analytical verification of fruits and vegetables ...€¦ · what is food fraud? the deliberate and...

ANALYTICAL VERIFICATION OF FRUITS AND

VEGETABLES PROVENANCE AS PART OF

THE RISK MITIGATION PLAN IN RETAIL

Dr. Psomiadis David

Head of lab / Business Development Manager

2© SGS SA 2019 All Rights Reserved

OUTLINE

◼ Food Fraud and Food Authenticity

◼ Stable Isotopes – Principles

◼ Food authenticity testing -

Applications

▪ Verification of geographical origin

▪ Risk mitigation case study: Vanilla

flavourings


WHAT IS FOOD FRAUD?

◼ The deliberate and intentional substitution,

mislabelling, adulteration or counterfeiting of

food, raw materials, ingredients or packaging

placed upon the market for economic gain.

◼ This definition also applies to outsourced

processes (International Featured Standards

Food 6.1).


WHAT IS FOOD FRAUD?


FOOD FRAUD


FOOD FRAUD

◼ Measures and tools should be

implemented in order to minimize the

fraud likelihood

▪ Guaranteeing the raw materials

authenticity

▪ Analytically monitoring the supply chain

▪ Controlling and monitoring the pop-up

issues and cases

▪ Minimizing threat by awareness

▪ Implementing a holistic quality approach

likelihood, impact and fall-out


FOOD FRAUD

◼ Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment

▪ A systematic documented form of risk assessment to

identify the risk of possible food fraud activity within

the supply chain (including all raw materials,

ingredients, food, packaging and outsourced

processes). Typically, this is based on the supplier

history, nature of ingredient, economic and market

conditions, price and availability, frequency of reported

fraud etc. (International Featured Standards Food 6.1).

◼ Food Fraud Risk Mitigation Plan

▪ A process that defines the requirements on when,

where and how to mitigate fraudulent activities,

identified by a food fraud vulnerability assessment.

The resulting plan will define the measures and

controls that are required to be in place to effectively

mitigate the identified risks.


WHAT WE REALLY TRACE


ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

MEASUREMENT (IRMS)ELEMENTS AND THEIR ISOTOPES


ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

ISOTOPIC FINGERPRINT THROUGH MEASURING THE ISOTOPE-RATIOS


ORIGIN VERIFICATION OF FRUIT &

VEG - HOFER KG, AUSTRIA (ALDI SÜD)

◼ Origin control by direct comparison of the control sample (from the shelf)

with the respective reference sample (from the farm)

◼ Suppliers were informed about the project

◼ Tailor-made logistics monitoring (suppliers, delivery periods, frequency of

controls)

◼ Gradual cost reduction for the client


HOFER KG, AUSTRIA (ALDI SÜD)



◼ “Is it truly from there?”

◼ Supply chain approach

◼ Mapping of source regions

◼ Cover annual effects

◼ Reference Sample System

◼ Direct comparison of fingerprints



◼ Client aims – Benefits

▪ Typical quality control: verify products‘ claim (provenance)

▪ Risk assessment: monitoring local fruits and vegetables

▪ Risk mitigation: supplier awareness

▪ Comparative advantage: risk transfer

▪ Marketing


RISK MITIGATION CASE STUDY:

VANILLA FLAVOURINGS

Regulatory context of natural flavourings

◼ Europe → EC Regulation No 1334/2008

- Natural flavouring substance is naturally present in nature

- The source/raw material used for the production of the flavouring substance is

natural

- The production process of the flavouring substance must comply with the

requirements of the EC1334/2008 of a natural process

◼ U.S.A. → US FDA 21CFR101.22 (labelling of flavorings)

- The source/raw material used for the production of the flavouring substance is

natural

- The production process of the flavouring substance must comply with the

requirements of the FDA 21CFR101.22 of a natural process



VANILLA FLAVOURINGS



VANILLA FLAVOURINGS

A classic case of

supply and

demand

Vanilla is a CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plant

δ13C Vanillin > -21,2 ‰ (VPDB) (vanilla beans) ; ~ -30‰ (synthesis)



VANILLA FLAVOURINGS

◼ Chromatography (GC or LC)

targeted trace compounds, wide range of tolerance, limited

authentication

◼ Radiocarbon analysis:

only distinguishes synthetic vs. natural, sample purity

◼ GC-C-IRMS:

carbon isotope enrichment during synthesis can fool the test, cannot

distinguish several types of vanillins

◼ SNIF-NMR:

sample purity and amount, cost-intensive; turnaround time

◼ GC-C/P-IRMS:

very few accredited labs available



VANILLA FLAVOURINGS

Benefits of the CSIA method

✓ Highest resolution for different vanillin

types

✓ Short turnaround time

✓ Variable testing material (extract, pure,

end-products)

✓ Cost and time effective

✓ Additional information on geographical

origin of authentic vanilla (Bourbon vs.

Pacific)

✓ The largest dataset currently available


Vanilla authenticity (Takasago Europe, Germany)

Verification of authentic vanilla

extract

Verification of geographical origin

(Bourbon vs. Pacific)

VANILLA EXTRACT AUTHENTICITY

PROGRAM (TAKASAGO EUROPE)


AUTHENTICITY TESTING EXTENDED

Wine / sparkling wine / beer / spirits

◼ Detection of added water (OIV-MA-AS2-12)

◼ Verification of ethanol source (eg. tequila,

rum, beer)

◼ Detection of added ethanol (OIV-MA-AS312-

06 AND OIV-MA-AS311-05)

◼ Detection of industrial CO2 (OIV-MA-AS314-

03)

◼ Detection of synthetic glycerol (OIV-MA-

AS312-07)

◼ Origin verification of grapes


AUTHENTICITY TESTING EXTENDED

Ingredients / raw materials

◼ Is there any cane sugar in coconut sugar?

◼ Does xylitol come from China (maize) or

Europe (birch)?

◼ Is this authentic Ceylon cinnamon?

◼ Is the claim ‘plant-based protein’ really true?

◼ Is this charge of tartaric acid really from

grapes?


FOOD FRAUD RISK MITIGATION

Authenticity

Integrity

Quality Safety

✓ Appearance

and taste

Verification of origin and

authenticity

“what you see is what you

get”

✓ Safe to consume,

residue-free goods


THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Any questions?

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analytical verification of fruits and vegetables ...€¦ · what is food fraud? the deliberate and...

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