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Language teaching at a distance: the enabling
potentials of technology
Language teaching at a distance: the enabling
potentials of technology
Dr Debra Hoven
CDE
[email protected], Edmonton, June 2008
Dr Debra Hoven
CDE
[email protected], Edmonton, June 2008
Terminology Terminology
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)
CELL (Computer Enhanced … ) TELL (Technology Enhanced Language
Learning) & its various manifestations Issues as an applied discipline … Applied where & to whom …?
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)
CELL (Computer Enhanced … ) TELL (Technology Enhanced Language
Learning) & its various manifestations Issues as an applied discipline … Applied where & to whom …?
Finding the best fit …Finding the best fit …
Celebration model cf compensation model: When, who & how … & to a lesser extent,
where, what & why Contexts and constraints Purposes and advantages
… and the tools to match i.e. appropriate technologies from freeware, stand alone to Open source to commercial
Celebration model cf compensation model: When, who & how … & to a lesser extent,
where, what & why Contexts and constraints Purposes and advantages
… and the tools to match i.e. appropriate technologies from freeware, stand alone to Open source to commercial
So how does this match with language learning theories?
So how does this match with language learning theories?
Interactionist theories of LL Cognitive constructivist theories Sociocultural ecological constructivist… and Communicative language teaching Community-based learning/communities of
learners Roles of form (structure) & function (fluency) Fundamental purpose(s) of language & how to
acquire proficiency in these?
Interactionist theories of LL Cognitive constructivist theories Sociocultural ecological constructivist… and Communicative language teaching Community-based learning/communities of
learners Roles of form (structure) & function (fluency) Fundamental purpose(s) of language & how to
acquire proficiency in these?
… and how does this map in an online environment?… and how does this map in an online environment? 6 models of TELL
Instructional CALL Exploratory & discovery CALL Computer Mediated Communication for LL Social networking (connectedness, identity,
community) Narrative/reflective (digital storytelling,
eportfolios) Collaborative LL (communities, learner-
created content)
6 models of TELL Instructional CALL Exploratory & discovery CALL Computer Mediated Communication for LL Social networking (connectedness, identity,
community) Narrative/reflective (digital storytelling,
eportfolios) Collaborative LL (communities, learner-
created content)
Instructional CALLInstructional CALL
Interactionist theories of language learning constructivist
4 skills: reading, writing, speaking, listening + grammar & vocabulary
integrative approach
Interactionist theories of language learning constructivist
4 skills: reading, writing, speaking, listening + grammar & vocabulary
integrative approach
Instructional CALL 1 …/6Instructional CALL 1 …/6
Assistive tools (online templating): Hot Potatoeshttp://web.uvic.ca/hrd/halfbaked/http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/english/html/hotpot.htmhttp://www.humnet.ucla.edu/aflang/swahili/exercises/mazungumzo/Mazungumzo1.htmhttp://a.w-z.webpark.pl/asking_the_way.htmhttp://ospitiweb.indire.it/ictavagnacco/deutsch/Wiederholung_3/restaurant.htm Scriptohttp://www.readingmatrix.com/quizmaker/index.php
Assistive tools (online templating): Hot Potatoeshttp://web.uvic.ca/hrd/halfbaked/http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/english/html/hotpot.htmhttp://www.humnet.ucla.edu/aflang/swahili/exercises/mazungumzo/Mazungumzo1.htmhttp://a.w-z.webpark.pl/asking_the_way.htmhttp://ospitiweb.indire.it/ictavagnacco/deutsch/Wiederholung_3/restaurant.htm Scriptohttp://www.readingmatrix.com/quizmaker/index.php
Instructional CALL 2 …/6Instructional CALL 2 …/6
Assistive tools (online templating): Crossword constructionhttp://www.crosswordkit.com/download.htm
