The Industrial Revolution•What were the causes and effects of industrialization?•How did the Industrial Revolution create new social and political conflicts?•How did industrialization inspire imperialism?

Part I: Beginnings in BritainWhy did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

Background Info

•New governments in US, France, & Latin America

•Industrial Revolution: greatly increased output of machine-made goods

•Began in England in the 1700s in textiles

•Spread to Continental Europe & North America

Beginnings in British Agriculture

•Wealthy landowners bought land from village farmers▫Enclosures: pieces of the land (large

fields) enclosed by fence or hedges▫More productive seeding & harvesting

methods▫Tenant farmers

•Improved farming methods•Agricultural revolution

▫Crop rotation

Reasons for Britain• Natural resources required for machine production of goods:

▫ Water power ▫ Coal▫ Iron ore▫ Rivers▫ Harbors

• Population growth in second half of 18th century▫ Labor available▫ Needed to produce more cloth & cheaper

• Expanding economy▫ Businesspeople invested in new inventions▫ Banking system loans for new machinery▫ Growing overseas trade▫ Plantations still in the Caribbean for cotton & other raw materials

• Political stability▫ No wars on British mainland▫ Military successes abroad gave positive attitude▫ Parliament passed laws to protect business ventures

• Had all the Factors of Production▫ Land▫ Labor▫ Capital

Textile Industry• First industry to transform

▫BUT, had begun expanding before new machines with the putting-out system

• Merchants boosted profits by speeding up process of cloth-making

• Inventions built upon one another▫Flying Shuttle (J. Kay)▫Spinning Jenny (J. Hargreaves)▫Water Frame (R. Arkwright)▫Spinning Mule (S. Crompton)▫Power Loom (E. Cartwright)

• Cotton Gin (E. Whitney) – exported more cotton from the American south

Entrepreneurs• Person who

organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

• Matthew Boulton partnered with James Watt

Building of Factories

•More machines Need more room!•Needed waterpower

▫Built on rivers▫Built near/in cities

•Urbanization▫Most of Europe’s urban areas at least doubled

in population; some quadrupled!▫Factories developed in clusters near water &

coal sources▫London’s population exploded, becoming

Europe’s largest city Challenged by newer cities like Birmingham &

Sheffield (iron), Leeds & Manchester (textiles)

Transportation•Watt’s Steam Engine

▫Figured out a way to make steam engine work faster & more efficiently while burning less fuel in 1765

▫Partnered with businessman Boulton in 1774 Paid to create new inventions

•Water Transportation▫Fulton’s steamboat Clermont in 1807▫Canal network in England

•Road improvements▫British roads improved due to John McAdam

(Scottish engineer)▫Equipped road beds with large drainage stones,

topped by smaller stones

Railroad Boom• Steam-driven locomotive

▫ First built by Richard Trevithick in 1804▫ Successive types built by George Stephenson

• First railroad line began 1821▫ Opened 1825▫ Used four locomotives designed & built by Stephenson

• Entrepreneurs wanted line to connect Liverpool with Manchester▫ Rocket (Stephenson) could travel 24 MPH▫ Opened 1830

• Changed life in Britain▫ Cheap way to transport materials & products▫ New jobs for railroad workers and miners▫ Boosted agricultural & fishing industries (transport products)▫ Encouraged country people to take city jobs▫ Lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside“The locomotive is the hearse which will carry absolutism and feudalism to the graveyard.”

Fact Check: True or False?1. England had all the factors of production

necessary for industrialization.2. Britain was very stable politically because it was

not involved in wars in the 1700s and 1800s.3. The textile industry transformed first with new

inventions that made cloth production faster.4. The building of factories increased the number

of people living in the countryside.5. The combustible engine was important in

improving transportation.6. The railroad boom improved life in England by

making travel easier and providing new jobs mining and working the railways.

Main Idea

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because it had all the necessary factors of

production: land, labor, and capital.

Crash Course: Industrial Revolution•http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=zhL5DCizj5c

Part II: Spread of Industrialization

What factors facilitated the spread of industrialization to Europe and North America?

