Causes of the Industrial Causes of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Civil WarCivil War Fought from 1860-1865Fought from 1860-1865 Troops required a lot of Troops required a lot of

suppliessupplies Factories had to Factories had to

increase production to increase production to meet needs of militarymeet needs of military

Economy grows, Economy grows, especially in the North especially in the North where most of the where most of the factories, and factories, and transportation systems transportation systems were locatedwere located

New TechnologyNew Technology Many new inventions and discoveries Many new inventions and discoveries

were made during the late 19were made during the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth centuries centuries

New technology made work faster New technology made work faster and easierand easier

More products could be produced More products could be produced and could be produced quicklyand could be produced quickly

Business owners made lots of moneyBusiness owners made lots of money Many new jobs availableMany new jobs available

Examples of New Examples of New TechnologyTechnology

Isaac Merritt Singer

Plans for Elisha Otis’ Elevator

Edmund Cartwright

Thomas Edison

James Watt

William Jessop

FactoriesFactories First Factory in First Factory in Massachusetts Massachusetts owned by Henry owned by Henry Cabot LowellCabot Lowell

Factory is in Factory is in Waltham, not LowellWaltham, not Lowell

Henry Cabot Lowell Henry Cabot Lowell is known for is known for creating the “Lowell creating the “Lowell Mill System”Mill System”

System consisted of System consisted of girls who lived, ate girls who lived, ate and worked at the and worked at the factoryfactory

Population IncreasePopulation Increase Better Nutrition and Better Nutrition and

Increased Immigration Increased Immigration caused the population to caused the population to increase.increase.

As the population As the population increased, more jobs increased, more jobs were neededwere needed

Farm jobs disappeared Farm jobs disappeared because new technology because new technology required fewer workersrequired fewer workers

Had to move to cities to Had to move to cities to find workfind work

Large supply of unskilled Large supply of unskilled workers for the factoriesworkers for the factories

UrbanizationUrbanization Process of Moving Process of Moving

from the Country from the Country to the Cityto the City

Before the Before the Industrial Industrial Revolution Cities Revolution Cities were smallwere small

After they were notAfter they were not

Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution The Steam Boat and The Steam Boat and

the Railroad were the Railroad were the first industrial the first industrial changes in changes in transportationtransportation

New forms of New forms of transportation transportation moved products to moved products to markets farther markets farther away, and at a away, and at a quicker pacequicker pace

Also moved raw Also moved raw materials to factoriesmaterials to factories

NY, San Francisco and Boston NY, San Francisco and Boston had Trolleyshad Trolleys

Then Boston opened the first Then Boston opened the first Subway in America in 1898Subway in America in 1898

The TThe T

New Business Leaders New Business Leaders and Practicesand Practices

New Business PracticesNew Business Practices The late 1800’s was the era of big The late 1800’s was the era of big

businessbusiness Mark Twain called it the Gilded Age – why?Mark Twain called it the Gilded Age – why? The Business leaders were often seen as The Business leaders were often seen as

“Robber Barons” because they had little “Robber Barons” because they had little regard for the welfare of the workers, poor regard for the welfare of the workers, poor or the environment.or the environment.

They cared primarily for profitThey cared primarily for profit

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Strategy used by a business or Strategy used by a business or

corporation that seeks to sell a type of corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets product in numerous markets

Several small companies are created Several small companies are created Each company markets the product to Each company markets the product to

a different geographical area a different geographical area Exists when a firm has plants in several Exists when a firm has plants in several

locations producing similar products locations producing similar products

Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration Companies which share a common Companies which share a common

owner owner Each company produces a Each company produces a

different product or service, and different product or service, and the products combine to satisfy a the products combine to satisfy a common need common need

Example: owning the iron mine, Example: owning the iron mine, the iron refinery, and the railroads the iron refinery, and the railroads used to transport the finished ironused to transport the finished iron

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller Owned Standard OilOwned Standard Oil Worked with Railroads, Worked with Railroads,

even getting secret even getting secret kickbacks to increase kickbacks to increase his profit marginhis profit margin

Owned all aspects of Owned all aspects of the oil refining the oil refining business. Allowed him business. Allowed him to lower his prices and to lower his prices and put his competition out put his competition out of businessof business

Created an oil Created an oil monopolymonopoly

Used horizontal Used horizontal integrationintegration

Rockefeller made a lot of Rockefeller made a lot of moneymoney

But also created a lot of poor, hurt the But also created a lot of poor, hurt the environment and shut down many small environment and shut down many small

businessesbusinesses

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Owned US SteelOwned US Steel Based in Pittsburgh Based in Pittsburgh Followed Rockefeller’s modelFollowed Rockefeller’s model Used Vertical instead of Used Vertical instead of

Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration Owned: mills where steel Owned: mills where steel

was produced, mines to get was produced, mines to get the iron ore, coal mines to the iron ore, coal mines to produce the coal, railroads produce the coal, railroads and ships that transported and ships that transported the ore and steel etc.the ore and steel etc.

