word, or phrase. The letter "V" isnot just three dots and a dash-it's morelike the opening bars of Beethoven's FifthSymphony.

Learn To Receive First. The experts gen-erally agree that you should FIRST learn toreceive BEFORE you begin to send. If youstart using a key before you know whatgood code sounds like, you're likely toform some bad habits.

In the preceding article (on page 54),WB6JTJ has suggested a novel method oflearning the code through assimilation ofthe sounds of the individual letters-asopposed to the rote method of dot anddash. While some experts might not ap-prove of this scheme, it has worked inactual practice and is particularly suitablefor people with a sense of rhythm.

Where's a good place to find good codesounds? Probably the best is off the air-from a station sending CW from punchedtape. This "machine code" is usually per-fect, since it is untouched by human hands.Even if it's too fast for you to read mostof it, you should be able to catch enoughcharacters to sense the rhythm, and propercombination of sounds.

Once you have learned to receive atleast 5 wpm, you are ready to learn how tosend. The trick is to imitate as closely aspossible the perfect code you've beenlistening to. No one expects you to meas-ure off each "dit" and "dah" you send tobe sure they fit a master plan, or timingsequence of dots, dashes and pace.

The length of the "dit" is the basic unitor time element. A "dah" is equal inlength to three "dit's." Spaces between"dit's" and "dah's" equal one "dit."Spaces between letters in a word equalthree "dit's," and spaces between wordsequal seven "dit's."

Key Adjustment. Your task will be easierif your key is properly adjusted. A good60

rule of thumb recommended for beginnersis to set the gap adjustment screw on thekey to obtain about 3/64" space betweencontacts. More experienced operators pre-fer less spacing. The smaller the space,the less distance your fist has to travel.But trouble begins and erratic and garbledsounds become the keynote when the gapis made too small.

Spring tension should be adjusted toobtain comfortable but positive action.If the tension is set too stiff, you will tendto clip your "dit's" and "dah's"; they willsound staccato-like a machine gun, in-stead of like a rhythmic language. Also,too much spring tension is likely to giveyou a quick dose of hand fatigue. If thespring tension is too light, your characterswill have a tendency to run together.

Your Operating Position. There's an oldaxiom that says something to the effectthat if you slouch down in your chair, yourcode will automatically become as sloppyas your posture. Sit up straight; not stiffas a ramrod, but comfortably erect. Putboth feet flat on the floor.

Rest your forearm, right up to yourelbow, on the table, straight back fromthe key. Not enough room on the tablefor that much arm? Then move thingsaround so that there is room. Your armacts as a support for your wrist.

Your wrist is used as a lever, and itshould not rest on the table. When inaction, it bobs up and down slightly. Mostof the action takes place in the wrist itself,causing your fist to move the most. Yourfingers, once they grip the key, do notmove around as if you were playing thepiano or a violin.

The right way to grip the key knob,like the right way to adjust the key, iswhatever way helps you to send good codecomfortably. The way generally recom-mended is to have your thumb, first finger,and middle finger surround the knob asshown in the photo on page 54. Yourthird and fourth fingers are allowed torest in a relaxed position curled partlyinto your palm. Your fingers grip the keygently, and at all times.

Keep your wrist flexible. Don't let it


tense up. When you press down to closethe key, your wrist should spring UP slight-ly. When your fingers come up with thekey, your wrist should move DOWN. Soundsbackwards at first, but with a little prac-tice you'll get the swing of it and find thatit's quite comfortable.

Tips on Sending. Here are a few wordsof wisdom from the experts.

Don't rush your "dit's". Keep the spacesbetween them the same length as thespaces between the "dah's."

Don't send choppy code, with the "dit's"and "dah's" clipped. Just let 'em roll outat a smooth, even pace.

Don't force yourself to send fast. Yourspeed will build up gradually as you getmore practice.

Don't try to send faster than you canreceive.

Do take pride in your sending. Yourreputation will be no better than the quali-ty of your fist.

So You Want To Man a Bug. Well,there's certainly no harm in it. A lot ofvery capable operators do iust that. But,don't rush this step like too many fellowsdo. Don't believe that all hot -shot opera-tors use a bug and you'll never amount

Is the bug a monster oryour best friend? It de-pends upon how well youare able to receive code.As with some musical in-struments, you must lis-ten to the sound as youstrum away-you maythink otherwise, but youcan't send faster than youreceive. The main purposeof the bug is to makesending easier, not faster.

to anything if you don't use one too. It'sawfully easy to make a pest of yourself onthe air with a bug if you don't know howto use one properly. As a general rule,you shouldn't use a bug on the air untilyou are able to send and receive at least13 wpm.

Here's what the Air Force, in its techmanual on Morse code, says about send-ing with a bug; "The bug is designed tomake sending easy rather than fast, andperfect control of the bug is far more im-portant than speed."

A bug relieves you of the work neces-sary to form more than one "dit" in a se-quence of "dit's." All you do is move thebug paddle to the right and hold it there.The reed vibrates and whips out "dit's" likethere's no tomorrow. When you get allyou need (and no more), you relay yourtouch on the paddle and the reed stopsvibrating. "Dah's" are formed individuallyby moving the paddle to the left, and thenreleasing it.

Posture and arm position are essen-tially the same as for a straight key. Tomove the paddle left and right, ROLL yourarm from side to side. This helps pro-duce proper rhythm and is less tiring thanflexing the wrist or doing a jig with yourfingers. Working the bug is like playing

1967 Edition 61

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certain musical instruments: you have tolisten to what you are doing.

Bug Adjustment. Like a fine watch, thebug must be properly adjusted to workright. While the adjustment screws thatbristle from all sides of a bug can be setto please your own sense of touch andbalance, there are some general rules tofollow. The Bell System, for instance, of-fers this advice:

(1) Adjust the BACK TOP SCREW untilthe reed lightly touches the DEADENER,and tighten the lock nut.

(2) Adjust the FRONT STOP SCREWuntil the separation between the end of thisscrew and the lever is approximately 0.015inch, and tighten the lock nut. A greaterseparation is permissible if you prefer morelever movement.

(3) Move the lever to the right, hold itin this position, stop the vibration of thereed, and adjust the "dit" contacts untilthey just meet without flexing the contactspring, then tighten the lock nut. This isa very important adjustment; it should bechecked after tightening the lock nut, tosee that it has not changed.

Changing the position of the weight(which controls the speed of the reed),or changing the tension of the retractionand "dah" springs, should not throw thebug out of proper adjustment.

May your fist be as popular as a friend-ly handshake.

Radio Amateur Callhooks

The world-renowned "callbook" is the only publi-cation listing licensed radio amateurs. It is issued intwo separate sections-each complete within itself.The Radio Amateur callbook lists only those hams(all K and W calls) licensed in the United States;published quarterly, it costs $5.95. The secondsection is the Foreign Radio Amateur Callbook andlists all known licensed hams outside of the U.S.A.(including Canadians). This volume is also publishedquarterly and is $3.95. Callbooks are available atmost radio stores.

Suggested Operating Frequencies

Hams initiating calls using wide -band FM are urgedto do so on either 52.525 or 146.94 MHz. OnRTTY, the initial calls should be on 3620, 7040,14090 or 21090 kHz.



World's Greatest Code TeacherAMATEUR RADIO

Off -The -Air Code Lessons Inspire Many Would -Be Hams

Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

AKNOWLEDGE of Morse code is essen-tial to obtaining an amateur radio li-

cense. Thousands of hams havefound that the easiest way to get the feelof how code sounds over the air is to tunein the headquarters' station of the Ameri-can Radio Relay League, W1AW. Thisamateur radio station can easily qualify asthe world's biggest, loudest, oldest, andmost reliable code practice station.

Code Practice Sessions. That "QST"call preceding each CW transmissionmeans "calling all amateurs," and W1AWis equipped to make the same transmis-sion simultaneously on all the amateurbands from 160 through 2 meters. And,operation on each of the bands is at fulllegal power input of 1000 watts-simul-taneously!

W1AW has a reputation for being onthe air every evening of the year (exceptChristmas) come rain, hail, snow, or ionis-pheric disturbance. Even during the bigpower blackout in the northeast section ofthe United States in 1965, W1AW was onthe air as usual-but with a softer voice.The station attendants had fired up emer-gency generators and put two 150 -watttransmitters on the air for the regularcode practice sessions.

Another reason that W1AW is such agood teacher for those practicing code re-ception is that its "fist" is perfect. All ofthose smooth dit's and dah's from W1AWare machine -made and all the operator hasto do is set the speed knob, push the "go"button, and stand back. Transmissionsare made at speeds ranging from 5 to 35

words a minute. The broadcasting sched-ule calls for the slower and faster speedsto be sent on alternate nights, so beginners,as well as old-timers, can get the kind ofpractice they want. Practice material is

taken from publications issued by theARRL, thus enabling anyone copying thetransmissions to look up the text andcheck his accuracy.

Other Services. A popular service ofW1AW is transmitting "bulletins" issuedby the ARRL headquarters staff. Thesebulletins cover diversified subjects andduring any week may refer to space com-munications, contests, changes in radioregulations, predictions of radio conditionsto come, etc. All the bulletin transmissionsare in CW, SSB, and radioteletype. TheCW bulletins-sent at 18 wpm-makegood code practice material.

Some of the other services provided byW1AW for the serious amateur are codeproficiency transmissions and frequencymeasuring tests. The code proficiency runsare kind of like "mid-term exams" forcode students. These runs are specialCW transmissions scheduled approximate-ly once each month to test the CW copy-ing ability of anyone who cares to tune in.Transmissions are made at speeds of 10,15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 wpm. Listenerswho copy these transmissions may sendthem back to the ARRL headquarters forgrading. Certificates and endorsementstickers for the highest speed copied cor-rectly are issued by the ARRL.

Frequency measuring tests are madefour times a year. These tests are primar-

1967 Edition 63

ily tor the benefit of ARRL Official Ob-servers, but they may also be used byanyone who wants to check the accuracyof his frequency measuring equipment andhis ability to use it. During these tests, thecrystal -controlled transmitters at W1AWtransmit a series of long dashes (inter-spersed with station identification) on the80-, 40-, and 20 -meter CW bands. Whileamateurs throughout the country aremeasuring these frequencies (which aredifferent during every test), a commercialfrequency measuring laboratory is doinglikewise. The laboratory acts as the umpireand the results are compared with the re-ports submitted by W1AW listeners.

How W1AW Started. In the very earlydays of the ARRL, a very modest ham sta-tion was operated by the League employeesduring their lunch hour. In 1928 the

League set up operation of station 1MK asits first full-time headquarters station in

office space shared with the ConnecticutAir Guard. Twice -per -evening broadcastsof special bulletins on amateur radio sub-jects began as early as 1930.

The call "lAW" (later W1AW) wasthen held by Hiram Percy Maxim, theLeague's chief founder and long-term guid-ing light. When Maxim died in 1936, theARRL obtained Maxim's call letters for itsown station. The brick building that housesW1AW was built in 1938 and has beenrecently remodeled to provide space formore equipment and expanded operations.

At this writing, the W1AW attendantsare Murray Powell, W1QIS, and ChuckBender, W1WPR. One or the other is onduty each afternoon and evening to main-tain the station, show visiting hams aroundthe facilities, and to put the rigs on the air.

W1AW Master Schedule (effective October 30, 1966)

The ARRL Maxim Memorial Station welcomes visitors. Operating -visiting hours are Monday to Fridayfrom 3 p.m. to 3 a.m. EST, Saturdays from 7 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. EST, and Sundays from 3 p.m. to 10:30p.m. EST. The station address is 225 Main St., Newington, Conn., about 7 miles south of Hartford. Amap showing street detail will be sent on request. The station will be closed November 24, December25-26, 1966; January 1-2, February 22, and March 24, 1967.

GMT* SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

0000 RTTY 0853:70030 Code Practice Daily, 10-13 and 15 wpm0100 CW OBS' CW OBS' CW OBS' CW OBS, CW OBS' CW OBS1

0120-02004 7.080 3.555 7.0806 3.5556 7.080

0200 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS20205-02304 3.945 50.7 145.6 1.82 3.945

0230 Code Practice Daily, 15-35 wpm Tues., Thurs., Sat., 5-25 wpm, Mon., Wed., Fri., Sun.0330-04004 3.555 7.080 1.805 7.080 3.555

0400 RTTYOBS3 RTTY OBS' RTTY OBS3 RTTY OBS3 RTTY OBS3 RTTY OBS30410-04304 3.625 14.095 7.045 14.095 3.625

0430 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS2 Phone OBS20435-05004 7.255 3.945 7.255 3.945 7.255

0500 CW OBS' CW OBS' CW OBS, CW OBS, CW OBS, CW OBS'0530-06004 3.5556 7.0806 3.555 7.255 3.5550600-0700 7.080 3.945 3.555 7.255 7.0800700-0800 3.945 7.255 3.945 3.555 3.9452000-2100 14.280 21/285 14.095 21/285 14.2802100-2200 14.100 14.280 14.100 14.280 14.1002300-2345 7.255 21/285 21.16 21/285 7.255

1 CW OBS (bulletins, 18 wpm) and code practice on 1.805, 3.555, 7.08, 14.1, 21.075. 50.7, and 145.6 MHz.2 Phone OBS (bulletins) on 1.82, 3.945, 7.255, 14.28, 21.41, 50.7, and 145.6 MHz.3 RTTY OBS (bulletins) on 3.625, 7.045, and 14.095 MHz. 170/850 -cycle shift optional in RTTY general operation.4 Starting time approximate. Operating period follows conclusion of bulletin or code practice.5 Operation will be on one of the following frequencies: 21.075, 21.1, 21.41, 28.08, 28.7 MHz.6 W1AW will listen in the novice segments for Novices on band indicated before looking for other contacts.7 Bulletin sent with 170 -cycle shift, repeated with 850 -cycle shift.Maintenance Staff: Wls QIS WPR NPG. *Times/days in GMT. General operating frequencies approximate.

GMT conversion charts are available without charge from ARRL Headquarters. In lieu of regular codepractice, Frequency Measuring Tests will be sent on Nov. 9 and Feb. 10 and W1AW Qualifying Runs onNov. 15, Dec. 14, Jan. 17, Feb. 15, March 16, and April 14. Operating News in QST outlines selectedcode practice material each month.


W1AW-Headquarters Station of the ARRL

Here is the operating console of W1AW, Newington, Conn. Code practice lessons emanate from W1AWplus general information for all radio amateurs. Seven 1 -kw. transmitters can be operated simultaneously.If you are a ham, you may operate W1AW if you visit this station-but be sure to bring your license.

Thos tape -punching machine can be used for keyinga radooteletype transmitter, but in the photo Mur-ray Powell!, W1QIS, is punching the tape for acode (CW) lesson. Text for lessons is takenfrom various portions of the ARRL magazine, QST.

Tape punched for the code lessons is fed throughthos "reader," which actually keys the transmit-ter. Use of punched tape means letter-perfect code.

The ARRL obtained this unusual transmitter fromthe estate of IC/LJA. Bolt by TMC, it is capableof operation on any band between 2 and 30 MHz.

1967 Edition 65

Ham Radio Equipment SamplerAMATEUR RADIO

A Condensed Look at Models and Prices

By Herb S. Brier, W9EGQ, and Robert Cornell, WA2HDQ

IF YOU CONSIDER the wide range of fre-quencies encompassed by amateur ra-dio-from 1.8 MHz up into the GHz

region-and the three levels of operatingprivileges granted by the various amateurlicenses, it is easy to see why there is ademand for so many different pieces ofamateur equipment.

Whether you are a Novice limited tolow -power CW operation in the 80-, 40-,and 15 -meter bands or phone and CW on2 meters, or a Technician limited to thefrequencies above 50 MHz, or a Generalwith a multiband sidewinder, you can haveprofessional -looking and professional -op-erating equipment if you go in for eitherkit or store-bought gear. Even the home-brew artist will recognize the excellentquality and features found in the currentprofusion of kits.

Receivers. Historically, the advent ofSSB signals, which must be tuned to with-in 100 Hz (0.0025% at 4 MHz) to be in-telligible, revealed how unstable pre -1955receivers were by today's standards. Ittook a master's touch to tune in the sig-nals and to keep them tuned in, as thereceiver drifted with heat and line voltagechanges, or "jumped" frequency if it wasjarred. Today, tuning in SSB signals on amodern amateur receiver is easier thantuning in AM signals on an older receiver,especially when interference is bad.

This improvement was accomplished insteps. First, the receiver tuning range perband was reduced from many MHz to afew hundred kHz. Second, great pains weretaken to design a drift -free variable high -

frequency local oscillator-upon which theultimate stability of the receiver depends.

To further improve efficiency and sta-bility, some sets run the oscillator overonly one band of frequencies (usually inthe 5 -MHz region), and heterodyne itagainst a crystal to obtain the desired i.f.frequency. Strictly amateur receivers, suchas the Heathkit SB-300, contain crystalsonly for the amateur bands. But other re-ceivers, such as the Drake R -4A or Collins75S -3B, accommodate additional crystalsto obtain coverage of other frequencies ofinterest. Of course, these improved oscil-lator techniques are also used in amateurtransmitters and transceivers.

Another trend in modern receiver designis the swing to electromechanical andquartz-cyrstal lattice filters in place of con-ventional tuned circuits, phase -shift net-works, and other complicated expedientsto sharpen the response and to improveselectivity. The filters do a good job, sim-plify associated circuits, and don't needreadjustment.

Also featured in some of the newer re-ceivers and transceivers are i.f. noiseblankers. In contrast to simple audionoise clippers, a noise blanker is effectiveagainst impulse -type noise on SSB andCW signals, as well as on AM signals.The blankers are standard equipment on theDrake R -4A receiver and the Hallicraft-ers SR -2000 transceiver; they are optionalaccessories for the Squires -Sanders 55-IRreceiver and Collins KWM-2 transceiver.

Receivers intended for amateur usestart at approximately $75 for the basicHeathkit HR -10 and go up to about $1000


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1967 EditiorCIRCLE NO. 10 ON READER SERVICE CARD

69

for the super -deluxe models. Most popu-lar price range is between $250 and $400.

This does not mean that general -cover-age communications -type receivers havenothing to offer the amateur. They havebeen improved, too; and many amateursprefer the wide range of frequencies cov-ered (550 kHz to over 30 MHz). Pricesfor usable general -coverage receivers startat about $59.95 for a R -55A Knight -Kitand keep right on climbing to beyond$1500 for units like the National HRO-500,RACAL RA -217, and the Technical Ma-teriel GPR-90RXD, which do everything aspecialized limited range receiver will dobut over a very wide range of frequencies.

Transmitters. Practically speaking, thereare two types of amateur transmitters foruse on the frequencies below 30 MHz-low-power CW transmitters, and medium -power CW/SSB transmitters. The formerare designed for Novices and Generals whoprefer CW and do not need a more elab-orate transmitter.

These transmitters are all crystal -con-trolled and have power ratings rangingfrom 15 to 90 watts input; they are usu-

RECEIVERS

2


TRANSMITTERS

Transmitters have beendressed up and have comedown in size. Many of themmatch their receiver counter-part in appearance and price.Kits and wired units are plen-tiful, and SSB is no longera novelty. When transmitterand receiver are properlymatched, transceiver -type op-eration is easy to accomplish.

1 Collins 32S-32 Drake T -4X3 EICO 7204 Hallicrafters HT -465 Heathkit SB-4006 Squires -Sanders

"Clegg Zeus"

Rich or poor, Novice or old-timer, there's a receiver foryou. Prices range from lessthan $75 to more than $1000.Features range from simplebut substantial bandspreads todigital readout devices for"split -hairline" tuning accura-cy. Filters, Q -multipliers, andother accessories are built intosome receivers, and are avail-able as add-on devices in oth-ers. Many of the receiverscan be purchased ready-madeor in easy -to -assemble kits.

1 Allied's Knight -Kit R -55A2 Collins 75S -3B3 Drake 2-C4 Hallicrafters SX-1305 Heathkit SB-3016 Squires -Sanders SS -1R

6

1967 Edition 71

ally sold in kit form in the $20 to $90price range. Wired models (when avail-able) sell for 50% to 60% more.

The simplest of these units cover the80- and 40 -meter CW bands, probably thebest place for the average newcomer tobegin his amateur career. More elaborateunits cover the 20-, 15-, and 10 -meterbands; some of them also cover the 6 -meter band.

As a bonus feature, some transmitters(Hallicrafters HT -40, Heathkit DX -60A,Knight -Kit T-60, etc.) contain built-inscreen modulators to obtain low -powerAM phone facilities, at little or no addi-tional cost. In addition, EICO's 730 platemodulator will convert almost any low -

power CW transmitter into a plate -modu-lated AM phone transmitter. The resultingphone signal is usually about 6 dB strong-er than that obtained from screen modu-lation of the same transmitter.

Accessory VFO's add to the versatilityof these simple transmitters. Also, thetransmitters may be used to drive a linearamplifier to obtain up to maximum au-thorized power. Watch out for the powerrating of the linears; when they are usedto amplify AM signals, it is usually nec-essary to run them at 30% to 40% ofthe CW/SSB ratings, because of the dif-ferent efficiencies and duty cycles of thedifferent modes of operation.

Virtually all experienced amateurs nowconcede that SSB phone signals are su-perior to AM phone signals on the amateurfrequencies below 30 MHz. The signalsget out better and occupy less than half asmuch channel space. In addition, at rea-sonable power levels, SSB transmitters areless expensive than AM transmitters. Thesereasons help to explain why there is not asingle, high -power AM transmitter for thelower frequencies on the market today.

Transceivers. When you get above thesimple low -power CW transmitter, a deci-sion must be made as to whether to go fora transceiver or a separate receiver andtransmitter.

A transceiver uses many of its compo-nents in both the receive and transmitmodes. This reduces size, particularly im-

TRANSCEIVERS

-.41IMMINNOMMO1066..Of 0 IN 00 0 o o0400

3

Transceivers were originally designedfor mobile operation, but the economyof having a transmitter and receiver inone package and the deluxe multibandfeatures incorporated in many of theseunits make them a welcome member inany respectable shack. SSB operationis a snap with these units. Both kitsand wired units are available.


Q

7 y

Q60110

r

1 Allied's Knight -Kit TR 106 and itscompanion VFO V-107

2 Drake TR-43 EICO 7534 Hallicrafters SR -5005 Heathkit SB-1006 Lafayette HA -4107 National NCX-58 Squires -Sanders "Clegg Venus"

portant in mobile operation (for which thetransceiver was originally designed) anddecreases overall cost. Single-sidebandtransceivers are available from simple1 -band units up to deluxe 5-banders;power ratings range from 135 to 2000watts PEP.

The fact that a transceiver normally re-ceives on the same frequency on which ittransmits creates a minor problem whenyou're working several stations on slightlydifferent frequencies. To combat the prob-lem, several models, including the EICO753, Raytheon SBE 34, and the Halli-crafters transceivers, have been designedto be tuned up to 10 kHz on either side oftheir transmitted frequencies while receiv-ing.

A more serious reception problem thansignals a few cycles off frequency is theDX station that operates outside the U.S.phone band and listens for replies insidethe band. Accessory VFO's are availablefor use with some transceivers to permitsplit -frequency operation.

Prices range from approximately $160for a basic, single -bander with power sup-ply in kit form up to $1500 for a deluxe,high -power 5 -band job. The exact cost de-pends, of course, upon power and featuresof the individual transceiver.

Not all SSB transceivers work on CW,but those that do, perform quite well. Ofspecial interest to Novices, some transceiv-ers offer optional crystal control of thetransmitted signal either as a built-in fea-ture (as in the Heathkit SB-100) or as anoptional accessory (Collins, Galaxy, andNational units, for example). The powerinput of a 200-300 watt transceiver caneasily be cranked down to the Novice 75 -watt limit.

