bio metrics ppt 2

8/2/2019 Bio Metrics PPT 2

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BIOMETRICS

ANKUR AGARWAL.

MRINAL OJHA.

HIMANSHU GARG.


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ABSTRACT

Biometrics refers to the Automated Recognition of Individuals based

on their physiological or behavioural traits like voice, signature, face,

iris, retina and many more.

It uses the biometric characteristics of an individual that are Unique

and cannot be imitated. A basic biometric system is made-up of a sensor to capture the

biometric characteristics, a computer unit to process and save biometric

data and an application, for which the users authentication is

necessary.


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Introduction

How the system works?

Types of Biometric techniques

Finger printing recognition

Iris based identification

Retinal pattern recognition

Facial recognition

Signature recognition

Voice recognition

Strengths and weaknesses

Application of biometrics

Conclusion

References and Bibliography

CONTENTS


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HISTORY

The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio (life) andmetric (to measure).

In the early 1900s, an anthropologist named Alphonse Bertillon turnedbiometrics into a distinct field of study. He developed 'Bertillon-age', amethod of bodily measurement which got named after him.

After the failure of Bertillon-age, the police started using finger printing,which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard.

DEFINITION

Biometrics is a physiological or behavioral characteristic of a human being thatcan distinguish one person from another and that theoretically and practically canbe used for identification or verification of identity.

INTRODUCTION


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Biometric devices can be explained with a 3-step procedure. They are -

A sensor takes an observation. The type of sensor and its observation dependon the type of biometrics device used. This observation gives us a BiometricSignature of the individual.

A computer algorithmAnormalizes the biometric signature so that it is in the

same format (size, resolution, etc.) as the signatures on the system's database.This gives us anAnormalized Signature of the individual.

A matcher compares the normalized signature with the set (or sub-set) ofnormalized signatures on the system's database and provides a Asimilarityscore that compares the individual's normalized signature with each signaturein the database set (or sub-set).

Thus a biometric system is essentially apattern recognition system, whichmakes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specificphysiological, or behavioural characteristic possessed by the user.

Biometrics How it Works


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Universality: Every person should have the characteristic. Peoplewho are mute or without a fingerprint will need to beaccommodated in some way.

Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have identicalcharacteristics. However identical twins are hard to distinguish.

Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. Aperson's face for example, may change with age.

Collectability: The characteristics must be easily collectible andmeasurable.

Performance: The method must deliver accurate results undervaried environmental circumstances.

Acceptability: The general public must accept the samplecollection routines. Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable.

Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to deceive.

Desired Properties


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A fingerprint is the pattern of ridges andfurrows on the surface of a fingertip.

To obtain the biometric sample userplaces his finger on a fingerprint scannerthat captures the digital image of thefingerprint pattern.

The fingerprint sensors used may becharacterized as optical and ultrasonic.

It fetches the diagram of finger print &delivers it to the computer where a specialprogrammer measures the distancebetween the special features & that print.

Here, those special features are core, split,island, end & delta. Most fingerprint datatakes up around 250kb

Fingerprint techniques


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Facial recognition uses the facial characteristics of an individual.

They are verified based on their facial geometry or using facial thermogram.

The facial features like the position of eyes, mouth and nose are obtainedusing a digital camera or a video source.

Facial thermo gram on the other hand detects the facial heat patterns thatare unique to every individual using infrared camera.

Face recognition


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The retina is the innermost layer of the eye.

Multiple blood vessels around it are arranged in a unique manner. Thepattern of these blood vessels is recorded as a biometric sample.

Digital images of retinal patterns are taken by projecting a low-intensitybeam of visible or infrared light into a persons eye and scanning an imageof the retina.

For a fixed portion of the retina to be used for identification, the personundergoing the scan must gaze into an eyepiece and focus on apredetermined spot.

Retinal Scanning


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Iris is the elastic, pigmented and connected tissue that surrounds the pupil ofthe eye.