Ready-made resources e.g.:http://oregonstate.edu/dept/eli/internetpossibilities.html
Resource portals:http://www.polyglot.pitt.edu/workshops/resources.html
www.atomiclearning.co.uk
Assistive tools (online templating): Crossword constructionhttp://www.crosswordkit.com/download.htm
Ready-made resources e.g.:http://oregonstate.edu/dept/eli/internetpossibilities.html
Resource portals:http://www.polyglot.pitt.edu/workshops/resources.html
www.atomiclearning.co.uk
Instructional CALL 3 …/6Instructional CALL 3 …/6
Web design http://www.webmonkey.com// and the simpler version (which I prefer!):
http://webmonkey.com/webmonkey/kids/
http://www.arizona.edu/uaweb/tutorials/index.php Quickstart guide to Dreamweaver:
http://www.brynmawr.edu/llc/help/russDreamweaver/index.htm
Web design http://www.webmonkey.com// and the simpler version (which I prefer!):
http://webmonkey.com/webmonkey/kids/
http://www.arizona.edu/uaweb/tutorials/index.php Quickstart guide to Dreamweaver:
http://www.brynmawr.edu/llc/help/russDreamweaver/index.htm
Instructional CALL 4 …/6Instructional CALL 4 …/6
Nvu (Open source web editor)http://nvudev.com/index.php Mozilla composer tutorial (useful for those who cannot afford or don’t
want to buy Dreamweaver or other Macromedia products)
The site Wizard: good links to other useful technical sites:
http://www.thesitewizard.com/gettingstarted/mozillacomposer1.shtml
Nvu (Open source web editor)http://nvudev.com/index.php Mozilla composer tutorial (useful for those who cannot afford or don’t
want to buy Dreamweaver or other Macromedia products)
The site Wizard: good links to other useful technical sites:
http://www.thesitewizard.com/gettingstarted/mozillacomposer1.shtml
Instructional CALL 5…/6Instructional CALL 5…/6
Clipart/photo collections
http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj//FLClipart/default.html
http://web.uvic.ca/hcmc/clipart/
http://www.carla.umn.edu/lctl/VPA/
http://www.teachnet.com/how-to/clipart/
Clipart/photo collections
http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj//FLClipart/default.html
http://web.uvic.ca/hcmc/clipart/
http://www.carla.umn.edu/lctl/VPA/
http://www.teachnet.com/how-to/clipart/
Instructional CALL 6…/6Instructional CALL 6…/6
Audio & video Audacityhttp://audacity.sourceforge.net/ iMovie MovieMaker (PC only) streaming
http://www.brynmawr.edu/llc/help/streaming/index.html Podcastshttp://www.podomatic.com/http://odeo.com/
• mLearning (?)
Audio & video Audacityhttp://audacity.sourceforge.net/ iMovie MovieMaker (PC only) streaming
http://www.brynmawr.edu/llc/help/streaming/index.html Podcastshttp://www.podomatic.com/http://odeo.com/
• mLearning (?)
Exploratory & discovery CALL 1…/2Exploratory & discovery CALL 1…/2
Sociocultural (social constructivist) theories of language learning
Cooperative language learning Simulations
Travel sim e.g.
http://www.iei.uiuc.edu/travelsim/ Virtual worlds e.g. Second Life
http://secondlife.com/http://www.vimeo.com/356342
+ voice:http://youtube.com/watch?v=7ViOXg2WUoo
Sociocultural (social constructivist) theories of language learning
Cooperative language learning Simulations
Travel sim e.g.
http://www.iei.uiuc.edu/travelsim/ Virtual worlds e.g. Second Life
http://secondlife.com/http://www.vimeo.com/356342
+ voice:http://youtube.com/watch?v=7ViOXg2WUoo
Exploratory & discovery CALL 2…/2Exploratory & discovery CALL 2…/2
Webquests
http://webquest.org/index.php
http://bestwebquests.com/
And Web Inquiry Projects:
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/wip/WIP_intro.htm
Webquests
http://webquest.org/index.php
http://bestwebquests.com/
And Web Inquiry Projects:
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/wip/WIP_intro.htm
CMC for language learning 1 …/2CMC for language learning 1 …/2 Synchronous, near-synchronous
Text, audio, video, 2-way, >2-way e.g. Skypehttp://www.skype.com/ CU-See Me Worldhttp://www.CUworld.com ICQhttp://www.icq.com MSN Messengerhttp://get.live.com/messenger/overview Paltalkhttp://www.paltalk.com Yahoo Messenger GoogleTalk
Synchronous, near-synchronous Text, audio, video, 2-way, >2-way e.g.