Advantages of Separate Units. Obvious-ly, when a good receiver is already athand, purchasing a separate transmitter ismore economical than purchasing a multi -band transceiver. Furthermore, whenmatching transmitters and receivers are


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used, the combination offers great versa-tility. With a snap of a switch, the com-bination can be operated transceiver -fash-ion or independently.

Compared to a transceiver, an independ-ent receiver usually offers several degreesof selectivity vs one for the transceiver;this is particularly helpful on CW in thepresence of QRM. The separate receivermay be a trifle more sensitive, but thisdepends upon the relative quality of thereceiver and transceiver being compared.

Compared to the transceiver, the inde-pendent transmitter may have greater car-rier and sideband suppression on SSB, andit may key a trifle better on CW.

UHF/VHF Amateur Equipment. Tradi-tionally, much UHF/VHF amateur opera-tion has been on low -power AM phone.Today, SSB is beginning to gain someacceptance on 50 MHz, at least partiallybecause of the availability of excellent 6 -meter SSB equipment such as the Clegg"Venus" and the Heathkit SB-110.

Nevertheless, the low -power AM trans-ceiver is still king of the VHF hill, as evi-denced by the just -announced Knight -KitTR-106 15 -watt, 6 -meter transceiver, andLafayette's brand-new HA -460 20 -watt, 6 -meter transceiver with a built-in VFO; plusother 6- and 2 -meter AM transceivers.

Separate transmitters are less plentiful-there are only two: the "Lil Lulu" 12 -watt VFO-controlled, 6 -meter AM /CWtransmitter; and the AMECO TX -62 75-watter for 6- and 2 -meter AM and CW.

Kits. Virtually every type of amateurequipment available in ready -to -operateform is available in kit form. There's aninteresting thing about kits: as they be-come more sophisticated, they seem to be-come easier to assemble.

The use of husky, well -designed printedcircuit boards, pre-cut wiring harnesses,easy -to -follow instruction books, and pre -assembled critical, hard -to -adjust circuitsall combine to make the kits easy to build.When properly put together, kit equip-ment performs as well as factory -assem-bled equipment, looks just as good, andcosts from 30% to 60% less.


Operating Your First Ham StationAMATEUR RADIO

You'll Do Fine, If You Study This Article

By Herb Brier, W9EGQ

GETTING ON THE AIR with your brand-new ham station is somewhat similarto ballroom dancing; you may know all

the fundamentals, but you can expect tomake a few goofs. The number of con-tacts you make will depend on how skillful-ly you can operate your equipment. Youwill pick up most of your operating habitsthrough trial and error, or by imitating whatyou hear on the air. But, there's no reasonwhy you can't sound something like a profrom the start.

Your First Contact. Presuming that youhave your new license posted in a prominentplace on the shack wall (or at least safelyin your possession) and that your transmit-ter us ready to go, let's try out 80 -meter CW.

Turn on both the transmitter and receiverand allow them to warm up while you pre-pare your logbook. Sign the logbook, enteryour call letters, transmitter power, fre-quency (band), mode (CW), and the date.With these preliminaries out of the way,double-check your transmitter frequency-the FCC takes a dim view of out -of -bandoperation!

Now tune around the band for a few min-utes to get an idea of what's coming through.Maybe you'll hear a call something likethis: CQ CQ CQ DE WN1ABC WN1ABCWN1ABC CQ CQ CQ DE WN1ABC WN1-ABC WN1ABC CQ CQ CQ DE WN1ABC WN1ABC WN1ABC K." This means, ofcourse, that WN1ABC wishes to work (con-tact) anyone hearing his "CQ" (generalcall).

You decide to answer the call; so youquickly enter the time and WN1ABC in your

logbook. When WN1ABC concludes with"K," you flip your send/receive switch tothe "Send" position and transmit: "WN1-ABC WN1ABC WN1ABC DE WN9EGQ WN-9EGQ WN9EGQ AR," and flip the send/

1967 Edition

Selected Abbreviations

THE FOLLOWING LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USEDBY CW (CODE) OPERATORS IS NOT COMPLETE,BUT IT DOES INCLUDE THE MOST COMMON.

AA-all afterAB-all beforeABT-a boutAGN-againAM-amplitude modulationANT-antennaBK-back, breakBN-betweenBUG-semi-automatic keyC-yesCHOP-chief operatorCQ-general callCUD-couldCUL-see you laterCW-radio codeDX-distanceES-and (&)FB-fine businessGA-go ahead,

good afternoonHI-laughterKC-kilocycleLID-poor (inconsiderate)

operatorMNI-many

N-noNI L- nothingN R-numberOM-old manOP-operatorPWR-powerR-received, areRCV R-receiverRIG-transmitterRPT-repeat, reportSRI-sorrySSB-single sidebandTKS, TNX-thanksTU-thank youU-youUR-yourVY-veryWUD-wouldWX-weatherXMTR-transmitterXYL-married womanYF-wifeYL-young lady73-best regards88-love and kisses

receive switch back to "Receive."there is WN1ABC answering anothertion. You sigh almost in relief. What ifhe'd answered you?

Chances are you'll react just like all oth-er hams do when you experience that inde-scribable thrill of making "your" first con-tact. Your heart will pound, and chills ofexcitement will run up and down your back;your hands will be shaking so much thatyou'll hardly be able to press the key. Butyou'll have a smile of mingled joy and dis-belief on your face. ("Listen, Ma! He'sanswering me!")

Butsta-

Establishing Contact. No matter whattype of operating procedure you employ,you'll make an occasional contact-prob-

ably more or less by accident. But stan-dard procedures will do the job with lesseffort.

To call "CQ," meaning "I will answercalls from any station hearing me," sendEITHER of the following at the speed atwhich you want to be answered: "CQ CQCQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQ WN9EGQ CQ CQCQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQ WN9EGQ CQ CQCQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQ WN9EGQ K," or"CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQCQ CQ CQ CQ CQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQCQ CQ CQ CQ CQ DE WN9EGQ WN9EGQK."

The "DE" between the CQ's and the call -signs is Latin for "from." And the "K" isthe CW procedure signal for "Go ahead; I

will now listen."The first call example given above is a

standard "3 x 3 x 3" CQ; however, someexperienced op's (operators) prefer the "5x 2 x 3" CQ, because it increases the per-centage of the time that the letters "CQ"are being sent. Futhermore, if conditionswon't permit copying a call -sign sent twice,the chances of a successful contact arenot very good anyway.

If one CQ isn't successful, try again. Butdon't increase their length on the theorythat more operators will hear you. Thetrouble is that the average ham will wait nomore than a minute for you to stand by.After that, he'll tune away looking for some-one else, or call CQ himself.

Phone Operation. On phone, you can say"Calling CQ, CQ, CQ. This is (or from)W9EGQ, W9EGQ, W9EGQ . . . Over." Youcan also say, "Calling any 2 -meter, 75 -meter, etc., phone station." Most opera-tors mention their locations when callingCQ.

You can use words from a phonetic al-phabet to identify the individual letters ofyour call -sign. There are a number ofphonetic alphabets in existence; but werecommend the International Phonetic Al-phabet. It is used like this: "W1ABCW1ABC W1ABC This is W9EGQ-WhiskeyNin-er Echo Golf Quebec . . . Over." Ofcourse, you would repeat the call as oftenas necessary to establish contact.

Note that it isn't necessary to give the


called station's call letters phonetically(the operator already knows them-it'syours that he's interested in). Also, onceyour call letters are acknowledged, it's awaste of time to keep repeating them pho-netically.

fSigning Your Call Letters. On both c

phone and CW, FCC regulations require tthat you give the reason for putting your c

transmitter on the air (test, CQ, etc.) andsign your call letters at the beginning and tend of every transmission, and every ten i.

minutes in between. However, in a series r

of arternate transmissions between two or r

more stations in communication with each C

other, in which no single transmission ex-ceeds two minutes in length, call -signs t

Shown on this map are the various amateur radio

1967 Edition 81

conversation. On phone, say "Break fromW9EGQ."

Just shouting "Break break" withoutsigning your call letters is technically ille-gal (making an unidentified transmission)and most amateurs will ignore such a call.Also, DX stations in particular have dis-covered that saying "Go ahead breakingstation" is an invitation to confusion, be-cause every operator who was patientlywaiting his turn begins to call.

Answering CQ's. In answering a CQ, ashort call such as "W1DEF W1DEF W1-DEF DE W2GHI W2GHI AR" is normallysufficient. If the CQ'er doesn't respond toit, one of three things is probably happen-ing: he isn't listening on your frequency;he's listening to another station; or you'rejust not getting through at the moment.At any rate, if you don't get an answer to

one short call, you can always listen a

moment to make sure that the calledstation hasn't answered someone else,and then call again. When you stand byafter making a call and discover the calledstation already talking to someone else,you can be pretty sure that your call wastoo long.

Most hams listen first on their own fre-quencies for answers to a CQ. When thereare lots of stations on the band, callingmore than 10 kHz from their frequencies isnormally not productive, unless the callerspecifies where he is listening for replies.When activity on a band is light, however,most hams scan more of the band listeningfor replies.

If you read carefully the example of howto answer a CQ, you probably noticed thatthe answer ended with "AR," but after con-tact was established, each "over" endedwith "K." The "AR" means that a callhas been made but a contact has not yetbeen established; a "K" at the end of a callindicates that a two-way contact has beenestablished. "K" at the end of a "CQ"simply means "Go ahead."

The proper use of these procedure sig-nals, as well "SK" (discussed below) is oneof the things that distinguishes a crack op-erator from a mediocre one. (The line over"AR" and "SK" indicates that they aresent as a single character with no spacebetween letters.) Sometimes you'll hear acall ended with "KN"; this means that thecalling operator wants an answer from thecalled station and from no one else.

Interpreting What You Hear. The firsttransmission after contact is establishedwill probably go something like this: WN1-ABC DE WN9EGQ R TNX FER CL UR SIGSRST579 RST579 HR IN GARY IND. NAMEHERB. WAT SA AR WN1ABC DE WN9EGQK," and WN1ABC will reply more or lessalong these lines: "WN9EGQ DE WN1ABCR FB HERB UR SIGS RST589 IN LITTLERHODE ISLAND. MI NAME CHUCK. XMTRPWR 40 WATTS. ANT LONG WIRE. WXCLR. AR WN9EGQ DE WN1ABC K."

At first glance, much of the above lookscompletely unintelligible. But to any ex-perienced ham, it is crystal clear. In using


code, every letter of every word would ordi-narily have to be pounded out; to savetime, therefore, CW operators lean heavilyon abbreviations. These abbreviations area mixture of phonetically spelled words,words with all the vowels omitted, wordswith the letter "X" replacing part of them,first letters of commonly associated words,and combinations of the above.

Another group of time-savers are Q -sig-nals, in which, by international agreement,a single three -letter Q -signal expresses anentire thought. For example, "QRM?"means "Are you troubled by interference?"or, without the question mark, "I am trou-bled by interference." On phone, however,most good operators avoid the excessiveuse of CW abbreviations, because "say-ing it with words" is more accurate.

Getting back to our sample contact, aftersignal reports, locations, and names areexchanged, the contact may last as long oras short a time as the operators involvedwish. To terminate a contact, one operatorsends ". . . AR WN1ABC DE WN9EGQ SK,"and the other op responds with "SK DEWN1ABC."

When you send "SK," it means that the

contact is finished; you have made yourlast transmission, and you do NOT expectthe other station to transmit to you again,either.

Giving Signal Reports. The first thingyou'll want to know when you contact an-other station is how well you're being re-ceived. Many hams have a tendency to giveexaggerated reports; so take extremelygood reports with a pinch of salt. There isa standard manner of giving reports-the"RST" system.

From a legal point of view, the "T" (tone)part of a report is most important. TheFCC amateur regulations specify that allham signals on frequencies below 144MHz must be as stable and pure as thestate of the art warrants. With your BFOon, such a signal produces a clear, unvary-ing tone from the receiver's speaker. In

other words, it is "T9". As signal qualitydecreases from this perfect level, the tonereport goes down; a "Ti" signal is roughand raucous.

Giving a ham a "T9" report when hissignal is rough or unsteady certainly is notdoing him or anyone else a favor. Sooner

Selected Q Signals

THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED Q SIGNALS ARE COMMONLY USED IN AMATEURRADIO. TO ASK THE INDICATED QUESTION, FOLLOW THE Q SIGNAL WITH A QUESTION MARK.

QRG What is my exact frequency in kilohertz?Your exact frequency is kHz.

QRK What is the readability of my signals?The readability of your signals is(1 to 5).

QRL Are you busy? I am busy (withQRM Are you troubled with interference? I am

troubled by interference.QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled

by static.QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster

wpm).QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more

slowly ( wpm).QRT Shall I stop transmission? Stop transmis-

sion.QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing

for you.QRV Are you ready? I am ready.QRX When will you call again? I will call again

at on kHzQRZ Who is calling me? You are being called

byQSA What is the strength of my signals? The

strength of your signal is (1 to 5).QSB Does the strength of my signals vary?

The strength of your signals varies.QSD Is my keying correct? Are my signals

distinct? Your keying is incorrect; yoursignals are indistinct.

QSL Can you acknowledge receipt? I am ac-knowledging receipt.

QSO Can you communicate withdirect (or through )7 I cancommunicate with direct (orthrough

QSP Will you relay to ? I will relayto

QSV Shall I send a series of VVV? Send aseries of VVV.

QSY Shall I change to kilohertzwithout changing the type of wave?Change to kilohertz withoutchanging the type of wave.

QTC How many messages do you have tosend? I have messages to send.

QTH What is your location (position)? My loca-tion (position) is

QTR What is the exact time? The exact timeis

UNOFFICAL Q SIGNALS ADOPTED BY ARRLQRRR Official ARRL "land SOS." A distress call

for emergency use only.QST General call addressed to all radio ama-

teurs.

1967 Edition 83

Third -Party Messages

International regulations forbid international radiocommunications in behalf of "third parties" viaamateur radio unless special arrangements havebeen made by the individual governments to au-thorize such communications. The United Stateshas negotiated agreements with the countrieslisted below to permit "unimportant" third -partymessages to be exchanged between them. Mostof the agreements also permit "emergency" mes-sages to be exchanged-if the emergency mes-sages are transferred from amateur to commer-cial channels as soon as possible.BOLIVIABRAZILCANADACHILECOLOMBIACOSTA RICACUBA

DOMINICAN REPUBLICECUADOREL SALVADORGREENLAND (XP)HAITIHONDURASISRAEL

LIBERIAMEXICONICARAGUAPANAMAPARAGUAYPERUVENEZUELA

or later, hams with such signals get cita-tions from the FCC monitors calling atten-tion to their poor signals. (Or if they arelucky, they will receive a friendly warningfrom one of the ARRL's volunteer "OfficialObservers" suggesting that they check outtheir rigs BEFORE they get an official FCCcitation.) The first reaction of the averageham on getting a citation for having a poor -quality signal is sheer disbelief; he reallyaccepted all those "T9" reports otherhams gave him.

Working New States and DX. When youfirst get on the air, every contact you makewill be a new experience. Later, you'll un-doubtedly want to work new states and for-eign countries for the thrill of it, as well asto qualify for one or more of the variouscertificates and awards offered in recogni-tion of certain operating achievements.Best known of these awards are "WorkedAll States" (WAS) and "Worked All Con-tinents" (WAC) offered by the ARRL, butthere are literally hundreds of others avail-able.

Banned Countries

The United States Government has no objection toits radio amateurs talking to any country. A fewcountries, however, have filed objections to theiramateurs engaging in international communica-tions. As a result, international law requires theFCC to forbid U.S. hams to contact these coun-tries. The latest list of such countries includes:

Cambodia (XU) Thailand (HS)Indonesia (8F) Viet Nam (3W8)

By car tne most effective way to worknew states and countries is by listening,listening, and more listening. But, don'tjust listen for stations calling CQ; you canoften spot some in new states or countriesalready in contact. By waiting them out,you stand an excellent chance of workingthem. But don't be surprised to discoverthat dozens of other hams have the sameidea when an exotic DX station is involved.

Operating Habits. Few hams get out aswell as they think they should; but if youhave unusual difficulties, it's a good ideato look at your operating habits. Checkyour spacing (if on CW) between lettersand words. You may unconsciously speedup your sending and run everything togeth-er into an uncopiable mess.

On phone transmissions, you may havea bad microphone, or one ill-suited to yourvoice. Check your background noise levelwhen on the air and, most important,listen carefully to your diction. Could astranger catch what you're saying withouttoo much difficulty?

Hams using crystal -controlled rigs shouldbuy a couple of crystals near their princi-pal frequency but separated from it by 2to 4 kHz; substituting crystals may aid ingetting the signal out from under seriousQRM. Lastly, try operating at a differenttime of day-it sometimes pays off.

Exchanging QSL Cards. You will un-doubtedly want a confirmation of your firstcontact. So you send "PSE QSL," whichmeans "Please send me a written confirma-tion of this contact."

If you are a new ham, you'll have to tellthe other operator where to mail hisQSL card (it takes at least one issue for anew station to appear in the "Radio Ama-teur Callbook." Of course, if HIS call is

in the "Callbook," you can mail your QSLcard first, permitting the other operator toget your address from your card. Actually,sending your card first will net you morecards than if you wait for the other fellowto send his QSL first.

A QSL card needn't be elaborate. But itshould be neat and include the followinginformation: date and time of the contact;


call letters of the station worked; signal re-port; frequency (band); and mode-CW,AM phone, SSB, etc.

Of course, your QSL card should also in-clude your call letters, transmitter location,and your name and complete mailing ad-dress. As many hams are trying to workall U.S. counties as possible, you mightalso include the name of your county onyour card.

Operating Someone Else's Station. Youramateur radio license authorizes you tooperate (with the owner's permission) theham station of another licensee. If youare on CW, you use your own call -signand a "portable designation" (see below).Club stations are exceptions, and eachmember is assumed to be acting as theagent of the trustee to whom the callletters were assigned; therefore, the clubcall is always used.

In any event, you must have your origi-nal license in your possession when youoperate any amateur station (includingyour own). In addition, the scope of youroperating is limited by your license. Thus,

if you are a Novice, yoJ can operate anamateur station owned by an Extra Classlicensee, but only in the Novice bands witha crystal -controlled transmitter operating ata power of no more than 75 watts.

Mobile and Portable Operation. On CW,you identify mobile or portable operationby following your station call letters by theslant bar symbol (DN) and the number ofthe call area in which you are operating.On phone, your call letters should be

followed by the announcement of the geo-graphical area in which the portable ormobile operation is taking place. For ex-ample, ". . . This is W3DEF operatingmobile (or portable) three miles east ofBethesda, Maryland"-not ". . . W3DEFslant three."

Special rules govern mobile operationaboard a vessel on the high seas or an air-craft on an international flight. They re-quire sending "/MM" or "/AM" after yourcall letters on CW and announcing "Mari-time Mobile" or "Aeronautical Mobile" atthe end of each phone transmission. In

addition, on both phone and CW, the name

Just off the main entrance hall of the Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, Pa., is an amateur radio sta-tion manned by members of the Phil -Mont Radio Club. Visitors to the museum section of the Institutecan listen in on a ham station in real -life operation through the use of the telephones on the counter.

1967 Edition 85

or the number of the vessel or aircraft andits approximate geographical location mustbe given at the conclusion of each contactto satisfy the FCC regulations.

These special rules apply only to opera-tions on or over international waters. Inthe United States, mobile operation on boatsand aircraft is treated just like mobile op-eration on land.

If you plan to operate a mobile or port-able station for more than 48 hours with-out returning to your home address, youmust give prior notice in writing to theEngineer -in -Charge of the radio district inwhich operation is intended.

Operating in Other Countries. Until themiddle of 1964, a U.S. law prevented li-censed foreign amateurs from operating inthe United States (except Canadian ama-teurs, through a special arrangement). Asa result, few foreign governments wouldallow U.S. amateurs to operate in theircountries. But under the U.S. law passedby Congress in 1964, the State Department

has concluded bilateral agreements withmany foreign governments to allow licensedamateurs to operate in the countries in-volved.

Their number increases monthly, but atthis writing reciprocal operating agreementsfor ham stations have been establishedwith the following countries:

AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, BOLIVA, CAN-ADA, COLOMBIA, COSTA RICA, DO-MINICAN REPUBLIC, ECUADOR,FRANCE, GERMANY, INDIA, ISRAEL,KUWAIT, LUXEMBOURG, PARAGUAY,PERU, PORTUGAL, SIERRA LEONE,UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND)

United States amateurs wishing to oper-ate in one of the above countries (exceptCanada) should contact that country'sWashington, D.C., embassy, or a consu-late in one of the larger cities.

A duly licensed amateur from any ofthe above countries wishing to operate inthe United States must apply for authori-zation from the FCC using Form 610A.

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The Making of a DX ManAMATEUR RADIO

Chasing DX Is Not For Every Ham-But Some Swear By It

By George Lesnick, W9EBQ

W9EBQ, W9EBQ, W9EBQ, South Hol-land, Illinois, from CR9AH, C -Charlie,R -Romeo, Nine, A -Alpha, H -Hotel, Ma-

cao, Asia. How do you copy, Les? Over."Ever since I got my first amateur license

back in 1930, and woke up my family at1:30 a.m. a few weeks later to tell them Ihad just worked New Zealand with my 1 -tube transmitter, I have been a DX man.There is no greater thrill for me than hear-ing my call letters come back to me fromthe other side of the world. Ascension Is-land, ZD8; Saudi Arabia, HZ; The Vatican,HV; Azerbaijan (Russia), UD6; Pitcairn Is-land, VR6; and over 300 other countriesare out there challenging me to workthem.*

Of course, practically all amateurs liketo work DX, as is proved by what happenson any ham band when DX breaks through.Everyone on the band loses his "cool,"and joins the pack that takes off after theDX like a bevy of screaming teen-agers.

Those hams are not really DX men,however. When conditions return to nor-mal and the DX signals fade out, thosehams return to their rag -chewing, message -handling, etc. But not that 10% whoseNORMAL activity is DX chasing. This is

where I fit in; as DX becomes weaker,scarcer, and more difficult to work, I trythat much harder .

Peak Conditions. During the peak of thelast sunspot cycle in the late 1950's, theamateur bands were jumping with DX; andeven Novices, with their simple 75 -watt

*Les has already worked well over 300 countries-Ed.

stations, worked 100 countries to qualifyfor the DX Century Club (DXCC) award.As the sunspot peak declined, so did DXconditions.

By 1961 and continuing until 1965, 10meters was virtually extinct as a DX band,and 15 meters was not much better. Inaddition, 20 meters was open for DX onlya few hours a day, instead of around the

No this is not the author; it's Vic Clark, W4KFC,acknowledged by most hams to be one of the world'sgreatest DX'ers. Vic has a dream QTH in Clifton,Va., with beam antennas about 80 feet off thedeck. Besides chasing DX, W4KFC has earned a fan-tastic reputation as a competitive contest operator.

1967 Edition 87

clock as it had been a few years earlier.During this same period, DX conditions onthe lower frequency bands were good, butworking DX on these bands-even undergood conditions-requires a bigger andbetter antenna system than on the higherfrequencies.

As high -frequency DX conditions deteri-orated, DX men concentrated on buildingefficient antennas for 20, 40, and 80meters. At W9EBQ, for example, I built abig 20 -meter rotary beam and put it on a72 -foot, home -built, crank -up tower, and I

erected a 400' VEE beam. With the aid ofthese antennas, and high -power transmit-ters-and hour after hour of patient listen-ing-I worked almost as much DX underthese poor conditions as I did prior to1960.

Mediocre conditions and the intensecompetition for the few DX stations madeit difficult for the average amateur to workmore than an occasional foreign stationduring the sunspot low. But since theturn -around in the sunspot cycle in the fallof 1965, high -frequency DX conditionshave been improving rapidly, and theyshould remain good well into the 1970's.

