battery energy storage systems and their control · 3/24/2014 · battery energy storage systems...

Battery Energy Storage Systems and their Control

March 2014

Battery Selection

To date, no single battery chemistry is perfect

There are no “good” or “bad” batteries, just different

Pick the application, then pick the battery technology

Multiple application system may utilize multiple battery types (i.e. Hybrid systems)

XTREME POWER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

Specific Energy

SpecificPower

Safety

Performance

Life Span

Price

LMO

LFP

NMC

LTO

NaNiCl

PbA

Battery Evaluation

Every battery will be defined by its key parameters and specifications.

While there might be hundreds of battery characteristics, there are a handful of important characteristics that define compatibility of the battery to a particular application.

XP utilizes 20 evaluation criteria (10 technical, 10 commercial) with the following being key metrics: Price Safety C-Rate Cycle Life (energy throughput)


Battery Types for ESS


Technology Type Price Cycle Life C-Rate Example Manufacturers

Lead Acid VRLA (Valve regulated lead acid) $ * **

EnerSys, BSB, Shin Kobe, Exide, East Penn

Flooded lead acid $ * ** EnerSys, Exide, East Penn

PbC (Lead carbon) $$ ** ** Axion, Firefly

Lith

ium

Ion

LTO (Lithium titanate) $$$$$$ ***** *** Toshiba, Microvast, Altar Nano

LMO (Lithium manganese oxide) $$$ *** ** Samsung SDI, Sanyo, Hitachi, 4R, Actacell, Panasonic

NCA (Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide) $$$$ ** ***

Saft, Panasonic, JCI

NMC (Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) $$$$ *** **

Dow Kokam, EnerDel, LG Chem, Sanyo, SK

LFP (Lithium iron phosphate) $$$$ **** ** CALB, A123, Valence, Saft, BYD Bren-tronics

LCO (Lithium cobalt oxide) $$$ * ** GS Yuasa

Sodi

um Na Ion $ *** * Aquion

NaNiCl2 (Sodium nickel chloride) $$$$ *** * GE, Fiamm

NaS (Sodium sulphur) $$$ *** * NGK

Flow

ZnBr (Zinc bromine) ? *** * Redflow

ICB (Iron chromium) ? *** * EnerVault

VRB (Vanadium redox) ? *** * Prudent Energy

Multiple Battery Technologies are Required to Meet Today’s Diverse Energy Needs

Application Chart

Storage Time

Pow

er

Short-term Power Adv. Lead Acid

Balance Power & Energy Lithium Manganate

Long-term Energy Sodium, Flow

Short-term Power Lithium Titanate

Renewable Time Shifting

/ Arbitrage

Wind Curtailment Reduction

Peak Shaving

Voltage Support

Power Quality

Renewable Ramping

Renewable Smoothing

Renewable Capacity Firming

Spinning Reserve

Congestion Relief

T&D Asset Deferral

Load Following

Frequency Regulation

Reliability

Capacity/ Reserve Capacity

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Application Example

• PJM Fast Frequency Regulation Service (FRRS) – Power-centric application

• high power • lower energy requirement

– Partial state-of-charge operation required

LTO (Lithium Titanate Oxide)

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Power Conversion Considerations

• High fault energy – protection considerations

• Possible wide DC link operating voltage range

• Special pre-charge functions • DC link power quality • Robust PLL • Other advanced functionality


Power Conversion Topologies for BESS

• Single stage converters – Limited DCV range – Minimized hardware costs and losses



• Multi-stage converters – Increased losses and hardware costs – Increased DC voltage range



• Advanced topologies – Multi-port

• Support for multiple DC sources

– Z-inverter • Functions as both current source and voltage source

converter

– Multi-level inverters • Higher DC / AC ratings



• Multiple modules – Most IGBTs limited to 1,000A – Multiple modules to achieve higher power

ratings – Some paralleling concerns: cascading failures,

resonance, current balancing


Power Conversion Functionality for BESS

• Functions and applications – Frequency response – Remote dispatch – Constant DCI / DCV control – Low voltage ride-through / VAR injection – Frequency ride-through – Seamless transfer / islanding mode – Independent phase control


Application Examples

• Ramp Rate Control


battery energy storage systems and their control · 3/24/2014 · battery energy storage systems...

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