Skypehttp://www.skype.com/ CU-See Me Worldhttp://www.CUworld.com ICQhttp://www.icq.com MSN Messengerhttp://get.live.com/messenger/overview Paltalkhttp://www.paltalk.com Yahoo Messenger GoogleTalk
CMC for language learning 2 …/2CMC for language learning 2 …/2
(Synchronous cont’d) IM Elluminate + Vroomshttp://www.elluminate.com/vroom/index.jsp mLearning
Asynchronous Email List-servs Discussion forums
Research evidence for effectiveness of online over f2f chat (e.g. Payne & Whitney, 2002)
(Synchronous cont’d) IM Elluminate + Vroomshttp://www.elluminate.com/vroom/index.jsp mLearning
Asynchronous Email List-servs Discussion forums
Research evidence for effectiveness of online over f2f chat (e.g. Payne & Whitney, 2002)
Narrative TELLNarrative TELL
Reflective & lifelong learning Learner-created content Sociocultural ecological perspective
ePortfolios Digital storytelling
Reflective & lifelong learning Learner-created content Sociocultural ecological perspective
ePortfolios Digital storytelling
Social networking TELLSocial networking TELL
Social ecological constructivist Learner/community-created content
Blogs Podcasting * Flikr Slideshare MySpace/Facebook Twitter Tagging RSS mLearning
Social ecological constructivist Learner/community-created content
Blogs Podcasting * Flikr Slideshare MySpace/Facebook Twitter Tagging RSS mLearning
Collaborative TELLCollaborative TELL
Collaborative cf cooperative learning Wikis Googledocs YouTube (Teacher Tube) Collaboratories Folksonomies
Collaborative cf cooperative learning Wikis Googledocs YouTube (Teacher Tube) Collaboratories Folksonomies
Longitudinal action research projectLongitudinal action research project Transitional structures 2 institutions 5 semesters
Transitional structures 2 institutions 5 semesters
Tools usedTools used Webquests using SDSU portal
<http://www.webquest.org/> Dreamweaver + online media & resources
Hot Potatoes + various other online templating tools + media
Social communication/networking: Wiki – MediaWiki hosted on university server (www-
viewable) Individual blogs – Blogger (www-viewable) IM Discussion forum Chat e-Portfolios
Webquests using SDSU portal <http://www.webquest.org/> Dreamweaver + online media & resources
Hot Potatoes + various other online templating tools + media
Social communication/networking: Wiki – MediaWiki hosted on university server (www-
viewable) Individual blogs – Blogger (www-viewable) IM Discussion forum Chat e-Portfolios
Expectations vs Use of SN Tools 1 .../2 Expectations vs Use of SN Tools 1 .../2 Expectations
Wiki for internal-remote
collaboration ownership easily accessible from
everywhere (where my students were located)
Blogs ownership reflective space flexible (& re-purpose-
able) space extensible outside
timelines of course
ExpectationsWiki
for internal-remote collaboration
ownership easily accessible from
everywhere (where my students were located)
Blogs ownership reflective space flexible (& re-purpose-
able) space extensible outside
timelines of course
UsesWiki
Experimenting with the interface Group organization: sharing &
collaboration Hints & tips (Q & A, quick fixes) Interesting articles/sites Posting projects
Blogs Reflection
self-reflection peer evaluation
Communication mutual support & feedback
Community formation & maintenance Interaction
Among members of single cohort
Across continents & oceans Across semesters Across cultural & social
dysjunctures
UsesWiki
Experimenting with the interface Group organization: sharing &
collaboration Hints & tips (Q & A, quick fixes) Interesting articles/sites Posting projects
Blogs Reflection
self-reflection peer evaluation
Communication mutual support & feedback
Community formation & maintenance Interaction
Among members of single cohort
Across continents & oceans Across semesters Across cultural & social
dysjunctures
Expectations vs Use of SN Tools 2 .../2 Expectations vs Use of SN Tools 2 .../2
ExpectationsIM
for quick changes of plan to check if online
Discussion forum formal course-related
theoretical Qs & responses
Chat synchronous local &
international coordination
e-Portfolios formal annotated
electronic record of program documents, artefacts, achievements
ExpectationsIM
for quick changes of plan to check if online
Discussion forum formal course-related
theoretical Qs & responses
Chat synchronous local &
international coordination
e-Portfolios formal annotated
electronic record of program documents, artefacts, achievements
UsesIM
• Notification of: • Lateness• chat entry• new posts
Discussion Forum Formal course evaluation Formal comments on the course &
projects… in response to instructor’s postings
Chat• synchronous remote/ internal