This is the ideal time to get into the DXchase. Not only do the 10- and 15 -meterbands give the "DX" more room to operate,but signal strength per watt of power goesup with frequency. Thus, low -power signals

Like many high -power ham operators in NorthAmerica, Olof Fridman, SM5RM, Stockholm, Swe-den uses lots of commercially available gear. Theexciter is a Collins Radio 32-S3 which drives ahome -constructed linear amplifier. The receiveris also a Collins-a Model 75-S3. Olof is very activeon 20, 15 and 10 meters from this fine QTH.

on both ends of the DX circuits get throughmore consistently.

Don't get me wrong; even under goodconditions, working DX is never as easy asteaching a duck to swim. The great fasci-nation of it is that you can never be cer-tain that your next call-or the next-willbe answered, no matter how good an oper-ator you are or what equipment you used.Similarly, no one can predict with any cer-tainty that the first call by a newly licensedNovice will not be answered by a DX station10,000 miles away .

How to Work DX. Obviously, the nameof the game in DX work is competition,both with propagation conditions and withother DX'ers. The easiest way to beat bothis by patient listening. If you hear a DXstation when it first comes on the air, youwill not have too much competition onyour first call. But your signal quicklyalerts other DX chasers to your find. Anda full-fledged DX pile-up immediately de-velops.

Any DX station can create a pile-up, butthe one -in -a -country stations and the DXpe-ditions often create pile-ups that coverseveral continents. Once a pile-up hasstarted, you can spend hours calling thesame DX station to no avail. You tell your-self repeatedly, "I'll call just one moretime," only to find yourself making that"last" call an hour (or more) later. Youlight cigarettes and forget to smoke themand you shout at the cat for making somuch noise. But how fast all the frustra-tion disappears when the DX station an-swers you.

Unfortunately, there are always somecallers who do not hear the "DX" but arecalling simply because they hear othersdoing so. Naturally, these deaf and dumb(but not mute) callers are just as likely tocall while the DX operator is transmittingas when he is listening. Their calls triggeroff the Nervous Nellies, who are afraid thatthey have missed something, into a chainreaction of useless calls that soon pre-vents everyone from hearing the DX station.

This only proves that some of the bestand many of the worst radio amateurschase DX. How smoothly the whole opera -


tion goes depends almost entirely uponthe skill and patience of the DX operator.One way that he can keep his frequencyfrom being overwhelmed by calls is to lis-ten and transmit on different frequencies.Also, good foreign DX operators, like"Buggy," 9J2AB, Zambia, Africa, suffer apeculiar kind of "deafness." If "Buggy"acknowledged callers that broke in out ofturn, he would be overwhelmed by suchcalls. But his "malady" prevents him fromever hearing such callers, and even themost obtuse soon gets the "message."

"CQ DX." When conditions to theUnited States are favorable, a DX operatorusually gets so many replies to his owncalls that he is not too likely to answer aCQ from a United States station. As a re-sult, calling "CQ DX" is seldom produc-tive, although the number of "CQ" callsheard on the DX bands would certainlylead you to believe differently. And, forobvious reasons, nothing puts a DX maninto the "DX Lid" category faster than tobe heard calling "CQ DX" on top of a DXstation or in the middle of a DX pile-up.

But by choosing spots, "CQ DX" willoccasionally pay off even for the low -

power operator. For example, if everyoneon the band seems to be dueling for thesame DX station, moving away from thepile-up and calling "CQ DX" is sometimesproductive. Usually, however, you are an-swered by a loud "W", who covers up anyDX station that might call, or someoneelse starts his own "CQ DX" on the samefrequency.

To be honest about it, "CQ DX" workspretty good on run-of-the-mill DX if youhave a better -than -average signal, but it is

not very effective for digging out the rareones.

Spreading the News. Of course, not eventhe most avid DX man can spend all histime combing the bands looking for DX;yet the big DX men always seem to be onthe spot when something new shows up.Believe me; this is no accident. Almost asmuch fun as working DX is talking aboutit and exchanging tips about where andwhen to listen for it over the air, at radio

Not every DX station uses high power, as shown bythis photo of Javad Mesbahi, Shiraz, Iran. Javadoperated EP2DM until he came to the U. S. foradditional training. In Iran, Javad worked over100 countries using a small Heathkit transmitter.

club meetings, via DX club bulletins, andthrough DX columns in "CQ" and "QST."

DX men alert each other to the appear-ance of a rare DX station by various means.One of the methods is via a 20 -meter DXnet. Another method is the chain -telephonecall. Some DX men do not hesitate to callcoast to coast to alert a buddy about a reallyrare one. It is rumored, by the way, thatsome sharpies on phone have even tried topick up a rare country or two by long-distance phone patches.

DXpeditions. DX men are forever look-ing for new countries to work. After a time,however, they work practically all the coun-tries that have regular amateur activity.This is where the DXpedition comes in. Agroup of radio amateurs pick out an islandor country from which there is little (orno) native amateur operation. They nextwangle permission from the proper licens-ing authority to operate from that spot onthe map for a limited time. Then, they col-lect gear, get passports, inoculations, etc.,and descend upon the chosen spot for acouple of days of concentrated, contest -type operating.

Some of these DXpeditions operate un-

1967 Edition 89

der difficult conditions and at considerabledanger to the operators. Dick, WOMLY,for example, ended his 8 -country AfricanDXpedition very hurriedly in July, 1962.He was operating from a second -floor roomin Bamako, Mali, when he heard the na-tives shouting "Fumar!" Seizing his log-books, Dick scrambled out the window tothe roof of a shed and jumped to theground. A few minutes later, the buildingand his equipment were completely de-stroyed by fire. Another example: in Jan-uary, 1966, Chuck Swain, K7LMU, andTed Thorpe, ZL2AWJ, on a DXpeditionwith a crew of three, were lost in a hurri-cane near Wallis Island in the PacificOcean.

On the other hand, during a DXpeditionin Bhutan, Gus Browning, W4BPD, oper-ated from the royal palace as the guest ofthe king. And any licensed amateur whomakes prior arrangements can operate incomfort from St. Pierre Island off the east

On occasion, anyone can work DX, regardless ofthe size of his antenna. However, consistent re-sults require big antennas-sometimes called "an-tenna farms." Erected by Leonard Chertok, W3GRF,Washington, D.C., the 3 -element beam shown here isabout 125 feet in the air, and each element aver-ages 70 feet in length. W3GRF chases DX with avengeance, and has beams on 20, 15 and 10 meters.

coast of Canada from the same hotel roomthat DXpeditioners have been using foryears. Every year a couple of U.S. ama-teurs who want to satisfy the urge to be"DX"-to know first-hand how it feels to bethe center of a pile-up, and to demon-strate to an admiring world how they wouldcontrol it-take advantage of this greatopportunity.

With one or two exceptions-notablyCommunist Albania-practically all the in-habited countries of the world supportradio amateur activity. Most recent DXpe-ditions have been to little islands or rocksprotruding from one of the oceans whichare recognized as "new countries" for DXpurposes. In the United States, the DXCommittee of the American Radio RelayLeague, Inc., determines what constitutesa country for its DX Century Club award.The basis of decision is government, tra-dition, geographic separation, etc. Ascountries come and go and governmentschange, the number of countries on theARRL list changes, but currently it in-cludes approximately 330 countries. Mostother amateur societies around the worlduse the ARRL country list for their ownDX awards.

DX Contacts for Sale? Generally speak-ing, DXpeditions are underwritten by a

number of interested amateurs and "vol-untary" contributions from the stationsworked. The contributions are usually inthe form of a dollar or two included withone's QSL card.

To some of us, this practice smacks ofselling DX contacts and QSL cards. Abouta year ago, for example, one of the top DXmen turned down an opportunity to help"sponsor" a world-wide DXpedition by notmaking the suggested $25 contribution tothe cause. When he failed to work theDXpedition at one of its "rare" countries,he got the "message" and sent in his $25contribution posthaste.

Was it poetic justice when this DX manwas still unable to raise the DXpedition atits next stop although several operatorsheard the DXpedition operator calling him?Actually, there is no reliable evidence thatany of the well-known DXpeditions have re -


fused to work anyone or to QSL a contactbecause that individual refused to make acontribution to the cause; nevertheless,the whole matter makes for hot discus-sions among DX men.

QSL Cards. To many DX men, working anew country is less than half the battle.The important thing is getting a QSL cardto prove it. The QSL cards are needed toqualify for various awards. such as theARRL's DXCC certificate mentioned earlierand similar awards sponsored by otheramateur groups throughout the world.

The main requirement in obtaining aDX confirmation is to send one's own cardaccurately filled out to show the call lettersof the station worked, the date and time(in GMT), band, and signal report, plusyour own call letters, name, and address.The card may be sent to the DX station atthe address shown in the foreign editionof the "Radio Amateur Call Book," or viathe "QSL Manager" (if there is one), or viathe station's national QSL Bureau.

The advantage of sending a DX QSLcard direct or via a QSL Manager is speed.Including an addressed reply envelope withreturn postage (in the form of an IRC forforeign addresses) is also most helpful. If

You might call Lloyd Wright,VE3CFR, London, Ontario, anall-around radio ham. He goesafter DX, but the certificateson his walls attest to publicservice as well. Visible inthe shack is equipment manu-factured by Heath, E. F. John-son, National, and Sonar.

you do not provide return postage withyour DX cards, the replies will arrive even-tually via the U.S. and Canadian QSL Bu-reau.

What Good Is Chasing DX? Sooner orlater, someone is almost sure to say, "Isuppose that chasing DX is exciting, butdoes it really serve any useful purpose?"Without a doubt! DX men have the mostefficient antenna systems, transmitters,and receivers-they have to in order tokeep up with the competition. And, DX menare also some of the very best operators onCW in the world.

In addition, I think that DX men domore to promote international friendshipthan many friendship clubs. Speaking formyself, although I have stressed the com-petitive side of DX chasing, I most treasurethe leisurely chats I have had with myfriends around the world-Oliver, ZS5JY,in Africa; Uri, UA1KBW, in Leningrad; andDave, VK2E0, in Australia; to mention afew.

Then there is John Alvarez, CR9AH, VilaVerde, Macao. I have never seen John, and Iprobably never will, but John is one of mybest friends. When my son, George, a com-bat helicopter pilot in Vietnam, got a rest

1967 Edition 91

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and recreation leave from the war a fewmonths ago, John met George in Hong Kongand returned with him to Macao. There,George was a guest in John's home, wherehe was treated like a favorite son for theweek of his visit.

North American QSL Bureaus

A majority of QSL cards from DX stations are dis-tributed via the ARRL QSL Bureaus. To receiveyour cards, you must keep a supply of stamped,self-addressed "business -size" envelopes -withyour call letters in the upper left-hand corner -onfile with your call area QSL Manager.

W1 Providence Radio Association, W1OP, Box2903, Providence, R.I. 02908

W2 North Jersey DX Assn., P.O. Box 505, Ridge-wood, N. J. 07451

W3 Jesse Bieberman, W3KT, RD 1, Valley HillRd., Malvern, Pa. 19355

W4 F.A.R.C., W4AM, P.O. Box 13, Chattanooga,Tenn. 37401

W5 Hurley 0. Saxon, K5QVH, P.O. Box 9915,El Paso, Texas 79989

W6 San Diego DX Club, P.O. Box 6029, SanDiego, Calif. 92106

W7 Willamette Valley DX Club, Inc., P.O. Box555, Portland, Oregon 97207

W8 Paul R. Hubbard, WA8CXY, 921 Market St.,Zanesville, Ohio 43701

W9 Ray P. Birren, W9MSG, Box 519, Elmhurst,III. 60128

WO Alva A. Smith, WODMA, 238 E. Main St.,Caledonia, Minn. 55921

KP4 Joseph Gonzales, KP4YT, P.O. Box 1061,San Juan, P.R.

KH6 John H. Oka, KH6DQ, P.O. Box 101, Aiea,Oahu, Hawaii 96701

KL7 Alaska QSL Bureau, Star Route C, Wasilla,Alaska 99687

KZ5 Ralph E. Harvey, KZ5RV, Box 407, Balboa,Canal Zone

CANADIAN

VE1 L. J. Fader, VE1FQ, P.O. Box 663, Halifax,N.S.

VE2 John Ravenscroft, VE2NV, 135 Thorn CrestAve., Dorval, Quebec

VE3 R. H. Buckley, VE3UW, 20 Almont Rd.,Downsview, Ontario

VE4 D. E. McVittie, VE4OX, 647 Academy Rd.,Winnipeg 9, Manitoba

VE5 Fred Ward, VE5OP, 899 Connaught Ave.,Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan

VE6 Karel Tettelaar, VE6AAV, Sub P.O. 55, N.Edmonton, Alberta

VE7 H. R. Hough, VE7HR, 1291 Simon Rd., Vic-toria, B.C.

VE8 George T. Kondo, VE8RX, c/o Dept. ofTransport, P.O. Box 339, Fort Smith, N.W.T.

VO1 Ernest Ash, VO1AA, P.O. Box 6, St. John's,Newfoundland

V02 Goose Bay Amateur Radio Club, P.O. Box232, Goose Bay, Labrador


Making Your Own QSL Cards

Personalize Your Cards As a Spare Time Project

By Marshall Lincoln, K9KTL

IF YOU ARE a ham or SWL, and iflack of time or interest keeps you

from building your own gear, you canstill "personalize" your hobby with a home-brew QSL card. A personalized QSL cardwill arouse more than a passing interestand your percentage of QSL returns willclimb. And you'll be surprised at howmany operators will comment on a per-sonalized QSL-wishing that they had yourinitiative.

Keep It Simple. The most importantthing to remember in designing your ownQSL card is to keep the card simple. Avoidthe temptation to squeeze in a lot of detailthat may seem important to you, but willactually only clutter up the card. Think upa clever, original design, if you can, onethat expresses some individuality, and keepthe basic essentials in mind.

Your call letters (or SWL identifier)should be part of the basic design. It is

not essential to make your name, address,and station data a part of the design. Thisinformation can always be placed on theother side of the card. However, put yourreport on the face of the card.

These plastic letterswere spotlighted by a

slide projector to takethis unusual photo-graph. The backgroundis pebbled white card-board and is availablefrom most artist supplystores.

A photo of the operating position is thesubject scene on many QSL cards. Such aphoto will give the card recipient a clearidea of the equipment you use; but obvious-ly, you must have a neat -looking stationlayout-which shows some ingenuity-be-fore this can be an effective subject.

A clutter of wires around your operatingposition will look ten times as bad in a

photo as it does in real life. A mass ofdark, undistinguished -looking cabinets willbecome a dull blob in a small photo.Always bear in mind that the finished photowill be the size of a postcard. Details willnot be immediately apparent and too manywill only clutter up the photo, making itless interesting.

Artistic Designs. Many artistic designs-at least, artistic in the mind of the elec-tronics experimenter-can be worked outaround common radio components. A photoof your antenna against a spectacular fieldof fluffy clouds will make an eye-catchingillustration. Your call letters could then beoverprinted from a second negative, ormaybe added to the original photo bymaking an overlay.

1967 Edition 93

Typical setup for photographing electronic com-ponents shows arrangement of camera, backgroundand lights. The BC flash on the camera provides themain light, extension fills in shadows. Use slow film.

A set of plastic letters, such as those inadvertising novelties and movie copyingstands, could be used to form your callletters, which then could be photographed,or worked into a photo of electronic com-ponents. An alternative is to get a set ofletters that you can photograph by clippingthem from newspaper or magazine head-lines. These letters can be glued to smallpieces of cardboard and used as props-as shown in the photo on page 93.

Call letters could be formed by the out-line of components such as resistors andcapacitors and used as an illustration allby themselves. However, this one requiresconsiderable planning since it is very easyto make the photo look cluttered ratherthan attractive.

Setting Up. Once you have decided onthe props, arrange the background so thatit will not detract from the finished photo-graph. If you are using miniature props,you can make a suitable background byunrolling a piece of plain wrapping paper.Then, arrange your props on the paper andstudy them through the camera viewfinderto find the most pleasant arrangement.Always work slowly and carefully at thisstage. A few minutes of extra effort willpay off in the end. Quite often, a tiny de-

tail overlooked in a hasty shooting sessionwill mar the photo and make it necessaryto do the whole job over at a later date.

When arranging the props, rememberthat the proportions you want are those ofa standard postcard -31/4" x 51/2". You

can make your card an odd size or shapeto attract attention, but it will probablyseldom wind up in the recipient's displayor card file, because it simply won't fit in

with most of the other cards he receives.This is one time when conformity will payoff.

Camera Tips. The type of lighting usedin making your photo will depend on thesubject matter and effect desired. If youneed a spotlight effect to bring out detailor emphasize shadows, an ordinary flash-gun with a deep reflector may give the ef-fect you want, but a regular photographicspotlight will always be best.

An inexpensive compromise is a slideprojector. Without a slide in the carrier, aprojector will throw a fairly concentratedbeam of light at close range. Be carefulnot to tilt the projector from its normalhorizontal position, however, since a projec-tor bulb is very fragile, and the filamentwill sag and break if a projector is set atan acute angle.

Exposure will be partly a matter of cut -and -try. If floodlights (or any "steady"light sources) are used, an exposure metercan be employed to measure the incidentor reflected light. The exposure for flash-bulbs and speedlights can be estimatedfrom the published guide numbers. How-ever, when working so close to your sub-ject, you may find the flash guide numbersso high that, even with slow film, you willbe unable to stop down the lens. The light-ing can be decreased by putting a hand-kerchief over the flash, or using a filterover the lens.

Once you have a negative that suits yourpurpose, all that remains is to make a fewhundred prints! The number depends onhow many QSL cards you expect to send.Whenever you run out, an evening in the"darkroom" will provide you with anotherbig batch of cards.

The data concerning time, frequency,(Continued on page 97)


Single Sideband Turns GoldAMATEUR RADIO

SSB Is Nearly As Old As Radio Communications

By Iry Strauber, K2HEA/4

IN THE FIELD of wireless radio, whosetime in our society is measured by abrief 65 years, it may come as a rude

shock to realize that what most of usthink of as a new form of voice communi-cations has already celebrated its Gold-en Anniversary!

Single sideband-new in application butold in concept-has quietly revolutionizedeveryday voice communications. Now thedependable mainstay of our global AirForce, proven in point-to-point around -the -world commercial use and rapidly"moving in" on the marine frequencies,single sideband (SSB) is playing an in-

creasing role in shrinking the size of ourearth.

What Is Single Sideband? The tech-nique of SSB, or single-sideband sup-pressed -carrier, as it was called in itsearlier days, is not new. It began as an ex-periment conducted by H. P. Arnold some50 years ago at the Naval Radio Stationin Arlington, Virginia. His experimentsshowed that when audio modulation wasadded to a radio frequency carrier, twosidebands were produced-one higher in

frequency and one lower in frequencythan the carrier wave. It was found thatboth of the sidebands contained all of thesignal elements necessary to reproducethe information being broadcast. In thefirst practical test outside the laboratory,an antenna at the Naval Station was tunedup and only one sideband was trans-mitted. The first SSB signal went out overthe air back in 1915.

In the years that followed, arguments

were presented by many theoreticianswho maintained that AM sidebands wereimaginary. They were refuted by a dra-matic transatlantic SSB radiotelephonedemonstration in 1923, which conclusivelyproved that such a thing as SSB did reallyexist and did work.

Later, John R. Carson, of the AmericanTelephone and Telegraph Company, reachedthe important conclusion that is the basisfor SSB as we know it today:

The two sidebands contain identical in-formation and are mirror images of eachother. And, of the intelligence radiatedby the antenna, the greatest amount ofpower is contained in the carrier.It was further proved by Carson that

the carrier contained no useful informa-tion and simply served as a reference pointfor the sidebands. Carson developed anelectronic circuit called a "balanced mod-ulator" which canceled out the carrier butleft the sidebands intact. Patents weresecured on this system as early as 1923.Using SSB, AT&T established communica-tions over a transatlantic circuit in 1927.

Amateur radio operators began to takean interest in SSB in 1933 when BobMoore, W6DEI, built and operated a

SSB transmitter. He described his rig in"R-9" magazine and encouraged a fewpioneers to emulate his move, leading toa handful of "quacking ducks" on theham bands in mid -1934. However, therewas little further action in ham -band SSBtechnology until 1947.

War -time electronic research had madevast improvements in the stability of re-ceivers and transmitters and this re -

1967 Edition 95

kindled an interest in experimenting withSSB operation. In September, 1947, 0. G.Villard, Jr., W6QYT, began operating fromW6YX using SSB on the 75 -meter phoneband. He found W6VQD ready and wait-ing for him. In October of the same year,a 20 -meter SSB QSO was conducted be-tween W6YX and WONWF-much to theamazement of hundreds of listening hamswho found that by simply inserting a car-rier with the aid of their BFO's, theycould actually copy these strange sounds.From this point on, SSB was off and run-ning, and has shown no sign of slackeningits pace.

How It's Done. Single sideband foramateurs began with the phasing methodof sideband generation developed by DonNorgaard, W2KUJ, for use in his famous"SSB Junior" transmitter. The phasingscheme depends upon two 90° phaseshift circuits: one in the r.f. carrier gen-erator and the other in the audio amplifier,as well as two balanced modulators.

Each of the modulators receives one oftwo audio signals, and one of the two"carriers." In each modulator, the cir-cuits are so arranged as to balance out(cancel) the carrier but not the sidebands(both upper and lower) that are generatedin the presence of an audio signal. In

other words, there is no output from themodulators when there is no audio signal.

The sum total effect of these 90° phaseshifts (one after the oscillator, one theaudio) creates a 0° phase difference forone set of sidebands and a 180° phasedifference for the other set of sidebandswhen the signals from both modulatorsare combined in another stage. The addi-tive effect of all this is to cancel out theuppers, for example, and double the low-ers. So all that is left in this instance arethe lower sidebands-the carriers neverget past the modulators. Should you wantto work the upper sideband instead ofthe lower sideband, simply flip the phaseof the audio signal to either one of thedemodulators by 180°. This can be assimple as reversing a transformer's leads.

It seems strange that although crystalfilters were used for many years to in-crease the selectivity of communicationsreceivers, their application to SSB genera-tion did not come about until after thephasing method had been developed. In thecrystal filter lattice -method circuit, the r.f.signal from the balanced modulator (whichis a double-sideband suppressed -carriersignal) is fed into the crystal filter toremove or suppress the unwanted side -band. If the signal is carefully adjustedto the operating characteristics of thefilter, only the wanted sideband will passthrough the filter. A latter-day improve-ment is to use a mechanical filter in placeof the crystal lattice.

AUDIOAMPLIFIER

90°AUDIOPHASESHIFT

1.._BALANCEDMODULATOR

1......BALANCEDMODULATOR

LINEARRF

AMPLIFIER

This simplified diagram shows the generation of a single-sideband radio signal. Textabove describes the purpose of the phase -shifting networks and balanced modulators.


Talk Power. Limited by FCC Regulationsto one kilowatt of input power, radio hamsspent years looking for a means of in-

creasing the effectiveness of their signalswithin the scope of the Regulations. SSBpresented this opportunity because, withit, effective output power can be increasedwhile the same legal input power is main-tained.

An AM transmitter pours most of itsavailable power output into the carrier.If the unmodulated AM carrier represents100 watts of power, the instantaneousPEAK output power for a sine -wave signalis approximately 400 watts. It is interest-ing to note that the AVERAGE power ofthe modulated signal is only 11/2 times thepower of the unmodulated signal. This50% increase in power output is in bothsidebands-each sideband actually has

only one -quarter of the unmodulated pow-er output.

