history of bio metrics

8/2/2019 History of Bio Metrics

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2/23

Abstract:

Biometrics is seen by many as a solution to

a lot of the user identification and security

problems in todayUs networks. Password

abuse and misuse, intentional and

inadvertent is a gaping hole in network

security. This results mainly from human

error, carelessness and in some cases

maliciousness. Biometrics removes human

error from the security equation.

Our project will examine all the

technological and feasibility aspects as well

as the practical applications. We will look at

many different biometric methods of

identifying the user.

A wide variety of systems require reliable

personal recognition schemes to either

confirm or determine the identity of an

individual requesting their services. The

purpose of establishing the identity is to

ensure that only a legitimate user, and not

anyone else, accesses the rendered services.

Examples of such applications include

secure access to buildings, airports,

computer systems, cellular phones and ATMmachines. Biometric recognition, or simply

biometrics, refers to the automatic

recognition of individuals based on their

physiological and/or behavioral

characteristics. Biometrics allows us to

confirm or establish an individuals identity

based on who she is, rather than by what she

possesses (e.g., an ID card) or what she

knows (e.g., a password). Current biometric

systems make use of identifiers such as

fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, face and

voice to establish an identity. Biometric

systems also introduce an aspect of user

convenience. For example, they alleviate the

need for a user to remember multiple

passwords associated with different

applications. A biometric system that uses a

single biometric trait for recognition has to

contend with problems related to non-

universality of the trait, spoof attacks,

limited degrees of freedom, large intra-class

variability, and noisy data. Some of these

problems can be addressed by integrating

the evidence presented by multiple

biometric traits of a user (e.g., face and iris).

Such systems, known as multimodal

biometric systems, demonstrate substantial

improvement in recognition performance. In

this talk, we will present various

applications of biometrics, challenges

associated in designing fingerprint biometric

systems, state-of-the-art performance,

individuality of biometric identifiers, and

fusion strategies available to implement a

multimodal biometric system.


3/23

History of Biometrics:

The term "biometrics" is derived from the

Greek words bio (life) and metric (to

measure).

Biometrics is becoming an interesting topic

now in regards to computer and network

security, however the ideas of biometrics

have been around for many years. Possibly

the first known example of biometrics in

practice was a form of finger printing being

used in China in the 14th century, as

reported by explorer Joao de Barros. He

wrote that the Chinese merchants were

stamping children's palm prints and

footprints on paper with ink to distinguish

the young children from one another. This is

one of the earliest known cases of

biometrics in use and is still being used

today.

In the 1890s, an anthropologist named

Alphonse Bertillion sought to fix the

problem of identifying convicted criminals

and turned biometrics into a distinct field of

study. He developed 'Bertillonage', a method

of bodily measurement whichgot named

after him. The problem with identifying

repeated offenders was that the criminals

often gave different aliases each time they

were arrested. Bertillion realized that even if

names changed, even if a person cut his hair

or put on weight, certain elements of the

body remained fixed, such as the size of the

skull or the length of their fingers. His

system was used by police authorities

throughout the world, until it quickly faded

when it was discovered that some people

shared the same measurements and based on

the measurements alone, two people could

get treated as one.

After this, the police used finger printing,

which was developed by Richard Edward

Henry of Scotland Yard, instead. Essentially

reverting to the same methods used by the

Chinese for years. However the idea of

biometrics as a field of study with usefull

identification applications, was there and

interest in it has grown.

Today we have the technology to realise the

aims, and to refine the accuracy of biometric

identification, and therefore the possibility

of making it a viable field.


4/23

Definition:

Biometrics is the science and technology of

measuring and analyzing biological data. In

information technology, biometrics refers to

technologies that measure and analyze

human body characteristics, such as DNA,

fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice

patterns, facial patterns and hand

measurements, forauthenticationpurposes.

Kinds of biometrics:

Biometrics can be sorted into two classes:

Physical: fingerprint, face...

Behavioral: handwriting, voice...

but well, in some cases, it's hard to sort.

Biometric identification:

Identification is the process by which a

person can be identified by his

characteristics. To do this, data about the

defining characteristic, for example the

points where the ridges of a fingerprint split

or end, is usually enrolled and stored in a

database. Then, when the person wishes to

be identified, the characteristic is scanned so

that the computer can compare it to the dataalready stored in the database. Using

biometric identification is a more secure

method of identifying a person because the

characteristic in question is a part of that

person. This means that it cannot be easily

shared, traded, or stolen by another.

There are mainly two categories of

biometrics identification: physiological

characteristics and behavioral

characteristics. Physiological biometrics has

to do with the physical traits of a person, and

behavioral biometrics has to do with the

things that can change with the environment.

