Battery Energy Storage TechnologiesManufacturing and Supply Chain Overview

Babu Cha lama la , Ph .D.

S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s

S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 2 0 2 1Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory

managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering

Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of

Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of

Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under

contract DE-NA0003525.

Rechargeable Battery Energy Storage Technologies

End Markets for Battery Energy Storage

◦ Consumer electronics, Mobile devices, and Electric Vehicles – Lithium batteries

◦ Automotive batteries, folk lift, traction (mostly Lead Acid)

◦ Stationary energy storage – Backup Power (mostly Lead Acid),

Grid Energy Storage - range of technologies

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018

$B

/yea

r

Lead-Acid

Li-ion

Alkaline Primaries

Others

➢ Lead-Acid: 350 GWh production capacity, ~$40B/year

➢ Li-ion: over 500 GWh in 2020 and growing capacity, reaching $100B/year in revenues

➢ Primary cells: $13B/year

Sources: S. Banerjee, CUNY Energy Institute (2020); C. Pillot, Avicenne

Energy (2020), and other industry sources

2

Battery Technologies

◦ Traditional Batteries

◦ Lead acid, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride

◦ Zinc-batteries

◦ Lithium Batteries

◦ Lithium-ion, Lithium-polymer, Lithium-sulfur

◦ High-Temperature Batteries

◦ Sodium Sulfur

◦ Flow Batteries

◦ New emerging technologies

◦ Solid state batteries

Annual Sales of Batteries

Lead Acid

Lithium

Primaries

EV Market Driving Growth in Lithium Battery Manufacturing3

0 50

91

42

20

10

10

10

10

11

14

15

8

7

8

7

5

5

6

6

5

100

Jaguar Land RoverBAIC BYD

DongfengSAIC

Geely Mahindra (India):

JACGAC

BMWGreat Wall (China)

GMTesla

RenaultNissan

Fiat ChryslerFord

Toyota Changan Hyundai Daimler

Volkswagen

Mazda 0,3

FAW 0,3

Chery 0,4Honda 0,5Volvo 0,7

PSA 0,8

Tata (India) 0,9

2,3

2,5

3,9

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance BNEF, Long-Term Electric Vehicle

Outlook 2019

Reuters analysis of 29 global automakers. $300 billion in electric vehicles, with more than 45 percent of that earmarked for China.

By Paul Lienert and Christine Chan, Published Jan. 10, 2019 | Updated April 4, 2019

https://graphics.reuters.com/AUTOS-INVESTMENT-ELECTRIC/010081ZB3HD/index.html

EV Investment Flows by Country of

Origin of Automaker(in billions of dollars)

Announced EV Investments by

Global Automakers Annual Sales of

Battery Electric Vehicles and

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Lithium Batteries for EV is Driving Global Growth4

(Source: Y. Zhou Y, D. Gohlke, L. Rush, J. Kelly, Q. Dai, Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive

Vehicles in the United States: 2010–2020. Argonne National Laboratory. 2021; ANL/ESD-21/3.

(Source: Lithium-Ion Battery Megafactory Assessment, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, March 2021)

(Source: “Lithium-Ion Battery Megafactory Assessment”

Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, March 2021).

Cell Manufacturing Capacity by

Country or Region in 2021

Cell Manufacturing Capacities by

Countries and Regions

Global Lithium-ion EV Battery

Demand Projections

Planned New Battery Manufacturing Facilities5

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence blog: Top electric vehicle markets dominate lithium-ion battery

capacity growth, https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/ (accessed, Sept 12, 2021)

Source: European Battery Alliance https://www.eba250.com/

EBA250 Project$7B funding for supply chain development

Lithium Battery Supply Chain 6

Lithium-Based Battery Supply Chain

UPSTREAM

□ Mining and extraction of

materials including lithium,

cobalt, nickel, and graphite

MIDSTREAM

□ Additional processing for

battery-grade materials

□ Cathode/anode

powder production

□ Separator production

□ Electrolyte production

□ Electrode and

cell manufacturing

DOWNSTREAM

□ Pack manufacturing

□ End-of-life recycling and reuse

Electric Vehicles Stationary Storage Aviation

National Defense

Pack Manufacturing

Cell Manufacturing

Materials Processing

Raw Materials Production

Li

Co

Ni

Cathode

Anode

Electrolyte

Separators

Li-Salt

Binders

Collectors

Source: National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries, Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries

(FCAB), June 2021. DOE: /www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ DOE/EE 2348

Source: C. Pillot, Avicenne Energy, 2020;

NAATBatt

Global Supply for Lithium Battery Manufacturing

ENERGY STORAGE R&D AT SANDIA7