The receiver must also be taken intoconsideration when measuring transmit-ting effectiveness. Each AM sideband is

a "mirror image" of the other, contain-ing identical voice information spanning,say, about 3 kHz on either side of thecarrier frequency. With a receiver whosebandwidth is 6 kHz, the sidebands are ad-ditive and contribute to the total received"talk power." With a more selective re-

ceiver, the bandpass can be cut, in thisinstance, to 3 kHz without affecting theintelligibility. In this receiver, only onesideband would be contributing to the"talk power." Therefore, the conventional100 -watt AM transmitter provides "talkpower" equivalent to only 25 watts andthe rest of the transmitted power is wasted.

It has been shown that the AM carrieris used only to provide a reference for thereceiver's second detector, and the intelli-gence is carried in the sidebands. If thereference is furnished by the receiver(carrier reinsertion), the receiver functionsjust as effectively. Thus, the carrier is notneeded to transmit a voice signal, and itcan be suppressed at the transmitterwithout losing transmission effectivenessor signal intelligibility. But, while we aregetting rid of the carrier, why not alsoeliminate one of the sidebands? For

maximum efficiency and effectiveness, the"mirror sideband" can be readily eliminatedand all of the available power can be putinto the one intelligence -carrying side -

band. The power amplifier that produces100 watts of carrier would now producewhat amounts to one 100 -watt sideband.

Theoretically, we should be able toreach 400 watts of peak power, but thereare a few differences in the circuitry be-tween the AM transmitter and the SSBtransmitter, so that we can actually onlyget a practical power output of about250 watts. When you compare this 250watts of SSB "talk power" with the 25watts of AM signal power as received on ahighly selective receiver, you come up witha power gain ratio of 10 dB.

Summing Up. It should now be ap-parent that if we use a highly selective re-ceiver with a built-in carrier reinsertioncapability, a 25 -watt peak output single-sideband transmitter will provide as muchtalk power as a 100 -watt AM transmitter.Although SSB exciters-because of thecomplexity of the circuitry involved-aremore expensive than their AM counter-parts, the cost is much less per watt atthe higher input power levels than for acomparable AM transmitter.

In today's crowded ham bands, it is

easy to see why hams have shifted sorapidly to the use of SSB. Their signalsare much more readable than they were20 years ago and the elimination of bulky,expensive, electronic components has per-mitted the development of transceivers ofsmall physical size in relation to poweroutput.

(Continued from page 94)signal report, etc., can be typed on theback of your QSL card when it is addressedfor mailing, or blanks for filling in this in-formation can be printed on the back if

you take the finished photographic cards toa commercial printer. If you are very care-ful, you may even get a satisfactory im-print with a rubber stamp.

1967 Edition 97

MalettrAtea2eLONG RANGERWONDERSHAFTfiberglass CB antennasoffer:

protection from weather ease of installation

low background noise proven performance

THE 10-3

WHIP(MOBILE)

The 10-3's Di lectric loadingpacks full quarter wave efficiencyinto just 96". This handsome, ef-ficient antenna stays erect atroad speeds, reducing noises.

"I am using a WonderShaft Whipon my car after using steel whips.The WonderShaft out -performsthe best of them" . . . Carroll W.Powell, Mexico, Maine (KMA4533).

. . . owners areup in the clouds . . .

THE 176

"BIG STICK"(BASE)

The BIG STICK 1 76 is an excel-lent CB 18'6" - 27.1 me fiber-glass WONDERSHAFT antenna. . . all directions coverage . . .

minimum of dead spots . . . noground radials ... independentof mounting location.

Paul Crouch (Crouch TV) New-ark, Ohio says . . . "A Shake-speare 176 BIG STICK, usingidentical heights, locations andradios outplayed aantenna forty hilly miles awayinto a tough location. I thinkLong Rangers are the best an-tennas."

C/P CORPORATION subsidiary of CSIZZIedielealliZRFD 3, COLUMBIA, S. C. PHONE (8031 787-8710

II IIIMEMIIIIIIIIMEMIIIIIIMIIMMINIIICIRCLE NO. 7 ON READER SERVICE CARD


CB

Citizens Radio Service Explosion

Getting To Know The In's And Out's Of CB

By Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060

FROM THE HANDFUL of CB licenseesspread across the country in 1958 tothe 900,000 CB'ers now licensed to

operate nearly four million transceivers,Citizens Band radio has become the largestand most populous of the two-way radiocommunications services. License applica-tions once processed by hand are now fedinto a Univac III computer, the only methodable to cope with the new license applica-tion rate of 15,000 to 20,000 per month.As a communications service offering thegeneral public a short-range (5-20 miles),low-cost ($100-$300) means of two-wayradio for business and/or personal commu-nications, CB has surpassed all expecta-tions in growth, technical advancements,and operational applications in just eightyears.

As a business tool, CB radio has be-come a new method of cutting costs, speed -

The Citizens Radio Servicehas enabled willing pri-vate citizens to performservices that they couldnot perform before dueto lack of communicationsfacilities. A case in pointwas this setup during atelethon for a children'srehabilitation program.CB'ers were directed byWally Rader, KIC5723,and Pete Russell, KIC-1734, to pick up pledgesat the donors' homes oroffices. Nearly $3000 wascollected by the membersof the Western New YorkPioneer CB Association.

ing service to customers, and increasingprofits. Users have found CB radio a re-

liable, low-cost method of dispatching ser-vice vehicles, giving drivers more territoryto cover, and adding greater flexibility.Personal users of the service who original-ly purchased equipment for radio contactsbetween their automobiles and homes, werequick to realize a multitude of applicationsin the areas of public service and emergen-cy assistance.

Hundreds of CB clubs located through-out the country offer assistance to any CB -equipped vehicle within calling range. Sev-eral National CB associations have begunprograms to blanket the country with emer-gency CB two-way radio networks, and anumber of manufacturers, highway safe-ty groups, and industry have begun work onplans to aid the en -route motorist.

It would be next to impossible to sum -

1967 Edition 99

marize the useful applications of CB radio,considering the great number of individualand collective requirements which the ser-vice has been fulfilling. One thing is cer-tain: the eight -year growth period of theCitizens Radio Service, from a use andtechnical development standpoint, has madeCB radio one of the most exciting com-munications developments in this decade.Now we have communications for the aver-age citizen that involves no great outlay ofcash and virtually no technical "know-how."

Various Uses of CB Radio. In additionto personal uses, CB is employed by prac-tically every type of business and municipalagency which has a need for two-way radiocommunications. Farmers, doctors, policeand fire departments, taxicab drivers, vet-erinarians, and marina, service station, andmotel operators-all have a particular needfor CB radio. Moreover, the same equip-ment used for business is compatible withequipment used in the home or in privatevehicles.

A businessman using CB radio to dis-patch a fleet of service trucks will find ituseful to have a transceiver in his automo-bile to keep in touch with the office, or tocommunicate with any one or all of his ser-vice vehicles. And with CB equipment in-stalled in his home, he can be reached byhis office, his trucks, or his family.

The same businessman may also find itconvenient to take two or more CB unitson vacation or on hunting trips. A tempo-rary base station installed in a lake cot-tage can keep the occupants in touch withJunior out on the lake with the 100 -horsecruiser, or with hunters in the woods car-rying CB walkie-talkies.

Citizens Band radio permits the family,employees, and other responsible personsthe licensee may delegate to communicatewithin the network of equipment he hasinstalled into his individual system. Usesare limited only to a person's imagination,as long as his brainstorms are within thepermissible applications of the Rules andRegulations set forth by the FCC.

PEARCE-SIMPSON

SENTRY $99.906 Channel Transistorized CS

Hybrid circuitry

COMPANION III $139.90All Solid State 6 Channel CB

Exclusive "Touch -tap" tuning

CB IN ACTIONAROUND

THEWORLD

GUARDIAN 2323 Channel CB $269.90 AC/DC power supply

5179.90COMPANIONII

5 Channel CB AC/DC power Supply

ALL SOLID STATE CB'SEscort ii 11 Channel CB $219.90

Director 23 Channel CB $269.90

PEARCE-SIMPSON, INC.

P.O. Box 800 Biscayne Annex Miami, Fla. 33152

Please send full information and model specifications.

PER -67

Name

Address

City State


CIRCLE NO. 16 ON READER SERVICE CARD-*

ALASKA23

KRU

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS21

KRS

KQKKQL

7---KQP KQQ

XM6

KQA-KQC2

KQD-KQF3

KQG KQH4

KQ I KQJ

24KRV

PUERTO RICO22

KRT

Call -signs for assignment to CB'ers in 1967 will bear prefixes ranging from KQA through KRV. Dif-ferent prefixes are issued each year to new CB applicants. Canadian call -signs XM1 to XM6 remain the same.

CB Radio Today. A CB licensee mayuse as few as two CB transceivers: a baseand a mobile unit. On a larger scale, CBlicensees may have as many as 200 mobileunits in contact with a base station direct-ing a search for a lost child or an escapedconvict, or aiding disaster victims followingfloods, tornadoes, or earthquakes. In addi-tion, CB radio can tie together a network ofcommunications between a mobile unit,base station, and a CB -equipped boat.Water -going vessels can communicatewith home, other boats, the yacht club, ma-rina, etc. CB'ers can inquire as to weatherconditions, call for help, and even makereservations at CB -equipped hotels, restau-rants, and repair stations. And CB radiocosts far less than a marine radiotelephoneinstallation and requires a smaller antenna.

A CB transceiver used in aircraft has itsown advantages: it can be installed quickly,give a 100- to 150 -mile range from altitudesof 5000 to 10,000 feet, and provide theconvenience of a direct radio link to homeor office. Modern, compact, solid-stateequipment makes CB a natural two-way ra-dio addition to aircraft radio, and most unitsmeet FAA requirements.

Rules and Regulations. All Citizens Ra-dio Service applicants are required toread and understand the Federal Commu-nications Commission's Part 95, the Citi-zens Radio Service Rules and Regulations,BEFORE being licensed. Licensees are al-so required to maintain a current copy ofPart 95 by subscription.

The Rules can be purchased by sending

1967 Edition 103

$1.25 to the Superintendent of Documents,,tGovernment Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. 20402. Future rule changes and in-formation sheets are forwarded to the sub-scriber until notice of expiration is receivedfrom the FCC, at which time the licenseemust renew his subscription.

Eligibility. The FCC states that the Cit-izens Radio Service is intended for person-al or business short -distance radio commu-nications. Any citizen of the United Stateswho is 18 or more years of age can ob-tain a station license in this service if hisapplication meets the requirements of Part95.

Partnerships, associations, trusts, or cor-porations meeting the citizenship require-ments of the Communications Act of 1934,such as special police groups and rescuesquads, and including any state, territorial,or government entity, can also be licensed

CB Channel Assignments

ChannelNumber (MHz)

1 26.9652 26.9753 26.985Brown (24) 26.9954 27.0055 27.0156 27.0257 27.035Red (25) 27.0458 27.0559 27.06510 27.07511 27.085Orange (26) 27.09512 27.10513 27.11514 27.12515 27.135Yellow (27) 27.14516 27.15517 27.16518 27.17519 27.185Green (28) 27.19520 27.20521 27.21522 27.225A 27.235B 27.24523, Blue (C) 27.255

D 27.265E 27.275

USE

Voice, same licensee only

R/C & walkie-talkiesVoice, same licensee only

St OS

R/C & walkie-talkiesVoice, same licensee onlyVoice, any CB licensee

R/C & walkie-talkiesVoice, any CB licensee

I

Voice, same licensee onlyR/C & walkie-talkiesVoice, same licensee only

It

R/C & walkie-talkiesVoice, same licensee only

Business Radio only (HELP?)" " (HELP?)

Voice, any CB licensee, alsoR/C & walkie-talkies, alsoBusiness RadioBusiness Radio only

CB has offered the businessman a low-cost methodof radio communications. This E. F. Johnson equip-ment is shown being used at the Charles MachineWorks, Perry, Okla. The plant supervisor carriesa portable and on the fork lift is a "Messenger I".

in this service, as can any organization orassociation -including Civil Defense andCivil Air Patrol organizations -operating bythe authority of such government entities.

Restrictions. Citizens Radio stationsmay not be used for any purpose contraryto any law, or for broadcasting to the publicin any way, or for unnecessary or frivolouscommunications. Also, they may not beused as links in the communications cir-cuits of other radio services.

No charge can be made for messages re-layed by CB stations, or for the use of li-censed equipment by persons other thanthe licensee. The licensee is responsiblefor the operation of stations licensed tohim. Citizens Band stations may not beused for hobby communications, nor maya licensee of the Citizens Radio Servicecommunicate with "CB" stations beyonda range of 150 miles.

The Class "D" Service. Of the fourclasses of service available in the CitizensRadio Service, each is intended for a par -


ticular purpose and is assigned a particularfrequency band. Equipment for the ClassD service is operated on 11 meters with auser's choice of 23 separate channels from26.965 to 27.255 MHz. Five watts input(four watts output) is the maximum powerallowable.

Class D stations may communicate overdistances of a few yards to 150 miles. Sig-nal range is dependent upon terrain, typeof equipment and location of the antenna.Mobile -to -mobile range may vary from 5 to40 miles; and fixed -location -to -fixed -locationrange from 25 to 75 miles.

Specific -Purpose Channels. Thousandsof CB'ers across the country, as well as anumber of state-wide and national CB as-sociations, have suggested that specific CBchannels be used for specific purposes.

Channel 9 is usually accepted as the"National Calling and Emergency Channel."This means that many CB'ers monitor ("lis-ten to") channel 9 when not otherwise oc-cupied. Some licensees contact their mo-

0 2. Name and Addams al Permian or liannta,

FCC Fenn 4112.0Uaono TTTTTT o datalocnoon., iColroaft COostradioge 1144ach 1%111

TRANSMITTER IDENTIFICATION CARD

1. Sta.an fall sign:

This identification tag should be attached to eachCB transceiver. Patterned after FCC Form 452-C, itis supplied by manufacturers with their equipment.

biles on channel 9, and then both switch toan unused channel to conduct their busi-ness. Thus, the only conversation on chan-nel 9 involves a brief calling period, andthe channel is clear for others.

There are definite advantages to using achannel in this manner, especially on a na-tional basis. The more users monitoringthe channel, the better the chance for anemergency caller to receive help from anyone of hundreds of CB'ers within range.Also, using the channel strictly for calling

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Now your experience as a radio "ham" can help you build a profitablecareer in communications electronics! With RCA Institutes you learn athome in your spare time. In addition to preparing you for an FCC licenseof the proper class, you get the advanced technical training needed toservice and maintain 2 -way radio communications plus the technicalfoundation for space and aviation communications.

With RCA Institutes' liberal Voluntary Tuition Plan you pay for lessonsonly if you order them ... one study group at a time! If you drop out atany time, for any reason, you do not owe RCA one penny! No otherobligations! Licensed by the New York State Education Department.Approved for Veterans.

Other courses available for home study: Electronic Fundamentals Television Servicing Color Television Automation Electronics Computer Programming Transistors

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Without obligation, rush me the FREE 64 -page illustrated booklet "Your Career.in Electronics" describing your electronic home study training program.No salesman will call.

Name Age

Address

City State Zip

CIRCLE NO. 22 ON READER SERVICE CARD1967 Edition 105

and emergency transmissions eliminateshaving to listen to conversations by othersthat do not involve those monitoring thechannel. Channel 9 is one of the few chan-nels where interstation communicationsis possible.

In many parts of the country channel 13is used by non-commercial pleasure boats.As an accepted "water -going" channel, itputs boaters in touch with one another andwith their individual shore stations andmobile units on the road. Shoreline CB'ershave also taken on the responsibility ofmonitoring the waterways for distress callson channel 13.

Channel 22 is generally used by CivilDefense groups employing the aid ofCB'ers during emergency situations suchas floods, searches for missing persons,and traffic control at community events.However, CB'ers working with these agen-cies in time of emergency may not use theirown call -signs, but are given temporary useof Civil Defense call -signs.

The channels listed above are generallyaccepted by most CB'ers across the coun-

try. Channel selection, however, varies indifferent parts of the country. Many CBclubs have posted signs on main high-ways leading into the cities in which theyoperate, to indicate which is monitored inthe area as an aid to travelers. If you're indoubt, and in trouble, start with channel9 and work from there.

As CB continues to grow, each new sta-tion brings the concept of a national CBemergency network closer into view-a net-work that would be of invaluable assistanceduring a national crisis. Such a systemworked out on a voluntary basis from com-munity to community could serve to aid lo-cal, area, or national authorities duringtimes of emergency. But, meanwhile, if youare a small businessman, a fleet truckuser, or a farmer, a doctor, lawyer or justplain citizen, with a need for radio com-munications, either personal or business,you should investigate the possibilities andadvantages of Citizens Band Radio, a ser-vice that has become-in less than a dec-ade-the largest, most useful two-way ra-dio facility in the history of communications.

CB Equipment Photo Gallery

AMPHENOL

e.c.i. -COURIER ROYALE-

ALLIED RADIO "SAFARI I II -

B & K COBRA V"

BROWNING -RAVEN"

EICO -SENTINEL-PRO-


HALL 'CRAFTERS CB -19

INTERNATIONAL MO 23 HEATHKIT GW-14

MULTI-ELMAC "CITI-FONE II"

POLYTRONICS "POLY PUP"

RAYTHEON TWR-ELEVEN"

REGENCY "IMPERIAL"

TEXAS ''RANGER"

LAFAYETTE HB-444/25A

PACE "PLUS 23"

3

PEARCE-SIMPSON "DIRECTOR'.

SQUIRES -SANDERS "S5S'

TRAY T'TA.J..

1071967 Edition

0 co

1967

5 -

Wat

t CB

Tra

nsce

iver

Sam

pler

Thi

s is

a "

Qui

ck -

Sca

n" T

able

item

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of th

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Rad

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re-

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of th

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t am

plitu

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redu

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f the

car

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and

pack

slig

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into

the

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s-w

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s. T

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are

re-

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in th

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sta

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the

next

pag

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"DS

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ble-

side

band

with

redu

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carr

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ever

al m

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in fr

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of a

ll 23

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from

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No.

of X

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A m

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, the

freq

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-co

ntro

lled.

Ban

dspr

ead

tuni

ng o

fa

rece

iver

with

this

circ

uitr

y is

lim

ited

and

is g

ener

-al

ly c

ryst

al-c

ontr

olle

d-m

eani

ng th

at th

e i.f

. cha

nnel

can

be tu

ned

2.5

kHz

abov

e or

2.5

kH

z be

low

the

nom

inal

cha

nnel

freq

uenc

y.In

som

e tr

ansc

eive

rssu

ch tu

ning

has

bee

n gi

ven

the

nam

e "D

elta

." U

n-le

ss o

ther

wis

e in

dica

ted,

the

read

er m

ay a

ssum

eth

at s

ome

sort

of "

band

spre

ad"

tuni

ng h

as b

een

in-

clud

ed in

the

freq

uenc

y -s

ynth

esis

circ

uit.

Pow

er S

uppl

y: In

this

Tab

le th

e ho

useh

old

a.c.

line

volta

ge h

as b

een

"sta

ndar

dize

d" a

t 117

vol

ts. V

ari-

ous

man

ufac

ture

rs u

se 1

10, 1

15, o

r 11

7 vo

lts in

thei

r lit

erat

ure,

but

we

have

stu

ck w

ith th

e la

tter

sinc

e it

is c

lose

r to

the

true

line

vol

tage

thro

ugho

utm

ost o

f Nor

th A

mer

ica.

Man

y tr

ansc

eive

rs h

ave

circ

uitr

y pe

rmitt

ing

oper

atio

n fr

om 1

2 -v

olt a

utom

o-bi

le b

atte

ries,

and

man

y ca

n be

pow

ered

from

6 -

volt

batte

ries.

In th

e T

able

, the

exp

ress

ion

"and

" m

eans

that

the

tran

scei

ver

cont

ains

som

e so

rt o

f uni

vers

alpo

wer

sup

ply

perm

ittin

g op

erat

ion

from

any

of t

hein

put v

olta

ges

show

n. T

he e

xpre

ssio

n "o

r" m

eans

that

the

tran

scei

ver

cont

ains

one

pow

er s

uppl

y an

dth

at th

e su

pply

itse

lf be

cha

nged

to s

witc

h fr

omba

se s

tatio

n (1

17 v

olts

) to

mob

ile (

12 o

r 6

volts

).

Rec

eive

r: T

here

are

ony

two

type

s of

rec

eive

r ci

rcui

tsno

w a

ppea

ring

in C

B tr

ansc

eive

rs. T

hey

are

rela

ted

and

are

eith

er s

trai

ght s

uper

hete

rody

nes,

or

doub

le(s

omet

imes

cal

led

"dua

l") c

onve

rsio

n su

perh

ets.

The

latte

r is

gen

eral

ly m

uch

mor

e se

lect

ive

and

able

to c

ope

with

inte

rfer

ence

from

adj

acen

t cha

nnel

s or

othe

r C

B'e

rs w

ith tr

ansc

eive

rs o

pera

ting

with

in o

ne -

quar

ter

to o

ne-h

alf m

ile a

way

. Atte

ntio

n sh

ould

be

paid

to th

e po

ssib

ility

that

a s

impl

e su

perh

et c

ircui

tm

ay in

clud

e a

crys

tal o

r m

echa

nica

l filt

er to

pro

vide

sele

ctiv

ity c

ompa

rabl

e to

that

of a

dou

ble

supe

rhet

.

Circ

uit:

Tra

nsce

iver

s ca

n us

e al

l "T

ubes

" or

som

etu

bes

and

som

e tr

ansi

stor

s-"H

ybrid

." A

uni

t with

tran

sist

ors

and

diod

es o

nly

is c

alle

d "S

olid

-S

tate

."

Not

es: A

det

aile

d br

eakd

own

of th

e co

ding

num

eral

sfo

r th

is c

olum

n ap

pear

s on

pag

e 11

2. T

hese

num

er-

als

refe

r to

spe

cial

ized

feat

ures

that

are

not

com

-m

on to

all

CB

tran

scei

vers

.

Pric

e: N

o at

tem

pt h

as b

een

mad

e to

diff

eren

tiate

betw

een

so-c

alle

d "li

st"

pric

es a

nd th

e us

ual C

B'e

r"n

et"

pric

es in

the

Tab

le. M

any

man

ufac

ture

rs s

up-

plie

d lis

t pric

es fo

r in

clus

ion

in th

is B

uyer

's G

uide

,le

avin

g th

e di

scou

ntin

g of

pric

e to

the

indi

vidu

alde

aler

and

pur

chas

er. R

eade

rs a

re u

rged

to s

hop

arou

nd a

nd c

ompa

re p

rices

afte

r se

lect

ing

tran

s-ce

iver

s th

at b

est s

uit t

heir

indi

vidu

al r

equi

rem

ents

.T

he le

tter

K id

entif

ies

the

tran

scei

ver

as b

eing

a k

it.If

the

pric

eis

imm

edia

tely

follo

wed

by

a se

cond

pric

e, a

ssum

e th

at th

e se

cond

pric

eis

that

of a

com

para

ble

wire

d un

it.O

LIV

ER

P. F

ER

RE

LL

Rec

eive

rC

ircui

tN

otes

Man

ufac

ture

rM

odel

Typ

eof

Sig

nal

No.

of

Tra

nsm

itC

hann

els

No.

of

Rec

eive

Cha

nnel

s

Tun

able

Rec

eive

r

Pow

erS

uppl

y(V

olts

)P

rice

Alli

ed R

adio

Cor

p.C

-540

AM

10

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

5$

49.9

5 (K

)10

0 N

. Wes

tern

Ave

.C

-560

AM

66

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

3,4,

7,11

$ 89

.95

(K)

Chi

cago

, III.