For example, a fingerprint, a physiologicalcharacteristic, does not usually change

except for accident or illness, but a

signature, a behavioral characteristic, can

change as a person ages. Examples of

physiological biometrics include

fingerprinting, retinal scans and handprint

scans. Behavioral biometrics includes

verifying signatures andvoice recognition.
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5/23

Fingerprints recognition:

Finger skin is made of friction ridges, with

pores (sweat glands). Friction ridges are

created during ftal live and only the

general shape is genetically defined. Friction

ridges remains the same all life long, only

growing up to adult size. They reconstruct

the same if not too severe injury.

Fingerprint analysis wastraditionally a skilled activity

performed by highly trained

professionals. Biometric

fingerprinting is a similar process,

though it uses a computer to

examine a digitally captured image

specifically to establish a person's

identity.

Each individual has a different set offingerprints from every other

individual in the world. This is often

referred to as a biometricfingerprint.

Biometrics is the study of howhumans differ from each other based

on biological factors, such as how

each person's fingerprints form

differently.


6/23

Face recognition:

Face recognition uses mainly the following

techniques:

Facial geometry: uses geometricalcharacteristics of the face. May use

several cameras to get better

accuracy (2D, 3D...)

Skin pattern recognition (VisualSkin Print)

Facial thermogram: uses an infraredcamera to map the face temperatures

Smile: recognition of the wrinklechanges when smiling

Face detection: It refers to the science of

locating the faces of people in a scene. It is a

critical element of focusing software in

cameras, as well as the primary step in facial

recognition in unconstrained scenes: the face

must be detected before it can be compared

to known faces and identified. It can also be

used by newer software to organize photos

on your computer.

On cameras, face detection helps establish

how the focus should work in a picture.

Depending on the camera, face detection

technology can identify at least 10 faces in a

scene. Once they are identified, they can be

prioritized, and the focus can automatically

adjust to feature the high priority faces. The

cameras face detection is often shown to

the user through a series of one or more

rectangles overlaid on the scene. With the

face detected, the technology can also adjust

the exposure to make sure the subject is

properly shown, including compensating for

dark scenes or scenes with an illuminated

background.


7/23

Iris recognition:

An "iriscode" is extracted from the iris, once

it has been localized

Iris recognition uses iris images captured in

the near infrared bandwidth. The iris color is

not used, this is rather the iris structure

which is recognized.

Iris biometrics is a biometrics identification

method executed by taking high-resolution

images of a persons eye. The technology

utilizes a camera to make a template of the

eye, taking note of the corneal reflection.

The process relies on converting the image

of the person's iris into a mathematical

algorithm. Each time a person's eye is

scanned, it is compared with the

mathematical data from the first scan. Part

of the eye is always covered by the eyelid.

The mathematical equation takes the eyelid

into account when matching a person to his

scan by subtracting the areas covered by the

eyelid from the data. This technology can be

used to identify one person in a crowd, or

match one person to their own identifying

information.

Iris scanning is used to protect sensitive

information and allow access only to certain

individuals. It is also used as a means of

national security in some places. Iris

biometrics are considered especially

reliable. As with any identification method,

there is still a chance of human error,

although it is less so than other technologies

since computations for iris identification are

performed by a computer.


8/23

When compared to fingerprinting, another

method of biometrics authentication, iris

biometrics has several advantages. The iris

is an internal organ, protected against

damage from the environment. The makeup

of the iris is determined during gestation.

Though certain medical conditions and

surgical procedures can affect the color and

shape of the iris, the texture, which is what

is measured by the technology, remains

stable. Biometrics devices using iris scans

have succeeded at identifying the same

person for periods of more than 30 years.

Iris biometrics is considered more reliable

than the more popular retinal scanning

method since theretinais subject to changes

with age.

On the other hand, iris biometrics is still

considered a relatively new technology. For

example, it does not have the length of time

associated with fingerprinting. It is difficult

to perform at a distance, and a person not

holding his head still or not looking into the

camera may be misidentified. Poor image

quality and software failure are two factors

that may adversely affect iris biometrics

technologies.

Hand, finger geometry:

A camera capture an image of the hand, with

the help of a mirror to get also the edge. The

silhouette of the hand is extracted, and some

geometrical characteristics stored.
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9/23

Voice, laughter:

Voice authentication, also known as

speaker verification, is defined as the

automated verification of a persons claimed

identity, based on unique characteristics of

their voice. Voice biometrics is an area of

biometrics which focuses on identifying

people by voice, or voice print as it is

sometimes known. Biometrics in general

involves measuring unique biological

characteristics for the purpose of comparing

unknown samples against known samples,

usually with the goal of confirming

someone's identity. This technology has

attracted a great deal of attention in many

regions of the world because it has potential

for the security industry as well as other

areas of human endeavor.