Researched all aspects of Researched all aspects of the Steel industry so he the Steel industry so he knew how much his steel knew how much his steel cost to producecost to produce

““Gospel of Wealth”Gospel of Wealth” Created by Andrew Created by Andrew

CarnegieCarnegie Invested heavily in Invested heavily in

charitable charitable organizations – started organizations – started the Carnegie the Carnegie foundationfoundation

Believed that charity Believed that charity needed to be overseen needed to be overseen wisely, otherwise it wisely, otherwise it was a waste of moneywas a waste of money

This is Carnegie Hall in This is Carnegie Hall in NYNY

Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt Owned shipping Owned shipping

lines and railroadslines and railroads Started Vanderbilt Started Vanderbilt

UniversityUniversity

John Pierpont MorganJohn Pierpont Morgan Banking Empire Chase Banks

Why Was America Why Was America Successful during the Successful during the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?

Large supply of unskilled Large supply of unskilled laborlabor

American American ingenuity/inventivenessingenuity/inventiveness

Large supply of natural Large supply of natural resources (including coal, resources (including coal, wood and iron)wood and iron)

Stable economyStable economy

Where did our Where did our workforce come workforce come

from?from?

ImmigrationImmigration Most of the Most of the

immigrants were immigrants were unskilled laborers, unskilled laborers, which is just what which is just what the factories the factories wantedwanted

Immigration came Immigration came in 2 waves – old in 2 waves – old and new and new immigrationimmigration

Old ImmigrationOld Immigration Early portion of the Early portion of the

1919thth century century Mostly ProtestantMostly Protestant Mostly from Northern Mostly from Northern

and Western Europeand Western Europe Includes: Germany, Includes: Germany,

England and SwedenEngland and Sweden Many moved out west Many moved out west

once they reached once they reached AmericaAmerica

New ImmigrationNew Immigration 1880 and after1880 and after Catholic and JewishCatholic and Jewish Eastern and Southern Eastern and Southern

EuropeEurope Including: Russia, Including: Russia,

Italy, Greece and Italy, Greece and PolandPoland

Most stayed in East Most stayed in East Coast cities, especially Coast cities, especially Boston and New YorkBoston and New York

Immigration Statistics Immigration Statistics

Immigrants in AmericaImmigrants in America

Voyage and Voyage and ArrivalArrival

Came over in Came over in “Steerage”“Steerage”

Voyage was rough, Voyage was rough, disease and sickness disease and sickness was commonwas common

Arrived in America at Arrived in America at Ellis IslandEllis Island

Had to undergo Had to undergo inspection upon arrivalinspection upon arrival

If found to be sick, sent If found to be sick, sent backback

Emma LazarusEmma Lazarus“The New Colossus”“The New Colossus”

This poem is inscribed This poem is inscribed on the base of the on the base of the Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty

America was seen as America was seen as the land of the land of opportunity, where all opportunity, where all your dreams could your dreams could come truecome true

Around the world, Around the world, America was seen as America was seen as accepting all of the accepting all of the worlds “tired, hungry worlds “tired, hungry and poor”and poor”

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to With conquering limbs astride from land to

land;land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall

standstandA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handMother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand

Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandcommand

The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!"

cries shecries sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your

poor,poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe Your huddled masses yearning to breathe

free,free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Positive Positive Reactions to Reactions to ImmigrantsImmigrants

Religious groups helpedReligious groups helped Charity provided basic Charity provided basic

services like helping to services like helping to find work, teaching find work, teaching English, donating food, English, donating food, and even paying for and even paying for funeralsfunerals

Political “Bosses” who ran Political “Bosses” who ran cities used the cities used the immigrants to keep them immigrants to keep them in power.in power.

These Bosses were often These Bosses were often corruptcorrupt

In NY Boss Tweed and In NY Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall were Tammany Hall were particularly notorious for particularly notorious for greed, bribes and greed, bribes and corruptioncorruption

Negative Reaction to Negative Reaction to ImmigrantsImmigrants

Nativism: Hostility towards immigrants by native Nativism: Hostility towards immigrants by native born Americansborn Americans

““Know Nothing Party”: political party determined Know Nothing Party”: political party determined to keep Catholics and Jews out of political office to keep Catholics and Jews out of political office and limit the opportunities for immigrants in all and limit the opportunities for immigrants in all areasareas

Called “Know Nothing” because?Called “Know Nothing” because? Claimed Immigrants were lazy, criminals, filled Claimed Immigrants were lazy, criminals, filled

with disease, out to take jobs from Americans, with disease, out to take jobs from Americans, creating crowded, slum filled citiescreating crowded, slum filled cities

Nativists often resorted to violence and criminal Nativists often resorted to violence and criminal activity of their own to deal with the immigrantsactivity of their own to deal with the immigrants

Chinese Chinese Exclusion ActExclusion Act

Of all the immigrant Of all the immigrant groups, the Chinese groups, the Chinese faced possibly the faced possibly the most prejudicemost prejudice

The federal The federal government passed government passed the Chinese the Chinese Exclusion Act in Exclusion Act in 1882 to keep the 1882 to keep the Chinese out of Chinese out of AmericaAmerica

The Chinese built the The Chinese built the Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

But were seen as lazy, dangerous, heathens and criminals

Compare the Two Images Compare the Two Images BelowBelow