1. Absolutism and Constitutionalism, 1648-1715

1.1 The Dutch Republic 1.2 The English Revolution 1.3 France under Louis XIV 1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia 1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia

1.1. The Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands • “80 Years War”

(1568-1648) • Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) • Treaty of Westphalia

(1648)

1.2. The English Revolution

• James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution”

(1688)

• James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution”

(1688)

English Civil War • “Roundhead”

(Parliament) • “Cavalier” (Royalist) • New Model Army • Oliver Cromwell

• James I • Charles I • English Civil War • Charles II • James II • “Glorious Revolution”

(1688)

Charles II • Whigs and Tories James II • Test Act (1673) • William of Orange Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights

1.3 France Under Louis XIV

Absolutism • Thomas Hobbes

• Leviathan • Bishop Bossuet

• “Divine Right”

Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Minister of Finance • Mercantilism

Wars of Louis XIV

• War of Devolution (1667-1668)

• Dutch War (1672-1678)

• War of the Grand Alliance (1687-1697)

• War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

1.4 Formation of Austria and Prussia

Prussia • Thirty Years War • Great Elector

Frederick William (1640-1688)

• Frederick William I (1713-1740)

Austria • Thirty Years War • Conflict with the

Ottoman Empire • Leopold I (1657-1705)

• Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)

1.5 The “Westernization” of Russia

2. Competition for Empire and Economic Expansion

2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century 2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740 2.3 Demographic change in the 18th Century

2.1 Global Economy of the Eighteenth Century

Mercantilism

Mercantilism • Limited Wealth • Trade is Zero-Sum • Governmental

Involvement • Colonies: “Trade

Benefits the Mother Country”

Mercantilism • Jean-Baptiste

Colbert (France) • Dutch East India

Company (1602) • British East India

Company (1600)

Competition • New World • Caribbean • Southeast Asia

2.2 Europe after Utrecht, 1713-1740

Themes • State Building • Mercantilism • Professional

Armies

After Utrecht • Louis XIV’s Wars • Peace of Utrecht

(1713) • Rise of Frederick

the Great – War of Austrian

Succession (1740-1748)

The “First World War” • Diplomatic

Revolution (1756) – France and Austria – Prussia and Britain

• Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Treaty of Paris (1763) • Prussia Survives • British Global

Empire • Fiscal Burdens – American

Revolution – French Involvement

2.3 Demographic Change of the Eighteenth Century

Demographic Trends • Agricultural

Revolution – Increased life

expectancy – Shift from older to

earlier marriages

Demographic Trends • Population boom

after 1750 • Global Diet (Potato) • Medical

improvements

3. The Scientific View of the World

3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution 3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society 3.3 Political Theory

3.1 Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution

Greeks Aristotle - Elements Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe

Tycho Brahe

Galileo

Johannes Kepler

3.2 New Knowledge of Man and Society

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Empiricism • Inductive Reasoning René Descartes (1596-1650) • Deductive Reasoning • Discourse on Method

(1637)

3.3 Political Theory

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Thomas Hobbes (1558-1679) • Leviathan (1651) John Locke (1632-1704) • Letter Concerning

Toleration (1689) • Two Treatises of

Government (1690)

4. Period of Enlightenment

4.1 Enlightenment Thought 4.2 Enlightened Despotism 4.3 Partition of Poland

4.1 Enlightenment Thought

Enlightenment Catechism 1) Methods of Natural

Science à Development of Social Science

2) Belief in Reason 3) Belief in Progress

(Optimistic)

What is a Philosophe?

“One who, trampling on prejudice, tradition, universal consent, authority – in a word, all that enslaves most minds – dares to think for himself, to go back and search for the clearest general principles, to admit nothing except on the testimony of his experience and his reason.” - The Encyclopédie

Deism

David Hume • Natural History of

Religion (1775)

Voltaire • Candide (1759) • Treatise on Toleration

(1763)

4.2 Enlightened Despotism

“Enlightened Despots”

Frederick the Great (Prussia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Joseph II (Austria)

4.3 Partition of Poland

Partitions of Poland

First: 1772 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia)

Second: 1793 (Russia and Prussia)

Third: 1795 (Russia, Austria, and Prussia)

5. Revolution and Napoleonic Europe

5.1 The Revolution in France 5.2 The Revolution and Europe 5.3 The French Empire 5.4 Congress of Vienna

5.1 The Revolution in France

Causes

• Debt • Poor Harvests • Enlightenment

Ideals

Revolution

• Estates General – First Estate – Second Estate – Third Estate

• Tennis Court Oath

Outbreak • Fall of the Bastille • Great Fear • National Assembly – Department System – Banned Strikes/Guilds – Assignats – Civil Constitution of

the Clergy (Jul. 1790)