communication on: • Discussion• catch-up• Socializing• course-related transactions
E-Portfolios– Created but hardly used– Possibly because of formal
nature cf digital stories
UsesIM
• Notification of: • Lateness• chat entry• new posts
Discussion Forum Formal course evaluation Formal comments on the course &
projects… in response to instructor’s postings
Chat• synchronous remote/ internal
communication on: • Discussion• catch-up• Socializing• course-related transactions
E-Portfolios– Created but hardly used– Possibly because of formal
nature cf digital stories
Course outcomes:Course outcomes: Processes
Self-reflection Self-evaluation Self-efficacy Independent
inquiry Self-initiation Self-motivation Peer evaluation Realization of
usefulness of formation of community network
Processes Self-reflection Self-evaluation Self-efficacy Independent
inquiry Self-initiation Self-motivation Peer evaluation Realization of
usefulness of formation of community network
Products Webquests Online media-
supported teaching module
Wiki sites Blogs
Course-related Personal Travel Post-course/
practitioner
Products Webquests Online media-
supported teaching module
Wiki sites Blogs
Course-related Personal Travel Post-course/
practitioner
Social presence: effective interaction & learning community
formation
Social presence: effective interaction & learning community
formation No. & frequency of interactions initiated No. & frequency of responses to others Cultural effects on interactions ** Types of communication actions **
No. & frequency of interactions initiated No. & frequency of responses to others Cultural effects on interactions ** Types of communication actions **
Classification of postingsClassification of postings
Postings by category
Supp
Refl
Trans
Org
Supportive
Supporting
Compliment
Empathy
Advice
Information
Thanks
Reflective
Musing
Complaint
Photo
Transactional
Help Request
Help giving
Query
Organizational
Announcement
Features emerging from classificationFeatures emerging from classification
High incidence of supportive comments (1/3): Complimenting, supporting, giving advice,
thanking, empathizing High incidence of reflective comments:
Musing, photographs, complaints Much less transactional:
Asking & answering Qs, requesting & receiving help
Smallest category: organizational
High incidence of supportive comments (1/3): Complimenting, supporting, giving advice,
thanking, empathizing High incidence of reflective comments:
Musing, photographs, complaints Much less transactional:
Asking & answering Qs, requesting & receiving help
Smallest category: organizational
Persistence of post-course blog usePersistence of post-course blog use All but 1 posted on their blogs post-course >50% maintained & expanded theirs, creating
others, & using with own classes >30% maintained blog contact & mentored
subsequent cohorts Similar patterns across subsequent semesters
have shown Experience of being mentored seems to engender
willingness to mentor Experience of becoming reflective, independent &
interdependent members of a community promotes willingness to support emerging independence
All but 1 posted on their blogs post-course >50% maintained & expanded theirs, creating
others, & using with own classes >30% maintained blog contact & mentored
subsequent cohorts Similar patterns across subsequent semesters
have shown Experience of being mentored seems to engender
willingness to mentor Experience of becoming reflective, independent &
interdependent members of a community promotes willingness to support emerging independence
Online constraints & considerationsOnline constraints & considerations
Intercultural aspects Geography & access Timezones Appropriate technology
Intercultural aspects Geography & access Timezones Appropriate technology
Tools made available 1 … /2Tools made available 1 … /2
Synchronous & asynchronous CMC: Moodle:
Discussion forums IM near-synchronous chat Wikis Blogs (not used)
Email VoIP (Skype) Elluminate Live Elluminate vRooms
Synchronous & asynchronous CMC: Moodle:
Discussion forums IM near-synchronous chat Wikis Blogs (not used)
Email VoIP (Skype) Elluminate Live Elluminate vRooms
Tools made available 2 … /2Tools made available 2 … /2
Instructional technologies Discovery/exploratory
technologies Community-facilitating
technologies (Facebook, Me2U, Flickr, tagging applications, RSS etc)
Instructional technologies Discovery/exploratory
technologies Community-facilitating
technologies (Facebook, Me2U, Flickr, tagging applications, RSS etc)
Choices & constraints 1 …/2
Choices & constraints 1 …/2
Individual vs community “traditional” personality of DE
students Role of academic dialogue at
Masters levelFacilitation in DE environment?