It consists of multiple small spots such as rings, furrows, freckles and corona.

The pattern of these spots are unique to every individual and do not changewith time.

To take the biometric template, the user is made to sit near a biometric reader.

A photograph of the iris is taken using a special camera that uses infraredradiations to capture a high resolution image of the iris.

Iris Scanning


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Voice biometrics captures the sound, pattern and rhythm of an individualsvoice.

To enrol, the user repeats a randomly generated phrase number of times.Microphone, telephone or a PC microphone is used as an audio capturedevice.

Various aspects of voice are measured like speaking style, pitch, spectralmagnitudes and frequencies.

Voice Recognition


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Each person has a unique style of handwriting and, therefore, a uniquesignature.

There are two approaches to identification based on signature verification:static and dynamic.

Static signature verification uses only the geometric (shape) features of asignature, such as the degree of slant, breadth and height of letters, and space

between lines, letters, and words. Dynamic signature verification uses both geometric features and dynamic

features, such as the speed a person writes and the pressure of the writingimplement.

Signature Recognition


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Biometric Strengths Weakness

Iris Very stable over time. Requires user training.

Fingerprint Prints are long lasting Hampered by temporaryphysical injury

Voice Good user acceptance Microphone can be built

into PC or mobile device

Unstable over time Different microphones

generate different samples

Face Universally present Cannot distinguish identicalsiblings.

Retina Stable over time Uniqueness

High user resistance Slow read time


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Biometric Time Clocks or Biometric time and attendance systems.

Biometric safes and biometric locks, provides security to the homeowners.

Biometric access control systems, providing strong security at entrances.

Biometrics airport security devices are also deployed at some of the world's

famous airports to enhance the security standards .

APPLICATION OF BIOMETRICS


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Body Odour Body odour can be digitally recorded foridentification. A British company, Mastiff Electronic System Ltd.is working on such a system

DNA Matching This is the ultimate biometric technology thatcan produce proof positive identification of an individual

Keystroke Dynamics Keystroke dynamics, also referred to astyping rhythms, is an innovative biometric technology

Future Trends in Biometrics


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The coming years are going to witness a huge expansion in hardware

software technologies, changing conventions of speed on a muchbroader spectrum.

Security will become a critical issue and there will definitely a need toprotect data from unauthorized users in much efficient ways.

Hence biometrics techniques will span the entire information globe

irrespective of the increased costs when compared to level ofsecurity they offer.

Conclusion


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http://www.biometricsintegrated.com/KnowledgeCentre/Downloads/tabid/93/Default.aspx

http://www.questbiometrics.com/

http://www.biometricnewsportal.com/fingerprint_biometrics.asp

http://ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news5/Biometrics.htm

http://www.biometria.sk/en/biometrics-principles.html

http://www.howstuffworks.com/biometrics.htm

Biometric Authentication Technology, by Podio, NIST; and Dunn, NSA.

REFERENCES
http://www.biometricsintegrated.com/KnowledgeCentre/Downloads/tabid/93/Default.aspxhttp://www.biometricsintegrated.com/KnowledgeCentre/Downloads/tabid/93/Default.aspxhttp://www.questbiometrics.com/http://www.biometricnewsportal.com/fingerprint_biometrics.asphttp://ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news5/Biometrics.htmhttp://www.biometria.sk/en/biometrics-principles.htmlhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/biometrics.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/biometrics.htmhttp://www.biometria.sk/en/biometrics-principles.htmlhttp://www.biometria.sk/en/biometrics-principles.htmlhttp://www.biometria.sk/en/biometrics-principles.htmlhttp://ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news5/Biometrics.htmhttp://www.biometricnewsportal.com/fingerprint_biometrics.asphttp://www.questbiometrics.com/http://www.biometricsintegrated.com/KnowledgeCentre/Downloads/tabid/93/Default.aspxhttp://www.biometricsintegrated.com/KnowledgeCentre/Downloads/tabid/93/Default.aspx


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