606

80S

afar

iI

AM

2323

yes

117

and

12do

uble

tube

ssu

perh

et3,

7,8,

9$1

29.9

5 (K

)

Saf

ari I

IA

M5

5no

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

10,1

1$

59.9

5 (K

)S

afar

i Ill

AM

2323

yes

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

7,10

,11

$ 84

.50

(K)

KN

-252

0A

M5

5no

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

10,1

1$

74.7

5K

N-2

522

AM

2323

yes

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

7,10

,11

$ 99

.95

KN

-256

5BA

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

letu

bes

supe

rhet

1,2,

3,7,

8$1

69.9

5

KN

-259

0A

M8

8ye

s11

7su

perh

ettu

bes

4,5,

7,14

$ 69

.95

Am

phen

ol C

orpo

ratio

n51

0-B

AM

88

yes

117

and

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

10$1

99.9

528

75 S

. 25t

h A

ve.

625

AM

1010

no11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te10

,11

$189

.95

Bro

advi

ew, I

II. 6

0153

650

AM

1010

yes

117

and

12do

uble

solid

-sta

tesu

perh

et3,

4,7,

8,11

$219

.95

B &

K M

fg. C

o.C

obra

VA

M5

5no

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

11$

99.9

518

01 W

. Bel

le P

lain

eC

hica

go, I

II. 6

0613

CA

M 8

8A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

letu

bes

supe

rhet

1,2,

3,7,

8$2

14.9

5

Bro

wni

ng L

abs.

, Inc

.12

69 U

nion

Ave

.E

agle

AM

2323

yes

117

doub

letu

bes

supe

rhet

2,4,

7,8,

9$3

59.0

0

Laco

nia,

N. H

. 032

46R

aven

AM

2323

yes

12do

uble

tube

ssu

perh

et2,

3,7,

8,9

$269

.00

Bur

stei

n-A

pple

bee

Co.

BA

-8

AM

77

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

2,4,

5,7,

11$

79.9

510

12 M

cGee

St.

Kan

sas

City

, Mo.

641

06B

A -

23A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

letu

bes

supe

rhet

4,5,

7,8,

11$1

09.9

5

Dem

co E

lect

roni

csC

hale

tA

M6

6no

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

10,1

1$1

24.5

0B

risto

l, In

d. 4

6507

Rav

elle

AM

66

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

3,7,

11,1

2$1

24.5

0S

atel

iteA

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s1,

2,7,

8,9,

13$3

95.0

0

8T

ype

No.

of

No.

of

Pow

erM

anuf

actu

rer

Mod

elof

Tra

nsm

itR

ecei

veT

unab

leS

uppl

yR

ecei

ver

Circ

uit

Not

esP

rice

Sig

nal

Cha

nnel

sC

hann

els

Rec

eive

r(V

olts

)

e.c.

i. E

lect

roni

csT

R-5

AM

55

no12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

ten.

a.$

99.0

0C

omm

unic

atio

ns, I

nc.

TR

-12

AM

1212

no12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te1,

2,7

$139

.00

56 H

amilt

on A

ve.

Whi

te P

lain

s, N

.Y. 1

0601

Cou

rier

23A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

lesu

perh

ettu

bes

1,3,

7,8

$169

.00

Cou

rier

23S

AM

2323

yes

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

1,2,

3$1

69.0

0C

ourie

r R

oyal

eA

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

lesu

perh

ettu

bes

1,2,

3,7,

8,9

$249

.00

EIC

O E

lect

roni

c In

stru

men

t Co.

, Inc

.S

entin

el 1

2A

M12

12ye

s11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s3,

4,7,

8,11

,14

$ 99

.95

131-

01 3

9 A

ve.

Flu

shin

g, N

.Y. 1

1352

Sen

tinel

Pro

AM

2323

yes

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

tube

s1,

2,3,

7,8

$169

.95

Gen

eral

Rad

iote

leph

one

Co.

3501

W. B

urba

nk B

lvd.

MC

-7

AM

2323

no11

7,12

and

6do

uble

supe

rhet

tube

s1,

2,3,

6,7,

8,12

,15

$199

.50

Bur

bank

, Cal

if. 9

1505

SB

-72

SS

B/ A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

lesu

perh

ettu

bes

1,2,

3,6,

7,8,

12,1

6$3

99.5

0

Sup

er M

C -

8A

M23

23no

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

tube

s1,

2,3,

6,7,

8,12

,15

$199

.50

VS

-6

AM

55

no11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s3,

6,11

,12,

15$

99.5

0

Hal

licra

fters

5th

& K

ostn

er A

ve.

CB

-12

AM

1212

no12

doub

lesu

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

3,6,

10,1

1,12

$179

.95

Chi

cago

, III.

606

24C

B -

14A

M23

23ye

s12

doub

lesu

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

1,3,

6,7,

8,10

,12

$259

.95

CB

-17

AM

66

no11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s10

,11

$ 99

.95

CB

-19

AM

88

yes

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

tube

s4,

7,8,

11$1

49.9

5

CB

-20

AM

55

no12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te10

,11

$ 99

.95

Hea

th C

ompa

nyG

W-1

2AA

M1

1no

117

supe

rhet

tube

s10

$ 34

.95

(K)

Ben

ton

Har

bor,

Mic

h. 4

9023

GW

-14

AM

2323

no12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te7,

8,10

,11

$ 89

.95

(K)

$124

.95

GW

-22A

AM

55

no11

7su

perh

ettu

bes

10$

47.9

5 (K

)M

W -

34A

M5

5ye

s11

7,12

and

6su

perh

ettu

bes

4,5,

7,8,

11$

84.9

5 (K

)

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cry

stal

Mfg

. Co.

, Inc

.18

N. L

eeM

O.2

3A

M23

23no

12do

uble

supe

rhet

hybr

id1,

2,17

$245

.00

Okl

ahom

a C

ity, O

kla.

731

02

E. F

. Joh

nson

Com

pany

Mes

seng

erA

M5

5no

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

6,10

,11

$ 99

.95

Was

eca,

Min

n.M

esse

nger

IIA

M10

10ye

s11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s6,

10,1

1$1

49.9

5

Mes

seng

er II

IA

M11

11no

12do

uble

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te2,

6,10

,11

$189

.95

Mes

seng

er 1

00A

M5

5no

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

2,6,

10,1

1$1

29.9

5

Mes

seng

er 3

50S

SB

44

yes

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

3,6,

10,1

1,12

,16

$299

.95

Kaa

r E

lect

roni

cs C

orp.

D33

3BA

M8

8ye

s11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s5,

6,9,

10,1

1$2

29.9

522

50 C

harle

ston

Rd.

Mou

ntai

n V

iew

, Cal

if. 9

4041

Mar

k II

AM

2323

yes

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te1,

6,7,

8$2

19.9

5

Sky

lark

336

AM

1111

non.

a.n.

a.n.

a.n.

a.$1

79.9

5

Lafa

yette

Rad

io E

lect

roni

cs C

orp.

111

Jeric

ho T

npk.

HB

-444

/ 25A

AM

2323

yes

117

and

6do

uble

supe

rhet

tube

s1,

2,3,

6,7,

8,9,

12,1

4$1

79.9

5

Syo

sset

L.I.

, N.Y

. 117

91H

B-5

25A

M23

23ye

s12

doub

lesu

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

1,2,

3,6,

10,1

2$1

49.9

5

HB

-555

AM

1212

no12

doub

lesu

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

6,10

,11,

12$

99.9

5

HB

-600

AM

2323

yes

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te1,

2,3,

6,7,

8,12

,22

$219

.95

HE

-20

TA

M12

12ye

s11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te3,

7,8,

11,1

2$

89.9

5C

omst

at 9

AM

99

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

5,10

,11,

14$

59.9

5 (K

)C

omst

at 1

9A

M9

9ye

s11

7su

perh

ettu

bes

5,10

,11,

14$

69.9

5C

omst

at 2

5A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

lesu

perh

ettu

bes

1,3,

6,7,

8,12

$139

.95

Dyn

a-C

om 5

AM

33

noB

atte

rysu

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

11,1

8$

99.9

5

Mid

land

Inte

rnat

iona

l Cor

p.13

-150

AM

88

no12

supe

rhet

solid

-sta

te8,

11$1

24.9

519

09 V

erno

n S

t.N

. Kan

sas

City

, Mo.

641

16

Mul

ti-E

lmac

Co.

Citi

-Fon

e II

AM

22

yes

12su

perh

etso

lid-s

tate

19$

49.9

521

470

Coo

lidge

Citi

-Fon

e 99

AM

88

no11

7 an

d 12

supe

rhet

tube

s7,

8,11

$ 99

.95

Oak

Par

k, M

ich.

482

37C

iti-F

one

SS

AM

2323

yes

117

and

12su

perh

ettu

bes

1,7,

8$1

69.5

0

Man

ufac

ture

rM

odel

Typ

eof

Sig

nal

No.

of

Tra

nsm

itC

hann

els

No.

of

Rec

eive

Cha

nnel

sT

unab

leR

ecei

ver

Pow

er

Sup

ply

Rec

eive

r(V

olts

)

Ols

on E

lect

roni

cs, I

nc.

CB

-8

AM

88

no12

supe

rhet

260

S. F

orge

St.

CB

-12

AM

1212

no12

supe

rhet

Akr

on, O

hio

4430

8S

ide

-Ban

der

IID

SB

2323

yes

117

and

12do

uble

supe

rhet

Spo

tter

23A

M23

23ye

s11

7 an

d 12

doub

lesu

perh

et

Pac

e C

omm

unic

atio

ns C

orp.

2404

9 S

. Fra

mpt

on A

ve.

Pac

e I

AM

66

no12

doub

lesu

perh

etH

arbo

r C

ity, C

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CB

Getting Your CB License

Save Time and Money By Carefully Filing Your Application

By Peggy Ploger, KLJ8033

APPLYING for a Class D Citizens Bandstation license is painless and sim-ple as long as you are careful in

answering each step of the ApplicationForm 505 correctly and truthfully. Theform itself is as official as it appears, butnot half as involved as it might seem.

A station license must be obtained fromthe Federal Communications Commissionin order to set up a CB communicationssystem unless you intend to work onlywith 100-milliwatt walkie-talkies. However,such low power units may not be employedin a licensed CB system unless they havebeen included in the total number of"transmitters" requested in your applica-tion.

Your station license call -sign will ap-

pear on your license as issued by theFCC. Your particular call will be goodfor five years, unless you find a need formore "transmitters" in your CB systemthan were requested in the original appli-cation. This is why it is important to in-clude the total number of transceivers youfeel you might be using during the five-year period, including walkie-talkies orportable units.

The maximum number of "transmitters"that a individual CB'er can apply for with-out "explanation" is six-including his ownbase station. A business may apply for12 and be requested to explain the neces-sity for 13 or more "transmitters." The

FCC is not too strict on this point, butdoes expect reasonableness.

If you should change your address with-in the five-year period, you are requiredto notify the FCC of the change. This can

be handled by sending a postcard givingyour call -sign, name (as it appears on theCB license), and the old and new addresses,including the zip code of the new address.This information should be mailed to: Fed-eral Communications Commission, 334York St., Gettysburg, Pa. 17325. Yourcall -sign will remain the same for the restof the five-year license period.

Filling Out Form 505. The current CBlicense form accepted for a new, renewedor modified license is FCC Form 505, June1965.* The form is available from theFCC, Washington, D.C., and it is usuallypackaged with new CB equipment. ManyCB dealers and distributors keep a supplyon hand, available for the asking. Thissame form is used to modify an existinglicense (increase the number of trans-mitters, transfer control of licensee corpor-ation, etc.). If a license is lost, a duplicatecan be obtained from the FCC by applyingfor it on Form 505, attaching a statementas to how the original was lost.

All Class D station license applicationsmust be accompanied by a check or moneyorder for $8 made payable to the FederalCommunications Commission.

A step-by-step procedure is given belowto help the CB applicant complete thenecessary paper work. The item numbersmatch those on a typical Form 505. Thetop sheet of your Form 505 should beoverprinted in large red letters "WORKSHEET." The FCC has included this sheet

'Avoid using any FCC Form 505 other than thatdated June 1965. Though forms from 1963 to 1965are legal, some wording has been changed and themost recent form is your safest bet.

1967 Edition 115

FCC FoRNI 505

NOTE HO

1

4

7

DO NOT BRITS IN THIS BLOCK

NAME OF APPLICANT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. NM

APPLICATION FOR CLASS IS C. OR 0 STATION LICENSE IN THE

CITIZENS RADIO SERVICE

DUSIKSS NAME (IF ANY) OR, W APPLYING ONLY AS AN INDIVIDUAL GIVE LAST NAME

FIRST NAME Of AN INDWIDUALI MIDDL.E INITIAL

IF AN INDIVIDUAL OPERATING UNDER A TRADE NAME GIVE INDIVIDUALNAME. OR IF PARTNERSHIP. LIST NAMES OF'PARTNERS (Do not repeatany name used in ikno II

LAST NAMES

PERMANENT MAILING ADDRESS

NUINIER AND STREET

FIRST NAMES

CITY STATE

ZIP CODE COUNTY

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICANT (See instructions)

O INN

0 Day

WIDUAL ASSOCIATION

IVIDVAL/OA

=MESSON

El] ENTITY

(SPecifio

CLASS OF STATION (Cheek only one) (See instruction.)

El CLASS 0 CLASS D

IS THIS APPLICATION TO MODIFY OR RENEW AN EXISTING STATION LICENSE,

0 TEN (Give eall sign): 0 "

IF YES. EXPLAIN UNDER REMARKS

DO YOU NOW HOLD ANY STATION LICENSE. OTHER THAN THAT COVERED BY ITEM 6OF THE SAME CLASS AS THAT REQUESTED BY THIS APPLICATION, (See nutter,.

ns)

0 YEN 0 MO

IF YES. FURNISH CALL SIGN(S)

TOTAL NUMBER Of TRANSMITTERS TO BE AUTHORIZED UNDER REQUESTED STATIONLICENSE

(Number.EXPLANATION MAY BE REQUIRED. SEE INSTRUCTIONS.

FONT., APPROVED

MOSE/. BuHEAU NO 52 -1V,3 1E

I. Applie:tion for Class A station license must b.. tiled on FCC FORM 4110.

2. Complete on typewriter or print clearly.

.3. Be sure application is signed and dated. Mail application to Federal Com-munications Commission, Gettysburg, Ps., 17325.

J. Enclose IA fee with application. 110 NOT SUBMIT CASH. Make checkcrr /110oPy order payable In Federal Communications Commission. The feewili not he refunded even If the applicsit ion is not granted. Also, fee overpay-ment, of $2 or Iris will not be refunded. (No fee Is required for an applicationfiled by a governmental entit

U

12

7

II

YES I NO

DOES EACH TRANSMITTER TO BE OPERATED APPEAR ON THEACOMMISSION S -RAD. EQUIPMENT IS PART C OR. IF FOR CLASS C ORCLASS D STATIONS, IS IT CRYSTAL CONTROLLED, (If NIL HINTSdetailed description: see subpart of Part AS)

t

A WILL APPLICANT OWN ALL THE RADIO EQUIPMENT, Ill nu. amiss,and C Moor,

1

OWxER

IS DIE APPLICANT APART( TO A WRITTEN LEASFOR OTHER AGREERFNIUNOCRWHICH ...CHINAS...OR CONTROL WILL IT FTEAUSED INNER /SIP THE EQUIPMENT RENE OWNED IT TNF APPLICANT,THE SANE MAN

HAS APPLICANT READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE PRI:111510AS OF PART 05,SUBPART D. DEALING WITH PERMISSIBLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR WHICHTHIS CLASS OF STATION MAY BE USED,

IF THE STATION IS TO BE USED FOR VOICE COMMUNICATION. DOESAPPLICANT CERTIFY THAT IT WILL NOT BE USED EITHER FOR COMIRDNI.CATION OVER A DISTANCE EXCEEDING ISO MILES. OR FOR THE EXCHANGEOF CHIT.CHAT, IDLE CONVERSATION. DISCUSSION OF EQUIPMENT. ORHOBBY -TYPE COMMUNICATIONS?

WILL ANY PERSON. OTHER THAN (I) THE APPLICANT. (2) MEMBERS OF

HIS IMMEDIATE FAMILY LIVING IN TOE SAME HOUSEHOLD, OR (3) HISETIPLOYEES, OPERATE THE STATIONS

(If yes,attach a RAW,. .10.11isting the names and relationshin of allends persons and vier a detailed reason for their operation of Yearstation)

IF APPLICANT IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR A PARTNERSHIP. ARC YOU OR ANYOF THE PARTNERS AN ALIEN, (If (Cr answer is per, 110 TAM Me thisapplication because you are not eligible for n license,

IS APPLICANT THE REPRESENTATIVE OF ANY ALIEN OR ANY FOREIGNGOVERNMENT, (If yee,eyylain fAllyl

WITHIN 10 YEARS PREVIOUS TO THE DATE OF THIS APPLICATION. HASTHE APPLICANT OR ANY PARTY TO THIS APPLICATION BEEN CONVICTEDIN A FEDERAL. STATE. OR LOCAL COURT OF ANY CRIME FOR WHICH THEPENALTY IMPOSED WAS A FINE 01 1500 OR MORE. OR AN IMPRISONMENTOf 6 MONTHS OR MORO

IF YES, SEE INSTRUCTIONS.

IF APPLICANT IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR A PARTNERSHIP ARE YOU OR ANYPARTNER LESS THAN III YEARS OF AGE .LESS THAN II YEARS OF AGE IFFOR CLASS C STATION LICENSEJI (I( the answer is do 1,4 filethis application. Persons under Darr 11,1 cliaible 101 11 Chnn or(loss D license and persons under I, are not dienNr Int a Class ('license)

IF ITEM 3 SHOWS A P.O. BOX OR RFD HUMMER, GIVE A DEFI-NITE LOCATION WHERE THE LICENSEE OR THE STATION MAYBE FOUND. (DO NOT GIVE POST OFFICE BOX OR RFDNUMBER.)

WARR AND STREET

CITY

LIFola:ZN CANNOT OF SPECIFIED Y STRUT. CITY. ANO STATE. GIVE OTHER DESCRIPTION Of

DO NOT WRITS IN TAIlS BOSCHUTT. r (11 N

SIGNATURE CI 0 N

SIGN AND DATE THE APPLICATION ON REVERSE SIDE

19 IF APPLICANT IS A NONGOVERNMENTAL Y[f NDCORPORATION. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ITEMS

15 CORPORATION ORGANIZED UNDER LAWS OF ANY FOREIGNGOVERNMENT, (Dyes. do not file the orplication because you RFCnot rliaible for o Matron license)

IS ANY OFFICER OR DIRECTOR of THE CORPORATION AN LIEN7(If yes, do nal fik the application because you are not elig)bD tor astation !Bosse)

IS MORE THAN ONEF1FTH Of THE C Ii NFR OWNED OFAPITAL STOCKRECORD OR MAY IT BE VOTED BY ALIENS OR THEIROR BY A FORT ION GOVERNMCNTOR REPRESS THEREOF OR BY

COUNTRY,

10 IF APPLICANT IS AN UNINCORPORATEDASSOCIATION. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ITEMS MO

15 ANY OFFICER OR DIRECTOR OF THE ASSOCIATION AN ALIEN,(LC:. ,t1:,,,t)file the application because you are not rliglitde for a

ATE MORE THAN ONE FIFTH or THE VOTING NIMBI 1511F T HI .,OCIA14TION ALIENS OR REPRISE NTATIVES OF ALIENS. FURI IC, G0.1 ,41, TS

TOPFIT SENTA TIT. THEREOF. OR CORPORA TUNS ORGTNI. n l.NDIFITHE LAWS OF A FOREIGN COUNTRY,

III r do nN)file the aPPlication incense you are not for a

so that your actual application will be cor-rect and can be processed without diffi-culty. Fill in the work sheet (in pencil)first, check all the answers, then transfer(in ink) the correct answers to the actualapplication.

ITEM 1. Insert your business name orlegal last name here. (If the license is

for business purposes, print in the firmname.) On the second line, enter yourfirst name and middle initial. Marriedwomen should use their own names (i.e.,Julie Jones, not Mrs. John Jones.)

ITEM 2. If you will be operating undera trade name, you should enter your ownname here; or, if in a partnership, youmust list the names of your partners inthe spaces provided. (Do not repeat anyname used in Item 1.)

ITEM 3. Insert your mailing address inthis box. If you are doubtful as to thecounty in which you live, you can phoneany local or state government office forthe correct information.

ITEM 4. Place an X in the appropriatebox.

ITEM 5. Place an X in the box labeled"Class D."

ITEM 6. If you are applying for a CBstation license for the first time, put anX in the box labeled "NO." If you arereapplying for a license because you havemoved, are adding more units to your sys-tem, or if your present license has ex-pired, put an X in the box labeled "YES"and enter your present call -sign on theline below.

ITEM 7. If this is your first request forlicensing, place an X in the box labeled"NO."

ITEM 8. Enter the number of "trans-mitters" you expect to use in your CBsystem. Two units make a complete two-way radio system; if you plan to add addi-tional equipment to your facilities beforeyour five-year license expires, you shouldinclude these in the number to be au-thorized at this time. Reapplying for theuse of more "transmitters" after a licensehas been issued will require an additional$8 fee. Note the limitation as to number.

ITEM 9. Most CB'ers purchase equip-ment approved by the FCC for Class D

operation, so mark the box labeled "YES"with an X. If you are in doubt, ask yoursupplier-he should know!

ITEM 10. In almost all cases, you willeither own or plan to purchase CB trans-ceivers-mark the box labeled "YES." Ifyou will not own the equipment (it couldbe leased), you must fill in items "B" and"C" below the question.

ITEM 11. Here the FCC wants to knowthat you have read and understood theprovisions of Part 95 of the Rules con-cerning the permissible communicationsfor which you will be using your station.You must have a copy of Part 95 in yourpossession before operating your CB sta-tion.

ITEM 12. This question asks you to"certify" that you will be operating yourCB system in accordance with the Rulesset forth in Part 95.

ITEM 13. If persons other than yourimmediate family or employees will beoperating your equipment, you must listtheir names and relationships on a sep-arate sheet of paper with a detailed reasonfor their operation of your station.

ITEM 14. Answer this question with a"NO" unless you are (or, if a partner-ship, one of your partners is) an alien.

ITEM 15. This question is answered witha "NO" also, or you must give a detailedexplanation on another sheet.

ITEM 16. Give an "appropriate" an-swer here. If your answer is "YES," youmust also answer the three lengthy ques-tions asked under this item which are con -

Classes of the Citizens Radio Service

CLASS FREQUENCY POWER USERANGE INPUT

A

B

462.55-463.20 MHz 60 watts voice or464.75-466.45 MHz control

(48 channels)Same as above. 5 watts voice or

but any frequency control(no channels)

26.995-27.255 MHz 5 watts control72.08-75.64 MHz (30 watts on

(10 channels) 27.255 MHz;1 watt on

72.75 MHz)

26.965-27.225 MHz 5 watts voiceand 27.255 MHz(23 channels)

1967 Edition 117

tained in the FCC's "Specific Instructions"sheet attached to Form 505.

ITEM 17. Your answer here must bea truthful "NO" to be eligible for a CBstation license.

ITEM 18. If the location from whichyou will be operating your base station isdifferent from your mailing address, youmust enter the station address on theselines.

ITEMS 19 and 20. These need only beanswered if applicable. If either of theseitems pertains to you, take your time inanswering them, and if there is any doubtin your mind as to how they should beanswered, consult an attorney.

Finally, the FCC asks that you attest toseven statements listed on the bottom ofthe form by signing on the signatureline, dating the form, and checking onelast box applicable to your position in ap-plying for a license. Read the statements,understand them, and approve of thembefore signing.

Now check over all your answers on thework sheet. When you are sure they'recorrect, transfer this information to theactual application form. Be sure to signthe application when it is completed. Nosignature, errors, or omissions will neces-sitate the return of your application bythe FCC, without your license! Moreover,you will have to submit an additional $8fee with your corrected or reapplied ap-plication. Mail the form with your check ormoney order to the Federal Communica-tions Commission, Gettysburg, Pa. 17325.