Individual vs community “traditional” personality of DE
students Role of academic dialogue at
Masters levelFacilitation in DE environment?
Choices & constraints 2 …/2
Choices & constraints 2 …/2
Mismatch between: Requirements Expectations (teacher & learners) Teaching & learning approaches
(including intercultural aspects) Assessment criteria Assessment process (in transition)
Mismatch between: Requirements Expectations (teacher & learners) Teaching & learning approaches
(including intercultural aspects) Assessment criteria Assessment process (in transition)
What constitutes PARTICIPATION??
Changing rolesChanging roles
Reflective practice Modelling processes & practices Openness Collaboration Negotiation Changing assessment practices:
e-Portfolios
Reflective practice Modelling processes & practices Openness Collaboration Negotiation Changing assessment practices:
e-Portfolios
Critical differences in DE 1 …/2Critical differences in DE 1 …/2 a necessity for lifelong learning “green”-er (x4) Accessibility & openness (x5) centrality of CMC Flexibility
importance for lifestyle & commitments freedom to design your own program & courses according to
interest Accessibility, breaking down barriers & reaching remote locations
autonomy in experience & direction (x4) Of both experience of learner & direction of studies i.e.
Self-motivation Self-designed courses & program
a necessity for lifelong learning “green”-er (x4) Accessibility & openness (x5) centrality of CMC Flexibility
importance for lifestyle & commitments freedom to design your own program & courses according to
interest Accessibility, breaking down barriers & reaching remote locations
autonomy in experience & direction (x4) Of both experience of learner & direction of studies i.e.
Self-motivation Self-designed courses & program
Critical differences in DE 2 …/2Critical differences in DE 2 …/2
Keeping up with advancements in technology (x3) multi-modal techniques to cultivate engagement (x2) Move from “compensation model” to “celebration model” (x3)
Diverse (many and different; distinct and unalike) Accessing (obtain or retrieve from a storage device like
information on a computer) Global (not limited or provincial in scope Opportunities (a possibility due to a favourable combination
of circumstances) Non-traditionally (not conforming or in accord with the
considered norm) Sustained (supply with necessities and support)
Keeping up with advancements in technology (x3) multi-modal techniques to cultivate engagement (x2) Move from “compensation model” to “celebration model” (x3)
Diverse (many and different; distinct and unalike) Accessing (obtain or retrieve from a storage device like
information on a computer) Global (not limited or provincial in scope Opportunities (a possibility due to a favourable combination
of circumstances) Non-traditionally (not conforming or in accord with the
considered norm) Sustained (supply with necessities and support)
Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Advice?
Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Advice?
Debra HovenDebra Hoven
http://cde.athabascau.ca/faculty/debrah.php http://deincanada.blogspot.com/
http://lifentheuniverse.blogspot.com
http://cde.athabascau.ca/faculty/debrah.php http://deincanada.blogspot.com/
http://lifentheuniverse.blogspot.com