• National Assembly (Sept. 1791)

• Legislative Assembly (Oct 1791) – Jacobins – Declaration of War

(April 1792)

• Rise of the Sans-Culottes

• September Massacres • National Convention

(Sept. 1792) – Alliance with “The

Mountain”

National Convention • Expands war • Executes Louis XVI

(January 1793) • Levee en Mass • Committee of Public

Safety

“If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, amid revolution it is at the same time virtue and terror. Virtue, without which terror is fatal, terror without which virtue is impotent. Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice, it is therefore an emanation of virtue” – Maximillian Robespierre

• Fall of Robespierre • The Directory

(1795-1799) • Conquests – Austrian Netherlands

(1794) – Dutch Republic (1795)

5.2 The Revolution and Europe

• Resistance • Reassessment • Revolution

Resistance • Wars of the

Coalitions – Great Britain

• “Spanish Ulcer”

Reassessment • Prussia – Battle of Jena and

Auerstadt • Military Reforms • An Mein Volk (17

March 1813)

Revolution • Holy Roman

Empire • Duchy of Warsaw

5.3 The French Empire

The Rise of Napoleon • The Directory • Italian Campaign • Egyptian Campaign • 18 Brumaire 1799

and the Consulate

Napoleon in Power • Consulate to Empire

(1804) – Concordat with the

Catholic Church (1801)

– Peace of Amiens (1802)

– Civil Code/Napoleonic Code (1804)

Napoleonic Wars • War of the Third

Coalition (1803-1806) • War of the Fourth

Coalition (1806-1807) • War of the Fifth

Coalition (1809) • Great Britain and

Trafalgar • Continental System

Fall of Napoleon • Invasion of Russia

(1812) • Battle of Leipzig

(1813) • Napoleon Exiled:

Take One (Elba) • “100 Days” and

Waterloo • Napoleon Exiled:

Take Two (St. Helena)

6.0 The Industrial Revolution

6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolution 6.2 Causes of Revolution 6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.4 British Reform Movement

6.1 Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions

Second Agricultural Revolution 1) Revolution of

technique - Charles “Turnip” Townsend

2) Systematized Agricultural Practices

- Enclosure Movement 3) Farming as commercial venture

Second Agricultural Revolution

From Cottage to Factory 1) Cottage Industry 2) Factories/Textile

Industry 3) Power sources

Iron

England 1740: 17,000 tons 1844: 3,000,000

6.2 Causes of the Industrial Revolution

6.3 Economic and Social Impact

6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact on the Working Class 6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact on the Middle Class

6.3.1 Economic and Social Impact – Middle Class

Middle Class Developments

1) Jobs 2) Home 3) Sense of Self

Cult of Domesticity

Home Work

6.3.2 Economic and Social Impact – Working Class

Factory Mindset

1) Control 2) Clock 3) Cog

Family Life

1) Problems 2) Opportunities

Working Class Life

1) Urbanization 2) Disease - Cholera

6.4 British Reform Movement

Welfare State Causes • Urbanization and

Migration • Large new class of

poor (Proletariat) • Breakdown of old

social structures

British Reform Laws • Reform Bill of 1832 • Factory Act of 1833 • Public Health Act of

1848

7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848

7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

7.1 Conservatism

Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity:

Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity:

Congress System, balance of power, existing borders

Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church

7.2 Liberalism

1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism

2) Economics • Free markets and Free

Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty (1859)

Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property

Qualifications • Middle Class Bias

7.3 Nationalism

• Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose

(Levee en Mass) • Romanticism

• Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have

a nation? • Sense of “Them”

7.4 Socialism

1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism

2) Common Features • Cooperation >

Competition • Anti-Private Property

Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA)

Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party

(Britain) • Social Democratic

Party (Germany) • Labor Unions

7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich

Revolutions of 1830 1) France

• Charles X to Louis-Phillipe

• Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland

• Uprising against Russian Rule

3) Italy • National uprising

against Austria

Revolution of 1848 - France • Louis-Phillippe –

“Bourgeois Monarch”

• February Revolution • Second Republic • Louis Blanc – National Workshops

Revolution of 1848 - Austria

• Ferdinand to Franz Joseph

• Hungary and Russia • Italy

Revolution of 1848 - Germany

• Frankfurt Parliament • What is Germany?

Revolution of 1848 – Legacy?

Success or Failure?

Pivot of Nationalism?