When someone who is enrolled speaks into

a voice biometrics system for the purpose of

identification, the system compares the

voice against the voice prints it has on file.If it detects a match, it will indicate that the

person has been recognized and identified.

A display may bring up details about the

person, and the system may also activate a

door lock or similar device to allow

someone to pass into a secure area.
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10/23

A simple microphone is enough to record

the voice, then most of the algorithm are

analysing the voice spectrum

Handwriting / Signature:

Handwriting recognition, or signaturerecognition also called Dynamic Signature

Verification (DSV) analyses the way a user

signs. The signing features such as speed,

velocity and pressure exerted by a hand

holding a pen are as important as the static

shape of the finished signature.

Required material starts from a simple

scanner (in this case, speed & pressure are

not available and the recognition accuracy

decreases) to the tablet, a video camera, a

pen containing sensors or using ultrasonic

sensing.


11/23

Keystroke dynamics:

Keystroke dynamics, also called typing

rhytms or typing recognition, analyses the

way a person types. Users enroll by typing

the same word or words a number of times.

Verification is based on the concept that the

rhythm with which a person types is

distinctive.

Statistics of timings between two personsshow the difference

Mouse dynamics:

You have to draw something, always the

same (your name or whatever) using the

mouse. Some relevant characteristics are

extracted (position, velocity, angle...) and

used for further recognition.


12/23

Gait:

Gait recognition by radar focuses on the gait

cycle formed by the movements of a

person's various body parts move over time.

"The magic goal we're shooting for is

accuracy in the high 90 percent range,"

Geisheimer says. "We're not there yet, but

our initial results are encouraging and

promising."

Researchers correctly identified 80 to 95

percent of individual subjects, with

variances in that range among the three

experiment days.

The next step is to build a more powerful

radar system and test it in the lab and then

the field. In experiments last year, subjects

started walking 50 feet away from the radar

and then walked within 15 feet of it. But

researchers are now building a radar system

that can detect people from 500 or more

feet.

In the study of gait recognition by computer

vision, researchers distinguish theirapproach from others with a technique

called an activity-specific static biometric. A

static property -- for example, a person's leg

length -- is not a property of motion itself. It

can be measured from a single image.

"The advantage of measuring a static

property is that it is amenable to being done

from multiple viewpoints," Bobick says.

". Static measurements are view invariant,

and that is a tremendous advantage because

you can't control where someone goes."

Researchers are also developing statistical

analysis tools for using a small, easily

gathered database to predict how well a

particular biometric, including gait

recognition, will work on a largerpopulation.

These techniques will also help researchers

determine what gait recognition properties

to measure based on how well the

technology can measure them.

"You can work on your ability to improvemeasurements," Bobick says. "But if you're

not measuring something that is diagnostic,

there is no amount of technology that will

solve that problem with the biometric."

Still in its infancy, computer vision-based

gait recognition technology holds promise,

particularly for verification or screening, if it

is used in conjunction with other biometric

technologies and information, Bobick

predicts.


13/23

Meanwhile, researchers are applying the

findings from studies funded by the federal

Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency to ongoing research in

understanding human movement through

video. Associate Professor Irfan Essa

envisions applications in medical diagnosis.

Algorithms for gait recognition are at

development stage.

Headprint:

After separation of hair area from the

background in overhead imagery, extraction

of features that characterize the color and

texture of hair is done for identification

purpose. Although the visual appearance of

hair cannot be used as a long-term biometric

due to the nonrigid nature of hair, a realistic

scenario where the time interval between

gallery and probe imagery is short enoughcan achieve reliable performance.


14/23

Nose:

Unlike other facial features used for

biometrics, such as eyes or ears, noses are

difficult to conceal and also arent changed

much by facial expression.

Dr Adrian Evans and Adrian Moorhouse,

from the Universitys Department of

Electronic & Electrical Engineering, decided

to investigate whether images of peoples

noses could be used to recognise

individuals.


15/23

Retinal

the pattern of blood vessels that emanate

from the optic nerve and disperse

throughout the retina depends on

individuals and never changes. No two

retinas are the same, even in identicaltwins.

First the intensity profile is extracted,

then a circular scan is performed to locate

blood vessels.

retinal scan is very difficult to fake

because no technology exists that allows the

forgery of a human retina, and the retina of a

deceased person decays too fast to be used

to fraudulently bypass a retinal scan.

Retinal scanning is part of biometrics, the

field of science and engineering which

develops ways to uniquely identify

individual persons.

the physical aspects of a persons body.

These include items such as fingerprints,

retinal scans, and facial scans. Behavioral

biometric data, sometimes called

behaviometrics, include signatures,

handwriting analysis, and voice pattern

recognition.

