facility scale battery storage
TRANSCRIPT
Main Headquarters: 120 Water Street, Suite 350, North Andover, MA 01845 With offices in: NY, ME, TX, CA, OR www.ers-inc.com
FACILITY SCALE BATTERY STORAGE
Jesse Remillard – Energy & Resource Solutions
05/01/2023
To ensure power quality and level demand
For integration of renewable generation
Others?
Incentives NYSERDA and Con Edison
$2,100/kW for batteries PG&E
$1,620/kW for advanced energy storage
WHY ENERGY STORAGE
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GRID VS DISTRIBUTED ENERGY STORAGE
Source: http://www.rmi.org/electricity_battery_value
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON
4Source: SCE RFO kW Capacity
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1. Introduction2. Definitions and key terminology3. Facility scale value streams4. Energy storage technologies5. Technical and market barriers
AGENDA
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KEY TERMINOLOGY
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Power capacity = rated kW
Energy capacity = rated kWh
Depth of discharge (DOD) = capacity used
Roundtrip Efficiency
Cycle life = number of useful cycles
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1. Supply = Power Plant a. Energy = kWhb. Demand = kW
2. Transmissiona. Wires and polesb. Controlsc. Maintenanced. Oversight
UTILITY BILLS
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EXAMPLE UTILITY BILL
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1. Power quality and dependability
2. Demand charge reduction
3. Demand response
4. Retail energy time shift
5. Renewables integration
FACILITY BENEFITS
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Systems that require high power quality or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Data centers or
telecommunications, emergency response, medical, industrial
The most common type of facility energy storage seen today
POWER QUALITY AND DEPENDABILITY
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Arguably the most important emerging application
Facilities with >50% of their electric bill from demand charges are key candidates.
Simple payback approximately 5 years
DEMAND CHARGE REDUCTION
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EXAMPLE DEMAND PROFILE
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Some utilities incentivize demand reduction during peak demand events
Peak demand events are typically during hot summer days and are not known until just prior
Cost savings of $10,000 to $15,000 for a 100kW system installed in NYC
DEMAND RESPONSE
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Shifting use from high cost periods to low cost periods On peak = price of electricity during
the on peak periods (daytime) Off peak = price of electricity during
off peak periods (nighttime)
RETAIL ENERGY TIME SHIFT
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Energy storage is critical for the integration of large amounts of grid scale renewable generation Retail = price you pay per
kWh Wholesale = price they pay
you per kWh
RENEWABLES INTEGRATION
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Value of systems increases greatly with stacked services Demand charge reduction/demand
response and retail energy time shift
Demand response and emergency response
Demand charge reduction and demand response
UPS and grid support
DUAL PURPOSE SYSTEMS
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Case Study 1 Peak Demand Reduction and
Emergency Backup Barclay Tower during Hurricane Sandy
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Demand charge reduction and demand response
The owners of Barclay Tower, Glenwood Management 1 MW across portfolio in NYC
CASE STUDY 2
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Demand response and emergency response
The Irving Company – largest landlord in Orange County 10 MW $$$ “Tens of millions” over 10 year
contract with SoCal Edison
CASE STUDY 3
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Power quality and grid support Regional transmission
organization PJM DE, IL, NJ, NC, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV,
DC Incentive of $40/MWh for frequency
regulation
CASE STUDY 4
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Purpose Power Discharge Usage Payback (w/o incentives)
Resiliency and power quality
100 kW to 1 MW
≤ 15 minutes Variable NA (Critical to
production)
Demand charge reduction
50 kW to 1 MW 1 to 4 hours Daily 4-6 years
Demand response 50 kW to 1 MW 4 to 6 hours Infrequent >> equipment
life
Retail Energy Time Shift
100 kW to 1 MW 1 to 6 hours Daily >> equipment
life
Renewables integration
100 kW to 500 MW
several hours Daily >> equipment
life
VALUE STREAM SUMMARY
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Commercial1. Lead acid batteries2. Lithium ion3. Sodium sulfur4. FlywheelsOther Promising Emerging5. Flow batteries6. Metal air7. Magnesium salt
TECHNOLOGIES
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LI-ION COST CURVE