You will also find an order blank for

Volume VI, Part 95 of the Rules & Regu-lations, attached to your application form.If you do not have a copy, put your nameand address on this form and mail it tothe Superintendent of Documents, Govern-ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C.20402 with a check or money order for$1.25. With this subscription, you willreceive the current FCC Rules & Regula-tions for CB and, automatically, all subse-quent additions, changes, or corrections.

While You're Waiting. As the waitingtime for issuance of a CB license is onlythree weeks, it is NOT worth taking thechance of jeopardizing the privilege youare requesting by using your transmitterbefore receiving your call -sign.

When you receive your license, post itnear your base station where it can beexamined by the proper authorities if theoccasion should ever arise. FCC Form452-C (transmitter identification card) ora photocopy of your license should beattached to each mobile unit you will beusing under your call -sign. These bag-gage tags are included with most unitsmanufactured. Additional tags are avail-able from any FCC field office.

Now you're but half a step from being"on the air." In the brief interim periodof waiting for your call -sign to be issued,it's a good idea to review your stationsetup. Check out your installation fromthe microphone to the antenna on the roof.Be sure your mobile unit is securelymounted and that all connections from theantenna to the CB unit are solid.

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CIRCLE NO. 26 ON READER SERVICE CARD1 1 8 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

CB

Installing Your CB System

You Can Get a Two -Way System Working In a Few Hours

By John Francis, KHD4785

INSTALLING a Citizens Band two-wayradio system is relatively easy, but theinstallation should be planned in ad-

vance to insure the most efficient use ofthe system. Proper physical location ofthe transceivers is of prime importance toboth base and mobile stations.

A base transceiver is usually installednear the telephone so that messages canbe relayed from one facility to the otherwith no time loss. With the telephone lo-cated across the room from the transceiv-er, a CB call could be interrupted by thetelephone, or vice versa, involving jauntsfrom one communication setup to the other.Also, having to interrupt a CB call tohandle a telephone call for any length oftime ties up the channel.

Mobile installations should be plannedwith the safety of the driver in mind. TheCB transceiver should be conveniently lo -

Typical CB mobile in-stallation fulfills all re-quirements mentioned inthe text. This driver foundhe could convenientlymount his Pearce -Simp-son Escort II transceiverunder the dash panelof his Chevrolet Impala.The coiled cord mike isa must in all mobileham/CB installations.

cated in relation to the driver's position,but not obstruct his view of the road orhamper his use of any controls.

Basically, CB systems can be installedin the home or office, in a truck or auto,or even in a cabin cruiser, with little effort,and in about the same amount of time itmight take to install a TV receiver. Notechnical knowledge is necessary since theequipment has been aligned at the factory.It requires only mounting, a proper voltagesource, and plugging in the antenna.

Base Station Installation. Since the wom-an of the house is usually the base sta-tion operator at home, it is most convenientto install the base unit in the kitchen. Thedwindling size of transistorized gear en-ables many units to take up just a smallcorner of the kitchen counter. Wherespace is at a premium, some CB'ers use

1967 Edition 119

a mobile mounting bracket to suspend theunit under an overhanging cupboard, in

much the same way that a mobile unithangs under the dashboard of a car.

Office or business base stations aremore often installed on a secretary's desk,or where someone will be within hearingdistance of incoming calls. In factory ap-plications it is appropriate to have theequipment near the switchboard operator,who can handle incoming calls and relayinformation within the building. A ware-house system involved with dispatchingtrucks on the road, or in -plant vehicles,would be more efficient on the head fore-man's desk, or near the main telephoneline in the area.

Before mounting the antenna on thebase station roof, it is wise to consider(when there is a choice) where the lead-inwire will enter the building, and thenmount the antenna where the shortestlength of wire will be needed from theroof to the unit.

Besides grounding the antenna mast,be sure that the transceiver itself isgrounded. This will not only contribute topersonal safety, but may well save yourequipment if lightning should strike yourantenna. Also, although it may not addmeasurably to your signal, it could aidin atmospheric noise reduction.

Mobile Installation. The most practicalplace for the transceiver in all vehicularinstallations is under the dash, as closeto the driver as possible. But care mustbe taken to keep both the unit and themike cable clear of the gas pedal. Mount-ing the transceiver under the dash putsthe controls within reach of both the driv-er and a passenger.

If the glove compartment is centrallylocated, there is a chance that the holes(or slots) in the transceiver's mountingbracket will match those used to hold thecompartment door -hinge in place. Inmany cases the same screws will hold thebracket and the compartment door; if theywill not, holes can be drilled under thedash to hold the bracket.

Power connections for a mobile unit areusually clearly marked by the manufactur-

er, or color -coded to coincide with instruc-tions supplied with the equipment. The"hot" lead should be connected to theignition switch "accessory" terminal sothat all power to the equipment will bekilled when the vehicle's engine is turnedoff. However, this type of connection mayproduce a loss of power (if you use tube -type rigs) due to the increased load throughthe ignition switch.

For best possible performance, powerconnections can be run directly to thebattery terminals or fuse block. The onlyobvious precaution with this arrangementis to remember to turn the unit off whenleaving the vehicle. A mobile unit poweredwith an automobile's power supply will beof little value in calling for help with adead battery.*

Boat Installations. Since there is lessequipment and control apparatus aboardmost boats than in automobiles, there isnormally much more room for mountingtwo-way radio gear "aboard ship." Thedecision on where to locate the gear usu-ally hinges on convenience. Generally, theequipment will be bulkhead- or dash -mounted near the wheel, so that it will notbe accessible to salt spray or moisture ofany kind.

The power source is of prime importancein choosing equipment to be used on aboat. The choice of a power supply for thetransceiver will depend on whether theboat is equipped with a 6-, 12-, or 32 -volt battery; a 117 -volt a.c. generator; orno power source at all. Equipment is man-ufactured to match any of these powerrequirements. There are a number offully transistorized CB units being marketedwhich operate from 117 -volt a.c., 12 -voltd.c., or self-contained battery pack sources.For smaller craft without power facilities,lightweight, transistorized equipment canbe used on board, carried ashore andused in the field on its own supply, ortaken into the home and used on a.c.power.

.More details on installation of CB transceivers canbe found in the ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION &SERVICING HANDBOOK, 1967 Edition, now on saleat your favorite newsstand.


Or

O

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Consider the Devant Special (fig. 1),Features a 10" radial Top Hat foradditional gain. This base stationantenna is so lightweight you canmount it yourself. Radiates well inall directions. Priced $32.59.

Point your signal where you want itwith New Stock'it beams (fig. 2).Stacked beams are available in kitform. Include beams and aPl parts -

coax yoke, boom and hardware. Pur-chase for nearly the previous costof stocking Mosley beams.STACK'IT 3 ( 3 -el. ) KIT: $80.25STACK'IT 4 ( 4 -el. ) KIT: $93.45STACK'IT 5 ( 5 -el. ) KIT: $109.95

Going mobile? How about a 17" DemonDA -27 (fig. 3)? It's a 'Devil of a Per-former'! Only $13.19.

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the Deputy DP -27 (fig. 4). Measures43 74". Only $17.59.

Install this one quickly - - the New 3'long Cadet SUC-1 (fig. 5). Incorporatesa rubber suction cup for instant in-stallation. Eliminates hole drilling.Operates without a ground on all sur-faces, Ideal for REACT and HELPuse. Install on cars, boats, campers.Only $22.92. Model PER -1 Cadet(fig. 6 ) is similar to SUC-1, but isdesigned for permanent installation.Only $26.66.

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1967 Edition 121

CB

CB Operating Procedures

Improve Your Operating Habits With These Hints

Matt P. Spinello, KHC2060IT IS not necessary to muster the com-

manding voice of a network radio an-nouncer to effectively communicate via

the Citizens Band. Moreover, no technicalknowledge is required to operate the equip-ment. These two features, in addition tothe low cost of establishing and maintain-ing a CB system, render the service a use-ful and practical means of two-way radiocommunications. To effectively operatesuch a system, however, a few practicaloperating procedures will pay off immea-surably.

Placing a Call. Speaking distinctly andclearly into the microphone while engagedin two-way conversations over the air hasits rewards. When calling a mobile unit,for example, there's a good chance thedriver will be more concerned with man-ning his vehicle than listening to his CBrig. Also, if he is located a great distancefrom the calling base station, the signalmay be weak. It therefore is important tomake the call CLEARLY. Clarity also paysoff in calling a base station from the mo-bile since the base station operator mayhave turned the volume low to keep party -line calls on the same channel from in-terfering with his other activities.

The following example is representativeof the type of calls transmitted by thou-sands of CB'ers across the nation. Themethod and procedure is practically stan-dardized.

BASE STATION: "KHA3794, KHA3794base to mobile. Over."

MOBILE STATION: "This is KHA3794mobile. Over."

BASE: "What is your present location?Over."

MOBILE: "I'm just passing the 200block on Fifth Avenue. Over."

BASE: "Did you pick up Johnny at thefurniture store? Over."

MOBILE: "Yes, I did. Over."BASE: "Mike called and is finished with

his piano lesson. Can you pick him up onyour way home? Over."

MOBILE: "Okay, will do. Over."BASE: "Also, please call me by tele-

phone before you head in. Over."MOBILE: "Okay. Over."BASE: "KHA3794 base, out and clear."MOBILE: "KHA3494 mobile, out and

clear."

In this example, a mother is obviouslyassigning her husband the task of round-ing up their children before he headshome. In addition, she has a message forhim that should not be handled over theair and so has asked him to telephone.The housewife has saved time and travelby reaching her mobile unit before it re-

turned to the base station. And since thetransmissions were made on a preselectedchannel monitored by both the base andmobile units in the system, the messageswere easily delivered.

The "10 -Code." Although the conversa-tion in the example above is short and tothe point, it can be trimmed even more bymaking use of the POPULAR ELECTRONICS

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"10 -Code." This method is highly effectivewhen radio traffic is heavy, or when a de-tailed, lengthy message may tie up thechannel for a long period of time. It is evenmore effective when a mobile unit is nearthe end of the transmitting/receivingrange and where numbers can be morereadily understood than individual wordsor long sentences.

Here is the same message incorporatingthe POPULAR ELECTRONICS 10 -Code:

BASE STATION: "KHA3794, KHA3794base to mobile. Over."

MOBILE STATION: "This is KHA3794mobile. Over."

BASE: "What is your 10-20?"MOBILE: "200 Fifth Avenue."BASE: "Did you 10-25 Johnny?"MOBILE: "10-4."BASE: "Mike is 10-24. Can you 10-22?"MOBILE: "10-4."BASE: "10-21 me before 10-19."MOBILE: "10-4."BASE: "KHA3794 base, 10-10."MOBILE: "KHA3794 mobile, 10-10."

Note that use of the 10 -Code can cuttransmission time nearly in half. Whenyou first use the code it may take just aslong to transmit as a fully spoken message.But as you gain familiarity with the basicnumbers, the 10 -Code will soon become asautomatic as the English language. Anduse of the code will expedite message han-dling, thus clearing the channel for others.

For quick reference, it is a good idea topost a copy of the 10 -Code near the trans-ceiver at the base station. The overheadvisor is a handy location for the code inthe mobile unit. Since it is a dangerouspractice to transmit while driving, andagainst the law in many states, a mobileCB vehicle should pull off the road andcome to a dead stop before originating oranswering a CB call.

"Break -Break." The "break -break" slo-gan is a nationally accepted means of ask-ing for access to a channel already in use.It is used to "break" into a conversationbetween two other CB units-when youhave a definite reason for doing so. The

A DIVISION OF The Nova CorporationCIRCLE NO. 28 ON READER SERVICE CARD COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

"breaker" (the party breaking in) takesadvantage of the time between transmis-sions-after one party has finished a state-ment with "over," and before the otherbegins to transmit, by saying "break -break." Once this has been done, theparty who was to have begun the next partof the conversation will usually acknowl-edge the "breaker," at which point he putsin his bid for the channel. This action willusually be followed by a stand-by of thetwo parties previously engaged in conver-sation so that the "breaker" may place hiscall.

As an example, let's consider a conver-sation by two stations (we'll dub themA and B) who will be joined by Station C,the breaker. Station C has monitored theconversation between A and B, and feelsthat his message is more important thanthe verbal exchange in progress.

STATION A: ". . . When you've deliv-ered those last two bundles, come back tothe plant, Guy."

STATION B: "10-4, Jim. I'll be headinghome in about ten minutes."

STATION C: "Break -break"!STATION A: "There's a 'breaker' in

there. Stand by. Pick it up 'breaker.' "STATION C: "This is KHD4785 with a

call for Dr. Karr."STATION A: "10-4. Give me a 10-21,

Guy. KLJ8486 base, 10-10."STATION B: "10-4, Jim. KLJ8486 mo-

bile, 10-10."

Unfortunately, the CB channels are a"party line," and not all operators are ascourteous as the two above. However, theauthor has found that if you treat otherson your favorite channel as you would liketo be treated, it will work like a charm.

Rules To Remember. When operatingon the Citizens Band, keep in mind thefollowing ten important rules:

(1) Station identification must be givenby both parties at the beginning of andupon completion of each contact, regard-less of whether the call lasts 30 secondsor a full 5 minutes.

(2) Use channels 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,and 23 for INTERSTATION communica-tions. All other channels are for use onlyby stations carrying your own call -sign.Channel 9 should be used for emergencyaid.

POPULAR ELECTRONICS Citizens Band "10 -Code"

General Station Operation

10-1 Receiving poorly.10-2 Signals good.10.3 Stop transmitting.104 Okay-Affirmative-Acknowledged.10-5 Relay this message.10-6 Busy, stand by.10-7 Leaving the air.10-8 Back on the air and standing by.10-9 Repeat message.10-10 Transmission completed, standing by.10-11 Speak slower.10-13 Advise weather and road conditions.10-19 Return to base.10-20 What is your location? My location is10-21 Call by telephone.10-22 Report in person to10-23 Stand by.10-24 Have you finished? I have finished?10-25 Do you have contact with

Emergency or Unusual

10-30 Does not conform to Rules & Regulations.10-33 Emergency traffic this station.10-35 Confidential information.10-36 Correct time.

Accident and Vehicle Handling

10-54 Accident.10-55 Wrecker or tow truck needed.10.56 Ambulance needed.

Net Message Handling

10-60 What is next message number?10-64 Net is clear.10-66 Cancellation.10-68 Repeat dispatch on message.10-69 Have you dispatched message --.

Personal

10-82 Reserve room for10-88 Advise present phone number of __ .

Technical

10-89 Repairman needed.10-90 Repairman will arrive at your station -.10-92 Poor signal, have transmitter checked.10-93 Frequency check.10-94 Give a test without voice for frequency

check.10-95 Test with modulation.10-99 Unable to receive your signals.

1967 Edition 125

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(3) Make your transmissions brief andto the point. Long transmissions tend toconfuse, making it hard for the otherparty to remember all that you may haveasked. Since he can't interrupt you ontwo-way radio as he might on the tele-phone, it is to your advantage to toss onequestion at a time.

(4) Stay within the 5 -minute limit setforth in Part 95 of the Rules and Regula-tions. If you have additional informationthat must be relayed to your station andhave used up your time, clear the channelfor 5 minutes to allow others to place theircalls, then contact your station again oncethey have cleared and another 5 minuteshave passed. This rule does not apply tounits of the same station or to emergencycommunications.

(5) Use YOUR equipment and a DIF-FERENT call -sign if you qualify as a mem-ber of a duly licensed group activity suchas a volunteer fire company, CD service,etc. You are then a mobile unit of theprimary licensee.

(6) You may continue to operate anduse your present call -sign after moving toa new permanent address. However, youmust notify the FCC of the move. Mail apostcard giving your call -sign, your name(as it appears on the CB license), and theold and new addresses, (including the zipcode of the new address). Mail the infor-mation to the Federal CommunicationsCommission, 334 York Street, Gettysburg,Pa. 17325.

(7) Make use of the 10 -Code for speed,intelligibility, and good communications.

(8) Use the "break -break" procedureONLY when it is absolutely necessary touse the channel. Don't "break" merely tobecome a third party to a conversation al-ready in progress.

(9) Speak clearly, distinctly, with themicrophone approximately two inches fromyour lips. And speak in a normal tone-shouting only creates distortion.

(10) Be prepared to use any CB channelin case of emergency. Part 95.85 of theRules permits a waiver of all restrictionswhere immediate safety of life or immedi-ate protection of property can be demon-strated.


CB Also Means "Public Service"CB

CB Clubs Promote Safety and Act As Good Samaritans


iviOST of the Citizens Band clubs inNorth America have experienced atransition in the past five years. In

the early years of CB, licensees gatheredfor coffee breaks or meetings to discussCB operations in their areas and the latestCB equipment. From these occasional get-togethers stemmed the first CB clubs,basically organized to help new licenseeschoose, install, and properly operate theirequipment.

As the Citizens Band grew, so did"party -line" problems. The clubs took itupon themselves to monitor and policetheir membership, and to discuss and workout mutual problems at monthly meetings.CB club officers and members then be-came aware of the need for emergencycommunications teams that could be madeavailable on request to individuals, fire andpolice departments, and Civil Defenseagencies.

Clubs Create Rescue Teams. Strictlyon their own initiative, hundreds of CBclubs have organized emergency communi-cations and rescue teams and have beengiven first -aid training by the Red Cross.County and local agencies are graduallyworking these teams into auxiliary units oftheir own services with many of the clubsstanding by on 24 -hour call.

Some clubs are actively engaged in CivilDefense drills, and are equipped to handledisaster situations of almost any category.Other clubs have become unofficial mem-bers of sheriff patrols to aid in searchesfor lost children, downed aircraft, andeven criminals.

Several CB clubs have become affili-ated with local and county police depart-ments and placed more or less on a

stand-by basis. A few police and sheriffdepartments have installed CB systemsand are monitoring them around the clockso that CB'ers can report accidents, fires,burglary attempts, etc., from their mobileunits.

Special CD/Police Groups. On a moreorganized plane, many Civil Defense groupshave become affiliated with the policethrough squads known as Civil DefenseAuxiliary Police Corps. These groups aremade up of licensed CB'ers who becomeactive members of Civil Defense groupsand then join the special squad. Trainedin several phases of police work, theirCB/CD police duties may include patrol-ling during Halloween, assistance at fire

This special CB base station is maintained by theALERT group in Baton Rouge, La. Curtis Lauret,shown logging an assistance request on channel 9,reports that ALERT makes 150 "assists" per month.

1967 Edition 127

or accident scenes, traffic control at pa-rades, or helping in any emergency requir-ing coordinated efforts of trained personnel.

Wherever such Civil Defense CB groupsare organized, a police squad may be setup if requested by the local police chief.Membership is on a voluntary basis, andCB'ers furnish their own two-way radioequipment, automobiles, uniforms, patches,and insurance. Members usually get a

training course in first aid.Regulations require that to remain a

member of the police corps squad, mem-bers must continue active participation notonly in Civil Defense meetings, but inauxiliary police gatherings as well. Radiocommunication while on "duty" usuallyconsists of passing information on to acontrol center via their own CB equip-ment; the messages are then relayed tothe proper authorities.

Public Service Work. Among the morethan 1000 Citizens Band clubs that havereported to POPULAR ELECTRONICS' month-ly column "On the Citizens Band," severalhundred clubs have been involved in pro-viding emergency and public service as-sistance in the past year. The clubs maybe large or small, depending on the com-munity and the encouragement given a

In October, 1965, a barge loaded with chlorine gassank in the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge. AnALERT emergency team was soon on duty. JimGreer is shown operating the base station setup in the West Baton Rouge Sheriff's headquarters.

club by local authorities. Here are twoexamples:

The Allied Louisiana Emergency RadioTeam (ALERT) of Baton Rouge, La., isreally two clubs in one: Senior ALERT forCB'ers over the age of 18, and JuniorALERT, an auxiliary group from ages 12to 18. The youngest group is not per-mitted to participate in actual emergencies,but they train with senior ALERT membersso that they will eventually become profi-cient senior members. Junior ALERT hasits own officers, meetings and projects,but both clubs work in unison for thebenefit of the overall ALERT organization.

Founded in May, 1965, ALERT has amembership of 100. ALERT's emergencyradio team has assisted in such emer-gencies as hurricane Betsy and the chlor-ine barge lift from the Mississippi River,and has answered hundreds of local andarea calls for assistance. Members arekept in a state of readiness by practiceexercises.

The ALERT Control center is housed ina motor hotel in Baton Rouge with thecall -sign KMR5905, and is operated byteam members daily from 8 a.m. to 12midnight. CB channels 9 and 23 are moni-tored, plus city and state police frequen-cies. ALERT is currently working with theLouisiana State Police.

The Citizens Radio Emergency Service,Inc., (CRES), in Monroe, Ga., is anotheractive public service organization, repre-sentative of the successful smaller teamswhich prove that size has nothing to dowith the effectiveness of an organization'sperformance. A team consisting of 19members, CRES is prepared to answer anyand all emergency calls.

Every team member is trained in allphases of rescue, police, and communica-tions work by the club's instructors. Usinga converted VW bus and a 1964 heavy-duty rescue truck, CRES covers emergencysituations from forest fires and lost personsto drowning victims and manhunts forescaped prisoners. CRES also suppliescourtesy patrols on principal highways dur-ing weekends and holidays to assist mo-torists.

Active in the Greater Georgia CB Coun-


cil, CRES also participates in district andinterstate communications relays. Themembership encourages applications fromevery licensed CB'er residing in the state,and offers assistance to any state, county,or federal agency that may need their helpin times of emergency.

These CB'ers Made Headlines. The fol-lowing may be considered representativeof the emergencies handled by CB'ersacross the country every year.

DENVER, COLO.-The Metropolitan Den-ver Citizens Radio Club aided authoritieswhen a 12 -foot wall of water headed downthe South Platte River, threatening Denverand the metropolitan area. Approximately200 CB'ers responded immediately to a

call for radio communications to help inevacuating persons living along the river.Before the threat was over, more than500 CB'ers were on hand. Some mobileCB units were placed at roadblocks whileothers were used for transportation.

NEW ORLEANS, LA.-The Five WattWonders CB Radio Club established a 24 -hour monitoring station to aid in MardiGras festivities. The station handled emer-gency traffic through contact with CB mo-biles stationed at six different Red Crossstations spread along the Mardi Gras pa-rade route. New Orleans Red Cross andpolice officials were amazed at the swift-ness with which the CB'ers handled 113emergency requests for supplies and am-bulance service during the activities.

HALE CENTER, TEX.-It was estimatedthat at least 100 lives were saved through

The Citizens Radio EmergencyService, Monroe, Ga., convertedthis VW bus into a "Rescue Ser-vice" truck. A small organiza-tion (seven members are miss-ing from the photo), the CRESgroup has achieved favorablerecognition throughout Georgia.

1967 Edition

the efforts of CB radio operators, nick-named "Minute -Men," during a tornadothat ripped through Hale Center. At leasttwo CB'ers drove toward the storm toseek out its intensity and report to theCB Civil Defense Center in Hale Center.When a bolt of lightning revealed the blackfunnel directly ahead of their automobile,the CB'ers whipped the car in the oppositedirection, shouting their findings over theair to warn that the twister was headedfor Hale Center. Upon receipt of the news,many other CB'ers drove around the city,honking their horns and spreading thealarm. The tornado warning siren wasactivated for a solid 30 minutes; it wasreported that the CB'er in charge heldthe button down until the tornado was oneblock from him, then fled, but not beforefalling debris from the twister had smashedhis car.