8. Politics and Diplomacy in the Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914

8.1 The Unification of Italy and Germany 8.2 Austria-Hungary 8.3 Russia 8.4 France 8.5 Socialism and Labor Unions 8.6 European Diplomacy, 1871-1900

8.1 The Unification of Italy and Germany

Italy: • 1848 Revolutions • Charles Albert • Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy: • Count de Cavour • Piedmont-Sardinia • Victor Emmanuel II

Italian Wars of Unification • Second Italian War of

Independence (1859) • Creation of Italy (1861) • Third Italian War of

Independence (1866) • Rome?

Germany: • 1848 Revolutions • Frankfurt Parliament

Germany: • Otto von Bismarck • Prussia • William I • “Blood and Iron”

German Wars of Unification • War of Schleswig-

Holstein (1859) • Austro-Prussian War

(1866) • Franco-Prussian War

(1871)

German Wars of Unification • War of Schleswig-

Holstein (1859) • Austro-Prussian War

(1866) • Franco-Prussian War

(1871) • Rome?

8.2 Austria-Hungary

Austria: • 1848 Revolutions • Emperor Franz

Joseph

• Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

Austria-Hungary • Dual Monarchy • Expansion into the

Balkans • 1908 Annexation of

Bosnia-Herzegovina

8.3 Russia

Prior to 1850: • Decembrist Revolt

(1825) • Nicholas I • Orthodoxy, Autocracy,

Nationalism • Polish Uprising (1830) • 1848?

Alexander II Reforms

• Serfdom Abolished (1861)

Alexander II Reforms • Serfdom Abolished

(1861) • Judicial and Penal

reform • Local Self-

Government (zemstvo)

• Universal Conscription (1874)

• Crimean War (1853-1856)

• Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) • Treaty of San

Stefano • Bulgaria

• Congress of Berlin of 1878

• Crimean War (1853-1856)

• Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) • Treaty of San

Stefano • Bulgaria

• Congress of Berlin of 1878

• Pan-Slavism

• Narodnaya Volyva (“People’s Freedom”)

• Assassination of Alexander II (1880)

8.4 France

• 1848 Revolution • Party of Order – Louis

Napoleon • Napoleon III

Foreign Policy • Crimean War (1856) • Italy (1859) • Colonial Empire

• Maximillian III and Mexico

• Southeast Asia • Franco-Prussian War

(1871) • Siege of Sedan • Second Republic

8.5 Socialism and Labor Unions

1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism

2) Common Features • Cooperation >

Competition • Anti-Private Property

Communism: Origins • Karl Marx and

Friedrich Engels • Communist Manifesto

(1848)

Communism: Beliefs • Capitalism contains

seeds of own destruction

• “Workers of the World Unite”

• Revolution NOT Reform

“From each according to his ability to each according to his needs” – Karl Marx

Socialist Parties • Labour Party

(Britain) • Social Democratic

Party (Germany) • Labor Unions • Bismarck’s Social

Insurance

8.6 European Diplomacy, 1871-1900

Foreign Policy 1) The Eastern

Question 2) Imperial Conquest 3) Alliance System

The Eastern Question • Crimean War (1856) • Russo-Turkish War

(1877) – Treaty of San Stefano

• Congress of Berlin (1878)

Imperial Conquest • Imperialism in Africa

and Asia • Russia and India • Fashoda Crisis – Entente Cordiale

(1904)

Alliance System: Pressures • Franco-Prussian War

(1871) • Russia and India • Fashoda Crisis – Entente Cordiale

(1904) • Wilhelm II and

Weltpolitik

Alliance System: Solidified • League of the Three

Emperors (1887) • Reinsurance Treaty

(1887-1890) – Bismarck Dismissed

• Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

• Anglo-German Naval Race

• Triple Alliance (1892) • Triple Entente (1907)

9. Economy, Culture and Imperialism, 1850-1914

9.1 Demography 9.2 World Economy of the Nineteenth Century 9.3 Technological Developments 9.4 Science, Philosophy and the Arts 9.5 Imperialism in Africa and Asia

9.1 Demography

Demographic Trends • Population Increase • Medical

improvements • Fertility Crisis • Migration: USA and

Empire

9.2 World Economy of the Nineteenth Century

World Economic Trends • Capitalism • Imperial Possessions • Second Industrial

Revolution

Imperialism • New Motive • Africa • Asia • “Development” >

Trade

First Industrial Revolution • 1740-1850s • Steam • Iron • Textiles

Second Industrial Revolution • 1850s-1950 • Electricity • Steel • Chemicals

9.2.1 Mercantilism to Capitalism

• A shift from the principles of mercantilism to capitalism.