Spreading Industrialization

•Began in Britain•Spread to North America •Spread to Continental Europe•Countries with similar factors of

production

United States• Same resources that allowed Britain to mechanize

industry▫ Rivers▫ Coal▫ Iron▫ Labor: farmers & immigrants

• Began in textiles▫ Samual Slater emigrated to the US from Britain in 1789

– built a spinning machine from memory & partial design

▫ Moses Brown opened first factory a year later in Pawtucket, RI Mass produced thread

▫ Francis Lowell mechanized every stage in manufacture of cloth near Boston, MA in 1813 Later called Lowell, MA – model for other manufacturing

towns▫ Thousands of single, young women flocked to work as

mill girls Higher wages Some independence 12hr days, 6 days/week Often only alternative to being a servant

Later Expansion in US Industry

• Much industrial growth in the northeast in the early 1800s• Remained primarily agricultural until after the Civil War

(1865)• Technological boom

▫ Causes: natural resources, inventions, urban population▫ Railroads linked resources in different cities

Chicago stockyards to Minneapolis grain industry to the Northeast

• By the end of 1800s, a limited number of large, powerful companies controlled more than 2/3 of nation’s railroad tracks

• Businesses merged as railroads had Rise of Corporations▫ Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (rights of ownership) to

build large business or railroad▫ Stock owners became part owners of corporations – share in

profits but not personally responsible for debts▫ Raise large amounts of capital to buy industrial equipment▫ Standard Oil (Rockefeller)▫ Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)▫ sought to control ALL aspects of business▫ Stockholders made fortune while workers lived in poverty

Railroad Lines, 1830-1850

Austria-Hungary

France

Germany

Italy

Russia

Great Britain

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

18501830

Kilometers

Thinking Ahead: How will the amount of railways affect the development, quality of life, and interaction of these European nations?

Continental Europe Industrializes• Adopt the “British Miracle”

▫ Troubles sparked by French Rev. and Napoleonic Wars (1789-1815) halted trade, interrupted communication, & caused inflation

▫ Gap widening between continent & Britain• Belgium

▫ Iron ore & coal; waterways; skilled workers▫ William Cockerill illegally made way to Belgium in 1799 with secret plans

for spinning machines▫ John Cockerill built industrial enterprise

Steam engines, railway locomotives Workers founded own companies later

• Germany▫ Politically divided in early 1800s; began to copy model in 1835▫ Imported British engineers & equipment▫ Manufacturers sent children to learn industrial management▫ Built railroads **Most important**▫ Economic strength spurred ability to develop as a military power………▫ Unified, imperial Germany both an industrial & military giant by late

1800s

Elsewhere in Europe• Industrialization by region, not country

▫Spinning in Bohemia▫Catalonia had more cotton than Belgium▫Northern Italy mechanized textiles (silk esp.)▫Serf labor ran factories in Moscow & St. Petersburg

• France: growth after 1830▫More measured & controlled because agriculture

remained strong▫Avoided social & economic problems of industrialization▫Thriving national market for products created after 1850

(began railroad construction)• Many countries didn’t industrialize

▫Social structure delayed adoption of methods of production

▫Geography & Transportation – mountains & lack of rivers▫Slow in Eastern Europe where serfdom prominent

Check Your Learning1. Why did some countries industrialize

while others did not?2. How did industrialization advance

Germany on the world stage?3. What groups found work in factories in

the United States?4. How was transportation critical to

industrialization? (both a cause and an effect)

Main Ideas

•The Industrial Revolution spread to continental Europe and North America to areas with necessary factors of production in the 19th century.

•Railways were both causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Spread of Industrialization Tables

•Write 2 things that can be inferred from each table on a separate piece of paper

Part III: Social ChangesHow did the Industrial Revolution cause new social

problems?What societal ills would be addressed by reformers in

the Industrial Revolution?

Changing Urban Life

• Problem: cities grew rapidly▫ No development plan▫ No sanitation▫ No building codes▫ Lacked adequate housing▫ Lacked educational system▫ Lacked police protection

• Living conditions▫ Dar, dirty shelters▫ Whole families in one bedroom▫ Widespread illness

Cholera epidemics Paris, April 1832: Workers attacked hospital, believing doctors were poisoning the

poor & cholera was a hoax Eastern European peasants burned estates; killed physicians

Tuberculosis most deadly Average life span 17 years for working-class in one city (38 in rural area nearby)

• Reformers believed overcrowding among the poor led to sexual promiscuity, illegitimacy, and crime▫ In 1830s and 1840s, ¼ to ½ of babies were illegitimate▫ Thousands abandoned annually at foundling hospitals▫ Beer halls & pubs popular▫ Estiamted 700K thieves, 800K prostitutes in London

Working Conditions• 14 hour days• 6 days a week• Dangers

▫Poor lighting & sanitation▫Machines injured workers

Boiler explosions Drive belt = amputation

▫No gov’t program to provide aid▫Most dangerous in coal mines

Accidents Damp conditions Breathing coal dust Average life span 10 years shorter than other workers Employed many women & children

Formation of the Working Class• Factories drew workers from the urban population surge