TACOMA, WASH.-Two Washington Stateyouths, aged 11 and 12, were reportedmissing one evening. They had last beenseen heading for a densely wooded areaon the outskirts of Ashford, near MountRainier. At 5:30 a.m. the next morning,teams were made up of sheriff's depart-ment deputies, the Tacoma Citizens BandRadio Association Search & Rescue Team,Department of the Interior employees,Webfoot Jeep Club members, and othervolunteers. By 10:30 a.m. the boys hadbeen located and returned to the basecamp. They had spent the night in anabandoned car in the woods; the only illeffects of their escapade involved a few"hunger pangs."

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JULESBURG, COLO.-At 6:45 one morn-ing a pilot put out a "Mayday" plea withhis 1 -watt walkie-talkie. He was airborne,caught in a ground fog, and unable todetermine his location. He had no otherradio gear on board. Robert Vincent, a

REACT team member, gave the pilot animmediate reply and went to work at get-ting him back safely on the ground. Fol-lowing a series of checks and S -meterreadings to determine the pilot's direction,Vincent and five other CB stations en-deavored to keep the pilot on course.Finally, Vincent spotted an opening in theclouds and asked the pilot if he could seeit. After the longest ten seconds in hislife, the pilot radioed back, "I see it, I seeit!"

FAIRFIELD, CALIF.-Citizens Band Op-erators around Fairfield, Calif., are stillsmiling about a medieval robbery attemptthat was staged in their area. A CB'er,stopping for gasoline, was asked by thestation attendant to notify the police thathe was being held up. The CB'er flippedthe switch and placed the call while gaso-line still poured into his tank (a dangerouspractice). In short order, a nearby policesquad apprehended three youths with ahunting bow who had been trying to robthe station attendant. Back to SherwoodForest with 'em!

Willing and Able. Police groups, CivilDefense, and other local agencies, havefrequently commended CB clubs and in-dividual CB'ers for their participation in

controlling mass audiences as well as fortheir quick -thinking in emergency situa-tions. But, regardless of whether or nota club is affiliated with a civic or govern-mental agency, there is not a CB club tobe found whose members are not willingto offer communication services in time ofneed. The FCC recognizes that properlyorganized and operated CB clubs ". . . mayrender a service to everyone." The Com-mission also appreciates the clubs' abilitiesto police the CB channels.

Personally, the author cannot praise toohighly the numerous CB clubs and organi-zations he is aware of that have done somuch in the interests of public service.

CIRCLE NO. 20 ON READER SERVICE CARD130 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

National CB Emergency GroupsCB

A Summary of the Plans for Implementing Road Safety


CITIZENS BAND radio emergency callsfor assistance have numbered in thehundreds of thousands since the first

CB license was allocated by the FederalCommunications Commission in 1958.Volunteers who have aided emergency vic-tims, whether as a group from a CB club,or as a specially trained team, have earnedfor CB the distinction of being the largestemergency two-way radio communicationssystem in the world.

Realizing the potential value and thelife-saving aspects of being able to quicklybring help to those in need through mobileCB radio, highway safety authorities, manu-facturers, and industrial researchers haveinitiated a number of plans on behalf ofthe American motorist. These plans aresummarized below.

REACT. Since 1962 the HallicraftersCompany has sponsored an associationknown as "Radio Emergency AssociatedCitizens Teams", commonly referred to asREACT. With headquarters in Chicago, Illi-nois, REACT was established as a nation-wide affiliation of citizens "teams" organizedto provide communications in local emer-gencies through CB radio. REACT has nowgrown to over 1500 active teams withmore than 40,000 members throughout theUnited States, Canada, and South America.And, REACT continues to grow at the rateof about 7 teams per week.

REACT teams promote close coopera-tion with all other radio communicationssystems and obligate themselves to moni-tor a national emergency frequency (CBchannel 9) 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

The teams are encouraged to operate andmaintain equipment in accordance withFCC regulations, and to locate and reportsources of radio interference. Each teamis free to organize and operate accordingto the needs of its own community, and inaddition to their own communications equip-ment, the teams are usually equipped with-or have available on a team basis-emergency equipment.

The REACT organization is handling inexcess of 600,000 calls for emergencycommunications assistance per year, or anaverage of more than 40 such instancesper month, per team. Of these actions,21% are in connection with automobileaccidents; 52%, road assistance; 5.6%,fires; 2.7%, special patrols; and 2.2%,missing persons.

Individuals or clubs interested in takingpart in this program can get the full story

Mike Chambers and his REACT team providedemergency communication services when the Rich-mond, Ind., phone company was disabled by a fire.

1967 Edition 131

by writing to REACT National Headquarters,Dept. HB67, 5th and Kostner Ave., Chi-cago, Illinois 60624.

National Motorists Safety Plan. The Auto-mobile Manufacturers Association peti-tioned the FCC in 1965 for the establish-ment of the Highway Emergency LocatingPlan Radio Service (HELP). The AMA re-quested that all citizens legally authorizedto operate a motor vehicle be eligible for alicense to operate in the HELP Radio Ser-vice. The AMA asked the FCC to allocatetwo new frequencies (27.235 MHz and27.245 MHz) adjacent to present CB chan-nels for exclusive use by HELP. The pro-gram is currently using CB channel 9 asthe national calling and emergency fre-quency.

In promoting the HELP program, theAMA's plan is to encourage the develop-ment of a nationwide communications net-work to aid motorists in distress. Motoristsrequiring aid could call on the HELP chan-nel, where they would be heard by 24 -hourmonitors within a 5- to 35 -mile range ofthe equipment. The monitoring stationswould include volunteer citizens teams,police agencies, road service stations, andhospital emergency rooms.

The AMA believes that the HELP pro -

A public service program proposed by the Automo-bile Manufacturers Association would supplementthe present CB setup. Called the "Highway Emergen-cy Locating Plan" (HELP), it would provide eachmotorist with a 2 -channel CB transceiver. This CBrig could then be used to call for help should themotorist become stranded or the car disabled. Apetition has been placed before the FCC to authorizethe Rules and Regulations to put HELP to work.

gram will afford an opportunity for high-way safety engineers to develop specializedradio equipment to solve traffic problems.Furthermore, the AMA feels that evenwith millions of HELP installations in oper-ation on the requested channels, there wouldstill be unused message capacity becausethe equipment would only be employed byindividual motorists for a short durationduring emergencies and because the rangeof the equipment itself is limited.

Highway Emergency Radio. Truckerstravel millions of miles per year on Amer-ican highways. The addition of CB radioequipment could make each vehicle an ef-fective emergency unit to aid motorists indistress. In November, 1963, a large num-ber of members of the trucking industryestablished an association known as HART-Highway Aid by Radio Truck. The asso-ciation is a non-profit, self-supporting or-ganization, and is officially recognized bythe Michigan State Police and the Michi-gan Sheriff's Association. The group's ser-vices are free to the motoring public, andits main objective is the maintenance of anexcellent relationship between the motoristand the trucking industry through the pro-motion of highway safety.

HART members are instructed in firstaid; they carry first aid equipment, andare trained in emergency procedures. Theaverage trucker also has a fair knowledgeof mechanics and can usually determinethe service needed in breakdown cases.

Among the strict set of rules establishedfor HART members, emphasis is placed onproper CB licensing; promotion of safedriving and exceptional care and main-tenance of member vehicles; all possiblecourtesies and aid to be extended to thosein need; detailed handling of major emer-gencies, including the notification of prop-er authorities; the protection of exposedpersonal property of victims at an accidentscene; and the extending of HART serviceswithout payment.

CB'ers employed by the trucking indus-try who own-or have access to-at leastone mobile unit can obtain more informa-tion by writing to HART, Box 141, Dept.CB, Pontiac, Michigan.


Experimental Motoring Safety Plan. Driv-er Aid, Information, and Routing (DAIR)is an experimental system, and the resultof more than nine years of work in theGeneral Motors Research Laboratories.

The DAIR system is designed to helpCB -equipped motorists summon assistancein an emergency, to provide automaticrouting for extended trips, and to warn ofspeed and traffic signs. According to GMResearch officials, the new system is themost comprehensive yet developed forhighway communications.

In operation, motorists would make useof a special console with a related visualsign -minder mounted on the dashboard.The console would be equipped with a

microphone for voice communication with

This decal is appearing in ever-increasing numberson motor trucks in the Michigan -Ohio area. It standsfor "Highway Aid by Radio Truck." See text onfacing page for additional information on HART.

an information center; a telephone -typedial for sending out coded messages; anda route -minder punch card reader.

To use the route -minder, the driver wouldplace a specially punched card-coded forhis destination-into a slot in the console.The routing equipment would then be ac-tivated by signals from magnets buriedin the road at each major intersection, andwould compare the signals with the punchedinstructions on the card. Panel lights onthe dash would tell the driver whether toturn left, turn right, or go straight through.With all major intersections coded, it wouldbe possible to travel across the U.S. underthe system's direction.

Although this console looks big, it would be mount-ed on automobiles participating in the newly -formedDAIR project. The CB handset is visible along-side the telephone dial and punched card reader.

A modified CB transceiver would pro-vide communications with a service centerunder the DAIR plan. The motorist woulddial coded requests for road or travel in-formation, police, an ambulance, a firetruck, or a tow truck with gasoline and amechanic. Small roadside repeaters locat-ed every three to five miles would relaythe message, and a base station operatorwould acknowledge it by voice and dis-patch the aid requested.

The audio signals would be transmittedon one of two proposed highway safetychannels in the Citizens Band. Low -powerroadside units would transmit informationon the road ahead, upcoming accommoda-tions, and service facilities. The unitswould contain taped messages and couldbe activated for transmission of emergen-cy messages from a control center. Thecar's receiver would be turned on by pulsesfrom buried roadside magnets and wouldturn off automatically after a message wasreceived.

The visual sign -minder would also betriggered by magnets. Posted speed limitsand such traffic signs as "stop," "yield,""railroad crossing," and "curve" would berepeated on a display panel in the car.The driver would be alerted by a "beep."The sign -minder is designed to supplement-not replace-existing traffic signs.

1967 Edition 133

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1 3 4 COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK

CBThe General Radio Service

Canada's CB Is Similar, But Better Organized

By Harold Merton, XM-44-042

CANADIANS spent nearly four enviousyears watching, reading about, andlistening to American CB'ers before

the Department of Transport (DOT) allo-cated a similar communications facility toCanadian citizens-the General Radio Ser-vice. It has been said that Canadianauthorities and GRS users profited by thefour-year delay. It enabled them to viewthe Citizens Band's growing pains, and itgave Canadians the chance to start out onthe right foot.

While no statistical proof has appearedin defense of the above statement, theDOT did manage to incorporate in its GRSoperating requirements more stringent rulesthan those of the FCC in the United States.However, operating procedures and basicuses of the General Radio Service are verysimilar to CB and the DOT is pleased withGRS public service applications.

GRS History. The General Radio Serviceis one of 20 services licensed under Cana-da's Radio Act. Within these servicesthere are approximately 140,000 radiostations. This figure includes stations op-erated by GRS/CB'ers, mobile stationsoperating in the public and private landmobile services, and stations operated bydepartments of the federal, provincial andmunicipal governments. It does not, how-ever, include private, commercial broad-casting stations, military stations, low -pow-ered CB stations (license -exempt underSection 6 of the GRS Regulations, PartII), nor does it include Canada's 565radio and television stations, or more than

600 stations operated by the Departmentof Transport.

There are approximately 35,000 licensesissued to GRS users. Unlike FCC regula-tions that allow all units requested in theoriginal application to be covered underone license, DOT rules require that eachpiece of equipment in the system be li-censed. It is estimated that approximately10,000 individual GRS operators havesigned up for the 35,000 transceivers nowin use.

General Radio Service stations are notpermitted to communicate with radio sta-tions in any other service. Furthermore,GRS transmissions may not be directed toany person or station located beyond theground -wave coverage of the station. Op-erational regulations are much the sameas the FCC's as outlined in the Part 95Rules and Regulations, with the exceptionof the frequencies allocated to Canadianusers. Canadian licensees may only uti-lize 19 of the 23 channels available toCB'ers in the U.S., ranging from 27.005to 27.225 MHz. These channels areequivalent to U.S. CB channels 4 through 22.

GRS Licensing. To be eligible for a sta-tion license, GRS applicants must be busi-

EDITOR'S NOTE: Harold Merton, the author ofthis article, is one of Canada's most activeCB'ers. He has promoted the use and bettermentof the General Radio Service since its inceptionin April, 1962. His photography and editorial com-ments regarding the use of GRS have appearedin a number of publications. Harold is the pub-lisher of "SCOPE," a nonprofit GRS publicationwhich he distributes free to more than 5000GRS/CB users.

1967 Edition 135

Believe it or not, this is the tower used by theauthor for his CB antenna! Unless a GRS station isclose to an airport, Canadians can erect 75' towers-and higher if they get a DOT building permit.

ness companies incorporated within theCommonwealth, or British subjects orlanded immigrants not less than 18 yearsof age and having a need for direct radiocommunications with similarly licensed Ca-nadian stations. The licensing of equip-ment for GRS costs the applicant $3 perunit; the license is valid for three yearsfollowing the first day of April of the

Officials from the Department of Transport are anx-ious to further the GRS. One of the first inspectorsto speak at the SWGRA was Mr. J.R.A. Levasseur.

fiscal year in which the license is issued.There are six districts in Canada (XMI

thru XM6) and license application may bemade by mail or in person to the Depart-ment of Transport district office nearestthe applicant's residence. Each licensingoffice controls the area in which it is lo-

cated, and is, moreover, the point fromwhich violation and warning notices aresent. Canadians not familiar with the lo-cation of the nearest office in their areamay write to the DOT, Air Services Branch,Hunter Building, Ottawa, Ontario.

Tourist Radio Service. There is no pro-vision for CB operators and GRS operatorsto communicate with one another acrossthe border. But in 1964 the DOT estab-lished a new service known as the "TouristRadio Service," making any licensed U.S.

Where To Send "IRS" Applications

PORT OF ENTRY

British Columbia

Alberta

Saskatchewan, Mani-toba, Ontario, eastincluding Port Arthur

Quebec

Ontario, excludingPort Arthur and westNew Brunswick, NovaScotia, Prince Edward& Newfoundland

REGIONAL OFFICE

739 West Hastings St.Vancouver 1, B.C.Federal Bldg.9820 107th St.Edmonton, AlbertaWinnipeg General

P.O. Bldg.266 Graham Ave.Winnipeg 1, ManitobaRegional Administra-

tion Bldg.Dorval, Quebec

25 St. Clair Ave. EastToronto, OntarioFederal Bldg.P.O. Box 421081 Main St.Moncton, New Brunswick

CB'er eligible for a temporary license touse his CB equipment while visiting ortraveling in Canada.

There is no fee for the service but thelicense (permit) is not transferable andmust be in the operator's possession atall times while he is in Canada. It re-mains valid for a period of one year, atwhich time it must be renewed if the oper-ator expects to continue using CB equip-ment over the border.

Application for "IRS" licensing shouldbe sent to the office nearest the Port ofEntry at which the applicant will enter thecountry. Address all requests to the Re -


gional Superintendent, Radio Regulations,Department of Transport, c/o the RegionalOffice.

The DOT requires that a U.S. CB'erstate his name and address, CB call -sign,class of service (Class D), and the periodof time he intends to be in Canada. Theapplication should be made at least 30days prior to entry. Under the "TRS,"American CB'ers are permitted to use onlythe Canadian GRS channels 4 through 22,and must adhere to Canadian radio regu-lations.

Rules and Regulations. Although Ca-nadian regulations for GRS/CB users arenearly the same as FCC stateside regula-tions, there are a few differences worthnoting. Within the last year, the DOT hasamended portions of the regulations to in-clude low power stations and to spell outrules that may have been misinterpretedby some GRS users.

Walkie-talkies or any CB equipment witha final input of 100 mW or less had pre-viously been banned from the 27 -MHzband in Canada. A DOT amendment nowpermits these units to operate without alicense in the 26.97- to 27.27 MHz band,

A very active GRS/CB club is the "Channel Jam-mers" in Staffordville. Note jackets and decals.

and to communicate with stations in theGeneral Radio Service and Tourist RadioService. They must, however, conform tothe GRS operating requirements.

In another area, the DOT has added twonew paragraphs and a new subsection toclearly establish that the GRS is not in-tended for hobby -type communications orfor use merely as a recreational activity.The rule changes provide for the use ofemergency communications, and a newsubsection now exempts GRS users frdrnkeeping a log of calls.

Transceivers used in Canada are basical-ly the same as those in operation in theU.S. except that the DOT requires that all

It was a happy occasion when the South Western General Radio Association received its Provincial Charterin 1964. Gearld Inch, XM-44-969, then president, shows the document to members of the SWGRA.

1967 Edition 137

Many Canadian GRS clubs hold annual competitionsto encourage highway courtesy and assistance to thegeneral public. Clair Stockley, left, and Mel Oat -ridge are shown with awards given them by SWGRA.

equipment meet rigid standards, as speci-fied in DOT Specifications No. 136. Inorder to receive type -approval from theDOT, transmitters must have an input pow-er reading of 5 watts or less, or a carrierpower output of 3 watts or less. Spuriousor harmonic output from the transmittermust not exceed 30 microwatts of r.f.power using a standard output terminationload. Antenna regulations are similar to

These GRS/CB'ers are getting instructions from acoordinator of the Long Range Search Group duringan actual search for a missing boy. Although organi-zation has disbanded, the CB services are still used.

those proposed by the FCC (but not exact-ly, ED.) and are clearly outlined.

GRS Club Activities. Canadian CB clubsbegan organizing shortly after the GRSwas allocated by the DOT in April, 1962.One of the prime activities of Canadianclubs is keeping in a state of preparednessto aid during emergencies and public ser-vice requirements whenever called upon.

General Radio Service clubs are locatedas far west as British Columbia and asfar east as Newfoundland. Most clubs havea membership of from 50 to 75, with afew of the larger groups sporting upwardsof 200 members. One of the national as-sociations, the South Western GeneralRadio Association, now claims more than300 active members.

GRS users are very active in club meet-ings and get-togethers, especially jambo-rees. Four large events were held in Cana-da in 1966, the largest being at Tillson-burg, Ontario, and sponsored by the SouthWestern General Radio Association. Theevent drew upwards of 6000 Canadian andAmerican CB'ers from five Canadian prov-inces and 25 states.

Canadians are hopeful that the UnitedStates will soon find legal clearance togrant GRS licensees permission to usetheir CB transceivers for necessary com-munications while visiting or traveling in

the U.S. on the same level that the DOThas granted U.S. CB'ers permission to usethe Tourist Radio Service in Canada.

In the meantime, the General Radio Ser-vice continues to grow in all other areascommon to CB activity in the UnitedStates. New GRS/CB clubs are being or-ganized throughout the country; rescueteams are being trained to assist in thealleviation of emergency situations; andscores of business and personal users con-tinue to find profitable and necessary ap-plications for CB two-way radio.

Club Callbook

The Northern Citizens Communications Club, PrinceAlbert, Saskatchewan, Canada, sells a callbook of itsmembership for 25 cents. Pocket size, the callbookis brought up to date by periodic bulletins.


BRSThe Business Radio Service

If You Need Something Better Than CB, Try The BRS

By Robert M. BrownBUSINESS RADIO is probably the least

publicized and the most misunder-stood radio communications service.

In a time when Citizens Band radio (CB)has almost blanketed the scene, relativelyfew electronics enthusiasts are aware ofthe vast potential for reliable two-way com-municating that exists OUTSIDE of the27 -MHz band. That other service, whichoffers no less than 216 channels, is thesubject of this article.

Like CB, the Business Radio Service(BRS) began as the fastest -growing "catch-all" to come along ever (in 1957). It hadimmense appeal to anyone in businessand threatened to become the most popu-lated service under the auspices of theFederal Communications Commission. Withthe formation of the 11 -meter CB bandright on the heels of the new BRS (in1958), this trend leveled off fast. Since1960, Business Radio Service applicationshave been increasing, but at a fairly low,consistent, and predictable rate.

The outgrowth of all of this has been alargely underrated radio service that isfrequently found to offer substantial tech-nical and operational advantages for seri-ous two-way radio users.

Who Can Get a BRS License? Practical-ly anyone engaged in any kind of com-mercial enterprise can obtain a BRS licensefrom the FCC. The business bands are alsoopen to educational and philanthropic in-stitutions, hospitals, clinics, medical as-

sociations and clergymen, and the totallicense fee (for ANY applicant) is only$10.00.

In addition to the normal informationan applicant files with the Commission,the prospective station owner is asked toselect a specific channel (with an alternate)he'd like to use. The selection is usuallymade by the dealer selling the systemwho, working with a regional frequencycoordination committee chairman, analyzeshis buyer's needs and determines whatchannel he could best occupy without run-ning into interference.

Recognizing that a great deal of delib-eration and research have gone into thisfrequency choice, the FCC generally ap-proves the recommendation and authorizesoperation for that channel. Since all ap-plicants are business enterprises, the fre-quency coordinating chairmen see to it thatno competitive firm is put on that channel.This results in a near -perfect "private" or"exclusive" system operation.

Comparison With CB. Many BRS userswho have "graduated" from CB feel thatthe BRS service offers them distinct bene-fits. The three most obvious advantagesseem to be that (1) personal conversa-tions are kept to an absolute minimum,(2) higher power is permitted, and (3) fre-quencies are assigned individually to helpkeep down the chances of interferencefrom close -by stations.

Since the FCC requires that all conver-sation on these frequencies be confined to"essential business traffic," the typicalBRS operator spends far less time onthe air than does his CB counterpart. In-deed, these transmissions are often so

short that channel pile-ups very rarely

1967 Edition 139

reach the intensity found in other services.In addition, an air of importance prevailsin the BRS, making the value of this formof communications far more apparent.

Those who qualify for BRS licenses gen-erally have the option of running anywherefrom 10 to 600 watts of input power ontheir assigned frequencies. Normally, thehigh-powered transmitters serve as basedispatching centers, while the mobiles willaverage about 15 watts each. This increasein power affects a system's range capabil-ity. Where only 10 miles can be reiedupon with CB, 30 miles is "the norm" onBRS.

Choice of Bands. With selection depen-dent on operational requirements and localterrain, you can have your choice of threeprime frequency ranges for your BRS equip-ment. In business radio terminology, theyrepresent (1) low -band, (2) high -band, and(3) UHF -band groupings.

Perhaps best known is the LOW band,a range of frequencies extending from30 to 50 MHz. This band has propagationcharacteristics equivalent to a cross be-tween 11 -meter CB and 6 -meter ham radio.The low band offers the greatest rangecapability of the three BRS bands, and itis used on a shared basis by county andstate law -enforcement authorities, buslines, pipeline operators and electric util-ities. On the low band, it is normal toexpect a communications distance factoron the order of 25 to 50 miles from basestation to mobile units. Terrain, antennaelevation, and transmitter power, of course,affect this range materially. The prime rea-son the low band is not employed morein city areas is that, like CB, it is quitesusceptible to man-made noise interfer-ence. Once you get away from a denseignition -prone locale, the low band beginsto come into its own as a prime BRSmedium.

The HIGH band consists of the 152-164 MHz block of frequencies, and com-munication distance expectations are onthe order of 5 to 25 miles. However, withbase station antenna size at these rangesphysically smaller than for the low band,directional and high -gain antennas frequent-

ly permit ranges extending to 40 to 85miles. In the high band, effective antennaelevation is extremely important in con-trolling range, and man-made noise andskip are far less bothersome.

The UHF band, from 460 to 470 MHz(just below UHF TV Channel 14), is theleast used business radio band. High equip-ment cost has helped keep the UHF popu-lation down, although a recent trend towardincreased use is gradually lowering theprices. Also, the equipment is more criticalto maintain and requires more frequentcheck-ups. Operationally, however, theUHF -band should not be overlooked. It is

ideal for urban communications and hasproven itself over low- and high -band sys-tems, since the wavelength is so short that"dead spots" are almost never encountered.

