THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONORIGINS, CAUSES & “WHY GREAT BRITAIN?”

“…took place during the 18th and 19th centuries, was a period during which mostly AGRICULTURAL and RURAL societies in Europe and America became INDUSTRIAL & URBAN.”

The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

‘BIG PICTURE’ Before the Indus. Rev., which began in GB (late 1700s), MANUFACTURING was often done in people’s homes (COTTAGE INDUSTRY), using hand tools & basic machines. INDUSTRIALIZATION marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production!

‘BIG PICTURE’ The IRON & TEXTILE industries, along with the development of the STEAM ENGINE, played central roles in the Indus. Rev., which also saw improved systems of TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION and BANKING.

‘BIG PICTURE’ While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of MANUFACTURED GOODS & an IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING for some, it also resulted in often grim employment & living conditions for the poor and working classes.

“What are the ORIGINS & CAUSES of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?”

5.) GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL RESOURCES and a STRONG NAVY… 4.) Wealthy British had the ability to make CAPITAL INVESTMENTS!

6.) A STRONG, SUPPORTIVE and STABLE GOVERNMENT allowed for growth!

1.) An AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION that changed farming in Europe! 2.) POPULATION GROWTH in Great Britain during the 18th century!3.) The BRITISH EMPIRE had a wide SUPPLY of MARKETS…

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

1.) The ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT spread to England in the 17th century (process of privatizing ‘common land’) – WEALTHY FARMERS BOUGHT LAND FROM SMALL FARMERS!

MOVEMENT LED TO: 1.) Larger farms 2.) More efficient farms3.) URBANIZATION

THINK – “WHAT EFFECTS did the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT have?”

EUROPE UNDERWENT AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (1690S)… WHICH WOULD HELP LEAD TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION2.) Charles ‘Turnip’ Townsend, wealthy landlord from Norfolk – encouraged CROP ROTATION * GROW MORE CROPS and get a BETTER YIELD FROM THE LAND (if a crop was not rotated, the nutrient level in the field would go down – yield of the crop from the field decreased)

* BENEFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CYCLE

“WHAT DID THIS NEW TECHNIQUE LEAD TO?” 1.) Increased food for animals & people 2.) …more manure = better crops

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION3.) Jethro Tull perfected the SEED DRILL (1701) that ECONOMICALLY sowed the seeds in neat rows… (more seed taking root = more crops…)

* Before the seed drill, common practice was to plant seeds by hand… besides being WASTEFUL, planting was IMPRECISE and led to a POOR DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS, leading to LOW PRODUCTIVITY!

4.) Robert Bakewell, 18th century English Agriculturalist, well known for SELECTIVE BREEDING of sheep and cattle (larger cattle, better cattle = more food!)

POPULATION GROWTHThe AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: …MORE FOOD!1.) = MORE people being fed! 2.) = MORE people surviving!

4.) URBANIZATION!

These factors led to a POPULATION BOOM in GREAT BRITAIN during the 18th century!

MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE =

MORE DEMAND = MORE

PRODUCTION!

3.) = MORE STABILITY throughout society!

BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE SUPPLY OF MARKETS1.) …world’s leading colonial power; meant that its colonies could serve as:

SOURCE FOR RAW MATERIALS MARKETPLACE FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS

“A MARKET is any place where the SELLERS of a good or service can meet with the BUYERS of that good or service where there is potential for a transaction to take place.”

CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

WHAT IS CAPITAL? MATERIAL WEALTH… in the form of money or property.

1.) British COLONIAL EXPANSION during the 17th century led to: Development of INTERNATIONAL TRADE Creation of NEW FINANCIAL MARKETS The ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL

2.) NEW WEALTH allowed for ENTREPRENEURS to make large investments of capital into the TEXTILE, COAL MINING and METAL INDUSTRIES

EXAMPLE “The textile industry, for instance, relied on raw material from America; finished goods were sold internally but also abroad, especially in India, where British colonial rule was able virtually to destroy the once flourishing Indian textile industry by forbidding the export of Indian textiles.”

GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL RESOURCES & A STRONG NAVY1.) RIVERS and CANALS for TRANSPORTATION and WATER POWER

3.) COAL provided for FUEL2.) ISLAND… PORTS ENABLED TRADE

5.) POPULATION provided for WORKERS6.) STRONG NAVY to protect & expand ECONOMY

NATURAL RESOURCES: “naturally occurring exploitable material” (coal, wood, water, minerals, etc.)

4.) IRON ORE strengthened MANUFACTURING

STRONG, SUPPORTIVE AND STABLE GOVERNMENTGreat Britain used their POLITICAL STABILITY to their advantage:

STRONG & LARGE EMPIRE STABLE GOVERNMENT at home Gov’t that supported INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Gov’t that supported LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS

1.) Out of ALL THE WARS that had been fought during the 17th and 18th centuries – how many were fought in ENGLAND?

2.) Great Britain had ABOLISHED FEUDALISM (1660) – no feudal class to hold back the working class!

…led to a very large and free peasantry/working class in England!