Vein, Vascular pattern


16/23

Different part of the body can be used,

generally the hand or the finger.

Blood pulse, cardiac pulse

Recognition using the blood pulse shape

or the electrocardiogram has been

proposed, but there is low activity on this

subject, and this is still a not proven

method.

Reading is performed using the same

material than pulse oxymetry, a infrared

LED and a photodiode, to read the blood

pulse shape.

Skin spectrum


17/23

Lumidigm has established that the

absorption spectrum of the skin depends on

the individuals.

Several LEDs send light at different

wavelenghts into the skin, and

photodiodes read the scattered light,

which is analyzed to perform the

authentication

Dental radiographs

Dental information is used for a long time

in forensics. Dental is not considered as

biometrics because it is not an automated

method, with a (fast) live acquisition of

data. That said, an Automated Dental

Identification System (ADIS, West

Virginia University) is developped

The Michigan state university

(Jain/Chen/Minut) proposes to perform

an automatic authentication based on

dental radiography, using the shape of the

teeth, at the difference of the "simple"

identification used in forensics.


18/23

Ear

Ear recognition uses mainly two features:

canal of the ear which returns a

specific echo

Ear geometry recognition uses the shape

of the ear to perform identification


19/23

An infrared image can be used to

eliminate hair:

Here is a paper about ear shape

recognition using a specific method:

Lips

Lips are not well-known as biometric

features, and not very much studied.

Nevertheless, they are interesting from

several point of views:

Lip prints are know in forensic science

to be different for each individual, as

fingerprints.

Lip movement helps identification

associated with speaker recognition.

Lip shape can be used as a stand-alone

feature to perform authentication

Lip movement

Lip movement recognition is generally

only a sub-system of a combination of

several biometrics, as it is likely that this

feature used stand-alone is not enough to

obtain good accuracy.


20/23

Nail /

Nail recognition is an emerging biometrictechnology, which has not been not very

much studied. Mainly two methods (and two

companies) exist:

Nailbed

The nailbed is an essentially parallel

epidermal structure located directly

beneath the fingernail formed with

parallel lines spaced at intervals. During

normal growth, the fingernail travels over

the nailbed.

Keratin microfibrils within the nailbed

are located at the interface of the nailbed

and the nailplate, or fingernail. Keratin is

a highly birefringent material, so we can

read this structure using polarized ligh

Fingers & Knuckles


21/23

3D Finger surface

Uses the curvature of each small section of

the finger surface, starting from a normal

image

DNA

Although it is the ultimate biometrics

(excepted for twins!) as everyone has DNA,

this is not considered as a biometric

technology because it is not yet fully

automated (and fast).

Biometric Laptop


22/23

For people interested in securing important

computer information, a biometric laptop is

the best choice. Whereas most computers

are protected by one or more passwords,

these laptops require data that is nearly

impossible to hack. Biometric security,

which requires a fingerprint, iris scan or

voice recognition, is a rising phenomenon in

computers. A biometric laptop's added

protection is a nice feature, but its high-tech

security system is not without its problems.

Having a fingerprint reader is the most

prominent type of biometric laptop security.

This is a small window near the bottom of a

keyboard or even embedded in a mouse that

acts just like a scanner, but it scans

fingerprints. Users save fingerprint scans in

a security database and set the security just

like they would for a written password. To

gain control of the computer, the user simply

applies a finger to the scanner, and it reads

the unique traits of that print in order to

grant access.

A less common but equally protective form

of security for a biometric laptop is the iris

scan. This usually involves a small scanner

that is external from the computer. Like the

fingerprint scanner, the user places an eye to

this camera and lets it scan the iris, saving it

to a database within the computer. When the

user wants to start the computer, he or she is

prompted to put an eye to the scanner, and

when the iris matches the database, the

computer will grant the user access. If there

is no match, that person will be denied.

Another form of biometric laptop security is

voice recognition. This feature is the least

common of the three because it is the easiest

to forge. Where the other two take raw

human characteristics, this biometric device

memorizes aspects of a voice's tone, timberand sound. If the user's voice matches the

stored criteria, the security system allows

him or her to use that biometric laptop.

These biometric laptop security features

provide an added layer of security for users,

but they also have problems that simple text-

based passwords do not. The voice

recognition software often does not

recognize the user's speech if they are not

speaking clearly enough, and this can cause

a great deal of frustration. Iris scanners

provide a high level of security but can be

expensive and delicate. Fingerprint scanners

do not memorize the exact fingerprint but

rather a series of points on a print and

therefore are prone to many false negatives,

sometimes preventing the correct person

from gaining access.
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23/23

history of bio metrics

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