▫ Manchester & Leeds increased 40% in the 1820s alone, for example▫ Previously thought that workers came from countryside, pushed off by

enclosures of the 1700s▫ But, agricultural laborers actually increased in the industrialization of

Britain (birthrate created larger population & fed workers into cities)• As factories grew, workers came to constitute a new socioeconomic

class with a distinct culture & Traditions▫ Working class term used first in early 19th century▫ Common interests organized societies for mutual help & political reform

Luddites – destroy machines & factories Others reformed Parliament

▫ Labor unions• Despite growth, factory workers remained a minority of the population

▫ 1840s: 5% England, 3% France, 2% Prussia▫ Most workers continued to toil at home in cottage industries▫ Some combined factory work with agricultural labor

• Factories still attracted attention for creating both unheard-of-riches & poverty

Critical Thinking1. Why would mines and factories hire

women and children during this time?2. How could you tell the difference

between a quickly-raised city and a planned city?

3. Why would people choose to work in the factories and mines rather than in their previous jobs?

4. What effect might urbanization have on social classes?

Class Tensions Grow

• Uneven distribution of wealth▫ Industrial Revolution brought wealth to England▫ BUT, working class reallllllllllllllly poor!

• New growing middle class: factory owners, shippers, & merchants▫ Some wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats▫ Social distinctions divided two wealthy classes

Landowners looked down on businesspeople Not seen as equal until 1800s

▫ Gradually, larger middle class (neither rich nor poor) emerged Upper middle class: doctors, lawyers, managers of mines &

factories Lower middle class: Factory overseers, skilled workers

Comfortable standard of living

• Working Class: laborers▫ Saw little improvement in standard of living & working

conditions▫ Replaced by machines▫ Luddites: attacked factories, destroying enslaving machinery

Impact of Industrial Revolution• Positive Effects

▫ Created jobs▫ contributed to wealth of nations▫ Fostered technological progress & innovation▫ Increased production of goods▫ Raised standard of living▫ Hope of improvement in people’s lives▫ Healthier diets▫ Better housing▫ Cheaper, mass-produced clothing▫ Expanded educational opportunities (needed skilled people)▫ Prosperous middle and upper classes▫ Laborers eventually earned higher wages, shorter hours, & better

working conditions through unions• Long Term Effects

▫ Affordable consumer goods that were once luxuries▫ Living & working conditions improved▫ Profits produced tax revenues invest in urban improvements to

raise standard of living

Negative Impacts: Manchester Example

•Child labor▫Long hours▫Beat children▫Injuries from machines▫Inhaling ‘fluff’ in cotton mills▫First ‘Factory Act’ not passed until 1819

Restricted working age & hours Children still worked for years afterward

•Pollution▫Coal blackened air▫Textile dyes poisoned rivers

Child Labor in America

• Before: children worked on farms & (boys) took apprenticeships around age 10-14▫ Declined during the early 19th century▫ Rise in factory labor

Paid less Tiny hands for intricate machines Easier to manage than adults

• Loopholes in education & minimum wage laws; loosely enforced anyway

• Immigrant mindset of child labor• 1900: 18% of all workers under age of 16• Conditions

▫ Dangerous machines injury▫ Verbal, physical abuse▫ Work 10-14 hours▫ Inhale fumes & toxins chronic conditions & disease▫ Limited access to education

• Reducing child labor▫ National Child Labor Committee formed 1904 – investigations

by experts, photography to dramatize poor conditions, pamphlets, lobbying success still dependent on political climate & need for labor

▫ Many laws passed restricting child labor in early 1900s▫ New machinery eliminated need for child workers▫ Jobs required more education

• Replaced later by women and immigrants in textile industry

Impact of Industrialization• Shifted world balance of power• Increased competition between industrialized nations & poverty in

less-developed nations• Widened wealth gap between countries, even while it

strengthened economic ties▫ Required steady supply of raw materials from less developed countries▫ Poor countries a market for products

• Britain exploited colonies for resources & markets▫ Europeans, US, Russia, Japan followed (imperialism)

• Lives changed – revolutions in ag., production, transportation, & communication▫ Life expectancy▫ Population, health, wealth eventually rose in all industrialized

countries▫ Middle class opportunities for education▫ Greater democratic participation movement for social reform

• Europe had tremendous economic power▫ Asian & African economies still based on agriculture

How did the Industrial Revolution cause imperialism?

Main Idea

•Industrialization and urbanization caused new societal problems, including:▫Growing class tensions▫Sanitation issues & disease epidemics▫Child labor practices▫Pollution

Classwork & Homework

For class: Read “Urban & Working Conditions” & Complete Questions

For homework:Complete the Industrial Reform Chart& Read “Beyond Britain”

Part IV: Reform Movements

What societal ills were addressed by reformers of the Industrial Revolution?