• Mercantilism is typified by the idea of all the wealth of the world is in one circle.

• Trade is zero sum• Trade benefits the mother country• The real goal behind all of this is to

acquire money

• In capitalism we have a different view of the world.

• The view of wealth is transformed.• Wealth is relative, not absolute.• Free trade also means little role for

government.• Moving from trade as a zero sum gain to

trade being mutually beneficial• The purpose of money was about

acquisition

9.3 Technological Developments

Second Industrial Revolution • 1850s-1950 • Electricity • Steel • Chemicals

Steel • Bessemer Process • Eiffel Tower • Railway Stations • Steamships • Machine Guns

9.4 Science, Philosophy and the Arts

Science • Charles Darwin

• On the Origin of Species

• Albert Einstein and Relativity

“Science” • Social Darwinism

• Herbert Spencer • Eugenics

Philosophy • Higher Criticism • Social Gospel • Friedrich Nietzsche

• On the Genealogy of Morality

Arts • Picasso and Cubism • James Joyce and

Ulysses • T.S. Elliot The Waste

Land • Rites of Spring • Arnold Schoenberg

Arts • Picasso and Cubism • James Joyce and

Ulysses • T.S. Elliot The Waste

Land • Rites of Spring

9.5 Imperialism in Africa and Asia

“New Imperialism” • 1830-1914 • New Powers • New Purpose

Tools of Empire • Steamships • Telegraph • Quinine • Maxim Gun

Asia • French Indochina • British India – Opium – British East India

Company • Opium Wars

Imperialism in Africa • Algeria (1830) • Suez Canal (1869) • Berlin Conference

(1885) • “Scramble for Africa”

Meaning of Imperialism • Social Darwinism • Hierarchy of Races • G.F.W. Hegel

Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

10. The First World War and the Russian Revolution

10.1 The Causes of the First World War 10.2 The Economic and Social Impact of the war 10.3 The Peace Settlement 10.4 The Revolution of 1917 and its Effects

10.1 The Causes of the First World War

M: Militarism

A: Alliances

I: Industrialization

N: Nationalism

Political Crises • Russian Revolution

(1905) • Annexation of

Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908)

• Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

• Pan-Slavism • German Weltpolitik • Triple Alliance vs.

Triple Entente

“The Spark” • Serbia and the “Black

Hand” • Assassination of

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• July Crisis • War Plans – Schlieffen Plan

“Before the Leaves Fall” • Invasion of Belgium • “Battle of the

Frontiers” • Miracle of the Marne • Trench Warfare

10.2 The Economic and Social Impact of the War

• Economics and Total War

• Propaganda • Loss of Confidence

Economics and Total War • Industrial War • Blockade • Zeppelin Raids • Submarines • Gas • Tanks

Propaganda • War Bonds/Liberty

Bonds • Posters

• “Hun” • “Gott Strafe England” • “Daddy, What did you

do during the war?

Loss of Confidence • Wilfred Owen

• Dulce Et Decorum Est • Liberalism? • Technology? • European

Civilization? • Progress?

10.3 The Peace Settlements

The Peace Settlements

1) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

2) 14 Points 3) Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • March 3, 1918 • Terms: – Immediate

demobilization – Independence of:

Finland, Baltic States, Belarus, and Ukraine

– Ottoman Empire gains Armenia/Georgia

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russian Losses:

• 9/10ths of its coal mines

• 1/4 of its Industry • 1/3 of its Territory • 1/4 of its Population • 6 Billion in Reparations

14 Points • Point 1: No Private

Treaties • Point 2/3: Freedom of the

sea and equality of trade • Point 7: Belgium

Restored • Point 13: Creation of an

independent Poland • Point 14: A League of

Nations

Versailles Treaty 1) Dismemberment of

A-H, Russia, and Ottoman Empire

2) Germany • War Reparations • Disarmament • “War Guilt Clause” 3) League of Nations

“This is not a peace. It is an armistice for 20 years!” – Ferdinand Foch

10.4 The Revolution of 1917 and its Effects

Russia in World War One 1) Battles of

Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes (1914)

2) Entrance of the Ottoman Empire

3) Tsar Takes Command (1915)

Russian Revolutions

• February Revolution • Kerensky and the

Provisional Government

Bolsheviks

• V. I. Lenin • “Vanguard of the

Proletariat” • “Peace, Land, Bread”

Bolshevik State • “Peace” – Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk • “Land” – Land

redistribution • Russian Civil War

(1917-1922) • Lenin Dies (1924)