23Source: Bjorn Nykvist and Mans Nilsson 2015
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Status: Most mature, lowest capital cost, widely
used $500 to $700/kWh Widely accepted by building codes
Con: Performance lacking 300 to 500 cycle life, 3 to 5 year shelf life efficiencies of 70% to 80%
Pro: Advanced lead acid batteries improve
performance Easily recycled
LEAD ACID
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LITHIUM ION
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Status: Recently incorporated into NYC building
fire code Con:
High cost: $1,000 to $2,000/kWh Pro:
High performance 2,000 to 5,000 cycles 10 to 15 year lifetime Efficiencies upwards of 98%
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SODIUM SULFUR (MOLTEN SALT)
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Status: Best suited to larger capacity Competitive cost: $750 to
$2,000/kWh Not widely accepted by codes
Con: Limited manufacturers High operating temp (>300F)
Pro: Good performance 2,000 to 4,500 cycle life 10 to 15 year shelf life Efficiencies of 70% to 80%
Several commercial suppliers in the USA, but costs very high: $2,000 to $4,000/kW
Performance and lifetime is very good: indefinite lifetimes and high efficiencies
Not practical for large capacity energy storage
Emerging low cost technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXhKNq-R-Lw
FLYWHEELS
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TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY
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Market Battery Type
Installed Energy Cost ($/kWh)
Roundtrip Efficiency
Useful Life
Outdoors Indoors Cycle
Life
Expected Lifetime (Years)
Commercial Technologies
Lead acid
$400 - $700
$500 – $700
70% – 80%
500 – 1,500 3 – 5
Lithium ion
$1,000 –
$2,000
$1,500 – $2,500
85% – 98%
2,000 – 5,000 10 – 15
Sodium Sulfur (salt)
$750 – $900
$1,000 – $2,000
70% – 80%
2,500 – 4,500 10 – 15
Flywheel$2,000 - $4,000 $400? 85% -
90%>
10,000 >15 yrs
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Flow Liquid Metal Zinc Air Sodium Nickel Chloride Magnesium Salt
Breakthrough technology yet to come?
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
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Status SunEdison to buy 1,000
Imergy flow batteries for rural India Solar
Con Large footprint pumps
Pro Extremely high life Easy to add energy
capacity $500/kWh potentially as
low as $300/kWh
FLOW BATTERIES
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Status Multiple startups targeting it: Eos,
ZAF, Fluidic Cons
Inherent problems with charging Up to 5,000 cycle life, same as Li-ion
Pros Costs supposedly as low as $160/kWh
ZINC AIR
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Status Available now from Aquion
Cons Lifetime – 5 years = not much better than
Pb acid Pros
Cheap ~ $250/kWh Most environmentally benign
MAGNESIUM SALT
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Status Progression of sodium sulfur batteries
Cons High temperature Cycle life not as long as some other
emerging techs Pros
Cheaper Safer than NaS batteries
SODIUM NICKEL CHLORIDE
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Status Based on research at MIT Ambri postponed release of product
to spring 2016 Cons
High temperature Not suitable for mobile applications
Pros Cheap
LIQUID METAL
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Yet unknown what dominant technologies will be
Cheaper Targeting $160/kWh to $300/kWh
Longer lifetimes Targeting 3,000 to 10,000+ cycles
More attractive marketing
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SUMMARY
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High costs Limited lifetimes Large Heavy Toxic Fire hazards
TECHNICAL BARRIERS
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Public perception of hazards Challenging to find suitable
locations in urban environments Local fire codes are especially
wary of newer commercial systems
MARKET BARRIERS
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Future grids will need energy storage to some extent
Many questions, but research is on-going
CA goal of 33% generation from renewables by 2020 will create market pull for storage
Costs are coming down Utilities, code officials, and facilities
need to work together to integrate energy storage to mutual benefit
SUMMARY
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Multiple battery type energy storage systems?
Future uses when batteries are cheaper?
Most promising battery technology?
DISCUSSION
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http://www.ease-storage.eu/technologies.html
http://www.ambri.com/ http://www.velkess.com/ http://
www.johnsoncontrols.com/content/us/en/products/power-solutions/battery-brands.html
http://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall
http://www.aquionenergy.com/
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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