Reform Movements•Wide gap between rich &

poor•Business believed in the

gov’t staying OUT of its affairs

•Reformers felt gov’t should play an ACTIVE role to improve conditions

•Workers demanded rights & protection▫Created labor unions to

increase influence•Calls for children’s rights•Compulsory education

Education• Education = main prospect for uplifting the poor &

working class• 1833- France required towns to sustain primary

schools, pay a teacher, & provide free education to poor boys (girls’ schools were optional)▫60% of children attended primary school in France▫75% of children did in Protestant Prussia

• Compulsory Education▫Horace Mann (US) favored free public education for

all children▫Many states started public school system by 1850s▫Late 1800s in western Europe

Temperance Movement

•Fight the ‘pestilence of hard liquor’•Catholics & Protestants alike•Appeared in US as early as 1813•Drunkenness as sign of moral weakness &

threat so social order•Attracted working-class people who

wanted respect

More Reforms• Abolition of Slavery

▫ Wilberforce fought to end slavery in the British Empire West Indies ended 1807 Continued fight after retirement in 1825 Abolished slavery in empire in 1833 Mixed motives for abolitionists: morals vs. economic threat

▫ Ended w/end of Civil War in 1865 in the US▫ Persisted in the Americas in Puerto Rico (1873), Cuba (1886), & Brazil

(1888)• Women’s Rights

▫ Industrial Rev. a mixed blessing Factory work offered higher wages Women made 1/3 the amount of men

▫ Formed unions in trades they dominated▫ Safety inspectors of factories where women worked▫ Settlement houses – community centers▫ In the US early as 1848 ▫ International Council for Women founded 1888

Delegates from 27 countries @ the 1899 meeting• Prisons

▫ 1831 – French writer Alexis de Tocqueville contrasted brutal conditions of American prisons w/ the “extended liberty” of US society

▫ Emphasized providing prisoners with means to lead useful lives after release

Life of Industrial Workers Source

As you read, determine why people called for reform in the Industrial Revolution for

both workers and children.

Laissez-faire Economics• Letting owners of industry & business set

working conditions without interference• Favors free market, unregulated by gov’t• Stemmed from French Enlightenment thinkers• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations

▫Defended idea of free markets▫Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress▫Gov’t should not interfere▫3 natural laws of economics

Self-interest Competition Supply & demand

Capitalism•Economic system in which factors of

production are privately owned & money is invested in business ventures for profit

•Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo•Supported laissez-faire economics•Opposed gov’t efforts to help poor

workers•Creating minimum wage laws & better

working conditions would upset the free market, lower profits, & undermine wealth

Utilitarianism• Gov’t should intervene in business• Gov’t actions are useful only when they promote

the greatest good for the most people• Jeremy Bentham (England)

▫Modified ideas of Adam Smith▫ Individuals should be free to pursue own advantage

without interference from the state• JS Mill led movement in 1800s – questioned

unregulated capitalism▫Help ordinary working people with policies ▫Lead to more equal division of profits▫Cooperative system of agriculture▫Women’s rights, incl. vote▫Reform in legal & prison system

Socialism•Factors of production owned by the

public and operate for the welfare of all ▫(“public” = government/state in

practice)•Optimistic view of progress•Concern for social justice•Gov’t should plan the economy rather

than depend on free market capitalism•Control factories, mines, & railroads

would end poverty & promote equality•Reformers: Charles Fourier; Saint-

Simon

Marxism• Radical Socialism• Communist Manfiesto by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

▫ Human societies always divided into warring classes▫ Bourgeoisie (middle class) vs. Proletariat (working class)▫ Wealthy controlled means of production while workers sold their

labor under terrible conditions▫ Proletariat should/must overthrow the bourgeoisie▫ Capitalist system would eventually destroy itself with the revolt of

the proletariat, causing a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’• Communism = final phase

▫ Means of production would be owned by the people▫ No more private property▫ Goods & services shared equally

• Few short-term results of CM▫ Published 1848 – same year as revolts that were put down by

European rulers▫ Inspired revolutions in the 1900s (Russia) (China) (Cuba)

• Critiques▫ More than economy dominates society (religion, nationalism,

ethnicity, democratic reforms)▫ Gap between rich and poor failed to widen in the way that Marx &

Engels predicted due to reforms by gov’t

Main Ideas

•The Industrial Revolution created new methods of obtaining wealth and raised questions about the role of the government in business and markets.

•Laissez-faire, capitalism utilitarianism, socialism, and Marxism all attempted to answer these questions.