11. Europe Between the Wars, The Great Depression

11.1 International Politics, 1919-1939 11.2 Stalin’s Five Year Plans and Purges 11.3 Italy and Germany Between the Wars 11.4 Interwar Cultural Developments

11.1 International Politics, 1919-1939

League of Nations • “Collective Security” Dawes Plan (1924) Locarno Pact (1925) Kellogg-Brian Pact (1929)

Increasing Tensions • Invasion of Ethiopia

(1935) • Remilitarization of the

Rhineland (1936)

Increasing Tensions • Invasion of Ethiopia

(1935) • Remilitarization of the

Rhineland (1936) • Spanish Civil War

(1936-1939) • Japanese Invasion of

China (1937) • Munich Pact (1938)

Setting the Stage • Polish Guarantee • Nazi-Soviet Pact

(1939)

11.2 Stalin’s Five Year Plans and Purges

Rise of Stalin

• Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin

• Russian Civil War and War with Poland

• “Socialism in One Country”

• NKVD – “People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs”

• Gulag • Purges – Political Opponents – Military

• 3 of 5 Marshals • 13 of 15 Army

commanders (3-4 star generals)

• 8 of 9 Admirals • 50 of 57 Army Corps

commanders • 154 of 186 Division

commanders • 16 of 16 Army

commissars • 25 of 28 Army corps

commissars

11.3 Italy and Germany Between the Wars

Fascism

• “Core mobilizing myth…is the vision of the nation’s imminent rebirth from decadence” – Roger Griffin

• “Third Way”

Mussolini • New Roman Empire • Black Shirts • “March on

Rome” (1922) • Invasion of Ethiopia

Hitler • Volksgemeinschaft • Brown Shirts • Beer Hall Putsch

(1923) • Mein Kampf (1925)

Hitler’s Rise to Power • Unemployment • Presidential Elections

(1932) • Chancellor (1933)

Consolidating Power • Enabling Act (1933) • Night of the Long

Knives (1934) • Nuremberg Laws

(1935)

11.4 Interwar Cultural Developments

Disillusionment • Wilfred Owen • Erich Maria

Remarque – All Quiet on the

Western Front (1929)

Roaring 20s • Flappers • Jazz • Radio • Movies – Berlin – Los Angeles

12. The Second World War and Contemporary Europe

12.1 The Causes and Course of the Second World War 12.2 Postwar Europe 12.3 Science, Philosophy, the Arts and Religion 12.4 Social and Political Developments

12.1 The Causes and Course of the Second World War

Precursors • Japanese Invasion

of China (1937) • Molotov-

Ribbentrop Pact (1939)

• Invasion of Poland (1939)

War in the West • Invasion of

Norway • Sitzkrieg • Invasion of France

(1940)

The War Expands • Rommel in Africa • Operation

Barbarossa (1941) • Japanese attack

on Pearl Harbor (1941)

Turning of the Tide • Japanese “Victory

Disease” • German Offensive

(1942)

Turning of the Tide

• Battle of Midway (1942)

• Battle of Stalingrad (1942)

Pacific Theater • Island Hopping • Battles of Iwo Jima

and Okinawa (1945) • Bombing Campaign • “Operation

Downfall”

12.2 Postwar Europe

War Conferences • Atlantic Charter

(1941) • Yalta Conference

(1945) • Potsdam Conference

(1945)

Toward the Cold War • Division of Germany • Marshall Plan/Truman

Doctrine – “Containment”

Toward the Cold War • Division of Germany • Marshall Plan/Truman

Doctrine • Blockade of Berlin/

Berlin Airlift (1948)

Toward the Brink • De-Stalinization • John F. Kennedy vs.

Nikita Khrushchev • Berlin Wall (1961) • Cuban Missile Crisis

12.3 Science, Philosophy, the Arts and Religion

Science • Atomic Energy • Three Mile Island/

Chernobyl • OPEC Oil Crisis

Arts • Theater of the Absurd – Waiting for Godot

• “Youth Culture” • “Youth Revolt” - 1968

Religion • Second Vatican Council • Birth Control

12.4 Social and Political Developments

Social Developments • Birth Control • “Youth Revolt” • Green Parties • Nuclear

Disarmament

Political Developments • Decolonization • Hungarian Uprising

(1956)

Political Developments • Prague Spring (1968) • Détente (1970-1980)

Détente – European Style • Willy Brandt and the

SPD • Ostpolitik

Return to the Cold? • Mikhail Gorbachev • Ronald Reagan • Arms Race/SDI

Collapse of the Iron Curtain • Fall of the Berlin Wall • Fall of the Soviet

Union – Boris Yeltsin