UHF operation is presently an area ofemphasis in the BRS field, with more andmore stations and manufacturers exploringits possibilities each day.

Equipment Cost. Contrary to commonopinion, CB is not the least expensivecommunications medium available in theUnited States. In the last few years, thecost of BRS radios has plummeted, where-as CB prices (because of the frills) haveremained pretty much the same. Indeed,the "boom" in BRS sales has forced eventhe most sophisticated manufacturer tokeep prices down for fear of losing out tothe new competition. You can spend $10,-000 for a 17 -station, transistorized, high -power FM system (many local police de-partments fit into this category), but thetypical BRS user is more likely to havepaid only about $250 for his mobile setand $300-350 for his base station.

Assuming that you are a newcomer, youcan realize appreciable savings by passingup the modern -design sets for quality re-conditioned tube radios. Nearly every met-ropolitan area has a used equipment sup-plier who can put you on the air with botha 100 -watt base and 15 -watt mobile forunder $300! And more often than not,he'll install the system for you, offer you agood service contract, and throw in a 90 -day warranty to boot. It is in the recon-ditioned equipment area that most alert


Business Radio Service users get started.The Business Radio Service permits just

about any kind of radiotelephone emissionyou'd like to employ, provided that thetransmitters are FCC "Type Accepted" forcorrect design and bandwidth considera-tions. This is hardly a problem, though,since an unwritten industry code of ethicsprohibits the sale of any BRS equipmentnot meeting these standards.

With an eye on CB'ers upgrading toBRS. several companies already well -en-trenched in CB manufacture have takenthe plunge into AM BRS communicationsequipment. For the low band (which is

close to 27 MHz), AM equipment can beturned out at a fraction of the cost of con-ventional FM high -band gear. Hence thereis a "low -band rebellion" which is now en-joying an unprecedented boom. High onthe list of suppliers are Pearce -Simpson,Lafayette Radio, and E.F. Johnson (thelatter, incidentally, reports an average unitsales figure of 7.9 radios per customer).And each month still another company an-nounces that it is climbing aboard thebandwagon. The outlook for 1967, then,is that AM BRS equipment will becomeeven more widely used.

Whereas five years ago it took thou-sands of dollars to enjoy the range and

-.411111"A"j1"-"--CONTROLSTATION

F

power luxuries of low -band radio, it can nowbe done with brand-new AM equipmentfor mere hundreds. True, the noise prob-lem is still there, but no unit is manufac-tured without effective limiter and squelchcircuitry, and the increase in power aloneis certainly enough to make it worth a

fling. Many AM users buy 10 -watt mobilesets and then equip the base station ver-sions with inexpensive linear amplifiers toachieve additional power output. E.F. John-son even makes an AM power amplifierwith its own power supply that can betrunk -mounted for 85 watts in the car!

By late 1967, the low-band/AM rebel-lion is expected to extend into the high -band area; it is rumored that several man-ufacturers are already revamping their 144 -

MHz ham gear for these frequencies. Thiswill open still more doors for the poten-tial BRS user eager to employ less costlyAM equipment.

Add to these savings the availability ofreasonably priced BRS antennas (Hy -Gainwill sell you a complete unidirectional busi-ness radio ground plane for $5.40), andyou can begin to see the underlyingsons for the popularity of this radio ser-vice. (Several land mobile licensing con-sultants have predicted that by 1972 bandoccupancy will have DOUBLED on BRS,

MOBILEUNITB

A repeater station can greatly increase the range of a BRS system. Operation of the repeaterdictates that all mobile units and control stations transmit on one frequency and receive on asecond channel. The repeater automatically re -broadcasts (F2) whatever signal it intercepts (Fl).

1967 Edition 141

while CB will lag behind due to its limitedavailability of clear channels).

Private Long -Range Radio. Obtainablefor a relatively low monthly fee is a busi-ness radio phenomenon called the UHF -band "community repeater." This complexapparatus provides a unique possibility foryour enjoyment of the "ultimate" in sophis-ticated two-way radio. Imagine having yourown "private" channel with a GUARANTEEof exclusive non-competitive use plus "blan-ket" coverage for 50 miles in all direc-tions 24 hours a day. Now imagine thatyou're accomplishing all this with 15watts maximum power, and you've justbegun to appreciate the beauty of com-munity repeaters.

Often just the rental of low -power BRStransceivers, plus your guarantee that allservicing work will be performed by thesame company, will put an automatic radiorepeater at your disposal. Furthermore,you'll have the assurance that the ownerwill not permit any of your competitors touse it at any price.

An example of how this works is illustrat-ed by the operation of CommunicationsEngineering Company (CECO) of Houston,Texas. Two years ago this company in-stalled a high -power community repeateratop KPRC's 1500 -foot tower a few milesoutside the city. Placing the automatic sys-tem on the 460 -MHz UHF business band,CECO simply arranged to equip its "sub-scribers" with compatible UHF band gear.This program has been so successful thatCECO now has four separate repeatersatop that tower and anticipates even moreexpansion in the near future. Customersare pleased with their new coverage ("nodead spots at all existing within city limits")and like the idea of the immediate repairservice CECO provides. Coastal TransportCo., one of the company's customers, wasso impressed that they upped their initialsystem from 30 to 47 mobile units andadded another base station. "The beautyof a repeater," says a Coastal spokesman,"is that we can talk from control stationto control station legally."

Although most repeater companies pre-fer that their customers lease new equip -

Like CB, portable equipment comes in all sizes andshapes. This "suitcase" transceiver is sold byAerotron. Battery -operated, it has a 15 -watt output.

ment, they generally have no objection toyour using your own if it is technicallyoperational in conjunction with the repeat-er. Often the necessary modifications areexpensive, but you can frequently buy com-patible UHF sets from the repeater com-pany at considerable savings. Houston'sCECO, for example, makes use of recon-ditioned tube sets, passing the reducedequipment costs on to the buyer.

Another way to save money in repeateruse is to "share" your channel with an-other station subscribing to the system.By equipping your radios with selectivecalling (tone devices), you'll never hearthe other party, and you can realize asmuch as one-half off the regular monthlyfee. Sometimes customers can get togetherand agree to a party -line arrangement where-by four or five businesses share the useof a single channel in this fashion, cuttingcosts all the way around.

Hand -Held Transceivers. Particularly inthe last few years, walkie-talkies havereally come into their own on BusinessRadio frequencies. While most are a bitlarger and heavier to handle than theirCB counterparts, BRS battery -poweredtransceivers offer numerous advantages.On 27 MHz, a quarter -wave telescopingantenna is likely to be monstrous, but the


greatest proportion of BRS portables aredesigned for operation on 150 MHz. Thismakes for a substantially smaller antenna-about 171/2 inches total.

Whereas high -band walkie-talkies werequite expensive just five years ago, thetrend back to AM has sent prices tumbling.Again, ham manufacturers are scramblingfor this market, and at least one majorU.S. BRS supplier, Aircraft Radio Corp.(N.J.) has announced a complete line ofhigh -band AM equipment. Included in ARC'soffering are hand-held units compatiblewith high-powered base and mobile sta-tions. Within months other companies areexpected to follow suit.

To further expand the versatility of walk-ie-talkies, COMCO of Miami, Fla., (whichalso has a line of AM 150 -MHz gear) isdeveloping an in -car repeater system that

should be on the market soon. With thissystem, a man doing repair work on a tete.phone pole can talk through his truckradio unit to the company dispatcher milesaway simply by speaking into a lightweighthand -carried portable.

Other offerings in this realm are com-plete BRS stations in the 10- to 20 -wattcategory now available in portable form.Aerotron (N.C.) makes an attaché case setthat ranks with the best mobile transceiv-ers, and markets the unit as an industrialservice transceiver (for security people).Other companies are rumored to be gettingready to follow suit. The concept of arather substantially powered portable BRStransceiver has caught on among thought-ful users, and it won't be long before mostenterprising businesses have at least oneto supplement their existing equipment.

Unlike CB, where the dealer sells you equipment and you find your own service technician, BRS dealersare experts in repairing equipment. Frequently BRS dealers have a stock of equipment to loan out whilerepair work is undertaken. These men work in the shop of Lakewood Communications. Stoughton, Mass.

1967 Edition 145

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Low -Cost Remote Control. Business radiousers are fortunate in that the FCC permitsthe use of remote control station opera-tion without a lot of red tape. When a pro-posed BRS station location is in a poorarea from a radio coverage viewpoint, thesales/service dealer can often arrange foran inexpensive remote control system, basedon the automatic repeater concept. Thereare several ways this can be accomplished,the most feasible dependent upon yourdistance from a favorable remote controlpoint and the amount of money you're will-ing to spend.

Many business users prefer to run acable from the control center to the re-

mote station, paying the telephone com-pany a few dollars each month for the useof their poles. But the most inexpensivemethod is simply to obtain a leased tele-phone circuit from your dispatching officeto the transmitter. This costs roughly $3.50per mile per month, and is well worth theexpense.

Especially in hilly areas, remote controlis both cheap and in vogue. Many alertBRS dealers have remote installations oftheir own which they lease to potentialusers in much the same fashion that Texas'CECO does with its automatic repeater.With proper coordination and duplexingequipment, a good number of BRS sta-tions can be coupled to the same remotecircuit without creating undue interferencewith one another.

Private Two -Way Channels. Anyone whotells you that you can have your own "pri-vate" BRS communications frequencydoesn't know what he's talking about. Noone can "own" any radio frequency in theUnited States. In the case of BRS, however,the FCC is trying hard to coordinate ap-plications BEFORE the license is issued,to prevent undue interference. Businessradio bands are busy places, but it's pri-marily on the lower channels where con-gestion is critical.

Selective calling is the answer to theneed for privacy, and long before anyonehad tone -alerting accessories to sell CB'ers,BRS users had them designed into theirequipment. Today everyone has a different


CB -Business Radio Comparison

Antenna height limitPower limitTotal number of channelsRelay stationsPersonal communicationsBusiness communicationsCommunicate with other licenseesRemote control of base stationTeletype, data transmissionMobile unit price rangeBase station price rangeInterconnect with telephone switchboard, etc.

Class DCitizens Radio

20 feet5 watts

23no

yesyesyesnono

$60-$350$60-$350

no

Business Radio

none30-600 watts

173yesno

yesno

yeson some channels

$200-$1000$200-$2500

yes

name for selective calling (Channel Guard,Tone Alert, Private Line, etc.), and a num-ber of accessory manufacturers-such asBramco, Secode, and Reach Electronics-sell tone signaling devices that can be in-stalled on older transceivers, making themalmost as selective on incoming calls asthe latest models off the production lines.In addition, your local sales/service dealer

can find out what tone combination is notbeing used in your area, rendering your newsystem extremely difficult to inadvertently"trip." Since most stations are still usingFM, the heterodyne problem that exists onCB is nearly non-existent on business fre-quencies. This means that your selectivecalling device won't trip from channel pile-ups.

SETTING NEW STANDARDSIN SOUND

CIRCLE NO. 9 ON READER SERVICE CARD1967 Edition 147

HOW TOIMPROVE YOUR

0 TWO-WAY RADIO!The right communications microphone may

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be eliminated-reliability improved-intelligibility increased by proper

microphone selection.Write for our helpful

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ELECTRO-VOICE, INC., Dept. 1 262CHBuchanan, Michigan 49107Please send the free E -V booklet on choosing communicationsmicrophones. I am interested in the following areas of two-wayradio: Amateur Aviation CB Business.

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Presently quite popular are tone sys-tems which provide an "absentee" servicethat will either sound the horn or flash theheadlights when you are away from thecar. It's pretty hard to miss a call. Stillother companies make alarm devices whichare slightly lower pitched than a telephonering and considerably louder.

Specialty Services. So far we have con-cerned ourselves entirely with the BusinessRadio Service. Although it is the largest of

Although portable BRS equipment is similar to thatof CB'ers, it is usually more powerful and rugged.Here, a dock loader is reviewing invoices andshipping instructions with a foreman located inanother part of a shipping terminal. A Manufac-turers Radio Service license could have been usedfor this radio circuit instead of a BRS license.

the land mobile group, an interested bus-inessman can often realize certain advan-tages in passing up the "catch-all" BRSfor a radio service band specifically desig-nated for his use. Not every applicant canqualify for a specialty group but, on theother hand, many BRS licensees in metro-politan areas where congestion is a realproblem have passed up the opportunityfor a special authorization because "it waseasier" to get a business license.

For the most part, special service fre-quencies are like BRS and often followthe same low -band, high -band, UHF -band


sequence. The difference, however, is thatfrequently more power can be used andthere is less station population per chan-nel. Here is a breakdown of the specialservices available and eligibility require-ments.

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL RADIO SERVICE:Confined to farming, heavy construction,mining, ready -mixed concrete (or hot as-phalt) delivery, and slight variations onthe above. It should be stressed that yourbusiness should fall almost entirely in oneof these areas, not just a phase of it.

MANUFACTURERS RADIO SERVICE: Self-explanatory. The FCC restricts a manufac-turing company's use of this service toactivities not related to retail distributionof products. (In -plant communications, pro-duction control, and materials -handlingare permitted.)

PETROLEUM RADIO SERVICE: Confinedto persons prospecting for, producing, ortransporting petroleum products, includingsuch aspects as collecting and refining.Also open to natural gas.

POWER RADIO SERVICE: This includesmost local electric and gas companies,and also extends to city water departments.

RELAY PRESS RADIO SERVICE: Con-fined to newspapers and press associa-tions.

MOTION PICTURE RADIO SERVICE: Opento persons engaged in movie productionor filming.

FOREST PRODUCTS RADIO SERVICE:Open to tree farmers and lumber com-panies engaged in logging, but not to retailor wholesale lumber yards.

TAXICAB RADIO SERVICE: Self-explana-tory. Does not include airport limousineservices.

RAILROAD RADIO SERVICES: Open torailroad common carriers, including rail-road express companies wholly owned byrailroads who transport either passengersor property. Does not apply to subways.

MOTOR CARRIER SERVICE: Includes per-sons engaged in providing motor carrierpassenger and/or property service betweenor within single urban areas, and thosecompanies dealing in local distribution andcollection of property. Includes expressservices and bus lines.

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AUTOMOBILE EMERGENCY RADIO SER-VICE: Open to auto associations (like AAA)which provide emergency road service, towtrucks, service stations, etc.

Where To Get Assistance. Though Busi-ness Radio doesn't attract a great deal ofconsumer -level publicity, there's a wealthof information you can obtain by mail sim-ply for the asking.

The National Association of Business andEducational Radio, Inc. (NABER), Box 978Benj. Franklin Sta., Washington, D.C.20044, is the largest representative oforganized BRS users in the country andwelcomes letters from interested newcom-ers. They'll be pleased to send you a widevariety of useful pamphlets and brochuresfree of charge.

If you contemplate operation in one ofthe specialty groups listed above, a line tothe Chief, Land Mobile Radio Services,FCC, Washington, D.C. 20402, will bringyou the name and address of the nationalassociation representing that service. Mostgroups (like SIRSA, which is the officialrepresentative of the special industriallicensees) have stacks of material helpfulto newcomers, in addition to maintainingactive chapters in major metropolitan areaswhich you can telephone for assistance.

Two monthly magazines are publishedthat carry articles of interest to BRS users:"CEM," 14 Vanderventer Ave., Port Wash-ington, N.Y. 11050; and "Action," put outby the NABER association. And an in-formative 16 -page booklet on two-way radiosystems is available free from Pearce -Simp-son, Inc., Box 800, Biscayne Annex, Miami,Fla. 33152.

Business radio (and specialty radio ser-vices) can, at first encounter, seem vastlycomplex compared with CB -type commu-nications. The difference, however, is thatprospective BRS users do not have to plantheir own systems. Manufacturer's salesengineers and skilled independent mobileradio dealers are anxious to provide thisservice, often without charge. In addition,these dealers also obtain the licenses fortheir customers, thus leaving an applicantonly with responsibility for conducting hisdispatching and control in a legal manner.


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INNOVATION IN DX CLUBS ANNOUNCED! Formed inOctober, 1965, the Radio New York Worldwide ListenersClub now has 3,000 members in 76 countries! A uniqueclub offering shortwave listeners monthly bulletins con-taining listening tips and technical features, numberedwallet -size membership cards and gold 8'/2x11" mem-bership certificates. Special services and multi-lingualreport forms available for cost of postage. "We must bedoing something right!" Find out ... join now! Send $1.00for one year's membership to the Radio New York World-wide Listeners Club, 485 Madison Avenue, New York10022.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

CITIZENS BAND Radio Dealerships Available. Sell fromcatalog. Equipment. Accessories. Knox Electronic, Dept.CH7, Galesburg, Illinois 61401.

BOOKS

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LABORATORY TEST EQUIPMENT bought, sold, repairs,calibration. Rex Industrial Electronics, 759 Tenth Ave.,New York, N.Y. 10019.

WHEN YOU OFFER SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS OR SER-VICES GEARED to the needs of Electronics Enthusiasts,your Classified Advertising belongs in one or more ofthe Ziff -Davis Electronic Annuals.

The COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK, ELECTRONIC EX-PERIMENTERS' HANDBOOKS, ELECTRONICS INSTAL-LATION AND SERVICING HANDBOOK, and the TAPERECORDER ANNUAL all have Classified Advertisingpages available for your use.

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ELECTRONICS ANNUALS

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1967 Edition 151

the only comprehensive guide toconsumer electronics servicing!

If you're in consumerelectronics servicing,you know that keep-ing up with this jet -paced field is no push-over. There are man-uals to be bought.Journals to be read.Experiments to betried. Techniques tobe learned. Day in,day out. No doubtabout it, staying on -the -ball in electronicstakes time effort and money. Or at least it used to.Now there's amuch easier way. THE 1967

ELECTRONICSINSTALLATIONEl SERVICINGHANDBOOK -1967

ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION& SERVICING HANDBOOK

A single, comprehensive guide to every majorphase of consumer electronics servicing. Over132 pages of all the latest electronics informa-tion you want and need to know. From TV to CBto PA to AM/FM. From home intercoms to autostereo tape cartridge units. Eight complete, au-thoritative chapters in all!This handy, on -the -bench reference volume willlead you straight to the facts you need, whenyou need them presented in a crisp, concisemanner that's easily understood by the novice,yet thorough enough to answer the profession-al's most complex question.

Get the Handsome Leather -flex -Covered Edition for$3 Postpaid!The 1967 ELECTRONICSINSTALLATION & SERV-ICING HANDBOOK is alsoavailable in a splendiddeluxe edition. RuggedLeatherflex Cover provideslasting protection yet issoftly textured and gold -embossed for the look ofelegance. A collector'sitem-a superb additionto your electronics library.And it's yours, for just $3postpaid, when you checkthe appropriate, box onthe order from.

Whether you earn yourliving by servicing . . .

supplement your salaryby servicing part-time ...or are an active hobbyistwho services just for thefun of it . . . the 1967ELECTRONICS INSTAL-LATION & SERVICINGHANDBOOK is one "toolof the trade" you can'tafford not to have.Order your Only $1.25copy today!

Ziff -Davis Service Division, Dept. ISH589 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10012 Please send my copy of the 1967 ELECTRONICS INSTAL-

LATION & SERVICING HANDBOOK as checked below:I am enclosing $1.25 plus 15c for shipping and handlingfor the Regular Edition. ($1.75 for orders outside U.S.A.)

ID I am enclosing $3.00. Please send me, postpaid, theLeatherflex-covered Deluxe Edition, ($3.75 for ordersoutside U.S.A.) ( Please allow 3 additional weeks fordelivery of the Deluxe Edition.)

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COMMUNICATIONS

HANDBOOK

READER

SERVICE NO. ADVERTISER PAGE NO.

2 Allied Radio 33, 34

3 American Institute of Engineering &Technology 148

Antenna Specialists Co., The ....SECOND COVER

4 B&K 6

Beldon Manufacturing Company 1

Browning Laboratories, Inc. 124

C/P Corporation 98

E.C.I. Electronics Communications Inc 123

Electro-Voice, Inc 147

Hallicrafters THIRD COVER

Heath Company 67, 66, 69

International Crystal Mfg. Co., Inc 2

Johnson Company, E.F 4

Knight -Kit Div., Allied Radio 55

Kuhn Electronics Inc 149

16 Lafayette Radio Electronics 101, 102

17 Mosley Electronics, Inc 121

18 Multi-Elmac Co 126

National Radio Institute 24

19 Olson Electronics Incorporated 149

20 Pace Communications Corp 130

21 Pearce -Simpson, Inc 100

29 RCA Electronic Components and DevicesFOURTH COVER

22 RCA Institutes, Inc 105

23 Telex/Acoustic Products 86

28 Texas Communications, Inc 124

24 Texas Crystals 148

25 Turner Microphone Company, The 78

26 Utica Corp 118

27 Xcelite Inc 62

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 151

Printed II U.S.A.


NEW!

SR -2000 "Hurricane" TransceiverHallicraftrs' exclusive transceiver

features plus 2000 Watts P E.Pi$995.00 (less AC power su

SR -46-A, SR -42-A VHF TransceiversFull coverage, twice the usualbandsp-ead. Maximum suppressior

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CE -20 solid-state CB transceiverFive-channe, "REACTER"

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NEW!

S-210 F1/1/AM/ Short Wave ReceiverForeign broadcast with great new

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WR-4000 Transistorized PortableExceptional FM, AM, SW, LW

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write today for complete specifications!

the NEW ideas in COMMIIIIIC011ons are horn at...

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117 goal hasPoilmohile combination for CB radio

FOR BASE STATIONS where117 V 60 cycle AC ,'....4rrent is available...

The Low -CostRCA Mark VIII and Mark NINE 9 crystal -controlled transmit and receive channels. Tunable receiver for reception of 23 C -E1 channels;

dial marked in both channel numbers and frequency. Exceptionally good voice reproduction. Highly selective superheterodyne receiver with one

RF and two IF amplifier stages.

Electronic switching-no relay noise or chatter. Illuminated "working channel" feature. Light and compact-only 31/4 inches high, weighs

only 9 pounds with mike. Improved Automatic Noise Limiter.

Plus these EXTRA features in the Mark NINE Combination "S' Meter and relative RE Output Meter (indi-

cates the relative strength of incoming signal) and RelativeRE Output Meter (indicates relative strength of signal beingtransmitted).

Spotting Switch. Permits precise manual tuning of receiverwithout use of receiver crystals.

External Speaker Jack. Lets you connect an external speakerto set, so that incoming calls can be heard in remotelocations.

Mark VIII: $99.95' Mark NINE: $114.50*

See them at your AuthorizedRCA CB Radio Distributor.

Look for storesdisplaying this symbol.

FOR MOBILE UNITS w ee opower consumption is important...

The all -solid-stateMARK 10

Ali silicon transistors assure low power consumpticii de.pendable communications at temperatures from -23 to+130' F.

Compact, lightweight. Fits easily under dash of any car ortruck. Only 31/4" high, 53/4" deep, 81/2" wide. Weighs innsthan 41/2 pounds.

12 crystal -controlled transmit and receive channels withilluminated channel selector.

Combination "S" Meter and relative RF Output Meter. Operates from 12 -volts DC power source (positive or nega-

tive ground). Crystal -controlled double conversion, superheterodyne re-

ceiver provides frequency accuracies greater than 0.004%. Separate AGC amplifier eliminates blasting and overloading.

minimizes fading. Six -stage IF bandpass filter for maximum selectivity with.

out ringing. Low -distortion, series -type noise limiter with automatic

threshold adjustment. Receiver power regulated for maximum stability. Acoustically designed cabinet with audio characteristics

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Mark 10: $189.85*.00fiGnal chstributol resale price.

RCA ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND DEVICES, HARRISON, N. i.

The Most Trusted Name in ElectronicsCIRCLE NO. 29 ON READER SERVICE CA.:7

.4.111hr _