psy285 chapter 17

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Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/eAbnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e

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Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

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Chapter 17Chapter 17

Mental Retardation and AutismMental Retardation and Autism

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Chapter Main PointsChapter Main Points

Mental Retardation Autism Society and People with Developmental

Disorders Prevention and Therapy

Mental Retardation Autism Society and People with Developmental

Disorders Prevention and Therapy

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Mental RetardationMental Retardation

Criteria for Mental Retardation: Significantly sub-average general intellectual

functioning Significant limitations in adaptive functioning Onset before 18 years of age

Criteria for Mental Retardation: Significantly sub-average general intellectual

functioning Significant limitations in adaptive functioning Onset before 18 years of age

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Levels of Mental RetardationLevels of Mental Retardation

Mild Retardation: IQ of 50-55 to 70

Moderate Retardation: IQ of 35-40 to 50-55

Severe Retardation: IQ of 20-25 to 35-40

Profound Retardation: IQ of 20-25 and below

Mild Retardation: IQ of 50-55 to 70

Moderate Retardation: IQ of 35-40 to 50-55

Severe Retardation: IQ of 20-25 to 35-40

Profound Retardation: IQ of 20-25 and below

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Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

Fragile X Syndrome: The X chromosome shows a weak spot,

where it appears to be bent or broken

Fragile X Syndrome: The X chromosome shows a weak spot,

where it appears to be bent or broken

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Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21 - an extra chromosome in pair 21

Amniocentesis: A clinical procedure that involves extracting

and analyzing a portion of the amniotic fluid in which the fetus is growing

Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21 - an extra chromosome in pair 21

Amniocentesis: A clinical procedure that involves extracting

and analyzing a portion of the amniotic fluid in which the fetus is growing

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Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

Metabolic Disturbances: Phenylketonuria (PKU):

Inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Tay-sachs disease: A defect of lipid metabolism due to the absence of

the enzyme hexosominidase

Metabolic Disturbances: Phenylketonuria (PKU):

Inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Tay-sachs disease: A defect of lipid metabolism due to the absence of

the enzyme hexosominidase

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Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

Prenatal Environment: Drugs and other Teratogens:

Exposure to damaging chemicals Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Malnutrition: Severe lack of one or more biological building

blocks

Prenatal Environment: Drugs and other Teratogens:

Exposure to damaging chemicals Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Malnutrition: Severe lack of one or more biological building

blocks

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Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

Postnatal Environment: Toxins Physical trauma The effects of deprivation Teenage mothers

Institutionalization

Postnatal Environment: Toxins Physical trauma The effects of deprivation Teenage mothers

Institutionalization

1111

Mental Retardation in AdultsMental Retardation in Adults

Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease Mental Retardation and Other Mental

Disorders

Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease Mental Retardation and Other Mental

Disorders

1212

AutismAutism

Early Infantile Autism: The inability to relate to anyone outside of

oneself

Early Infantile Autism: The inability to relate to anyone outside of

oneself

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Symptoms of AutismSymptoms of Autism

Social Isolation Mental retardation Language Deficits

Echolalia Stereotyped behavior

Social Isolation Mental retardation Language Deficits

Echolalia Stereotyped behavior

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Theories of AutismTheories of Autism

The Biological Perspective: Genetic research Chromosome studies Biochemical studies Congenital disorders and birth complications Neurological research

The Biological Perspective: Genetic research Chromosome studies Biochemical studies Congenital disorders and birth complications Neurological research

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Theories of AutismTheories of Autism

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Theories of AutismTheories of Autism

The Cognitive Perspective: Executive function Categorization and memory Social understanding Theory of the mind

The Cognitive Perspective: Executive function Categorization and memory Social understanding Theory of the mind

1717

Society and People with Developmental Disabilities

Society and People with Developmental Disabilities

Public Policy: Free and appropriate education individualization Timely progress reviews Community integration Human rights

Public Policy: Free and appropriate education individualization Timely progress reviews Community integration Human rights

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Society and People with Developmental Disabilities

Society and People with Developmental Disabilities

Community integration Quality of life Support for the family Employment

Community integration Quality of life Support for the family Employment

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Prevention and TherapyPrevention and Therapy

Primary Prevention: Genetic analysis and counseling

Secondary Prevention: Early intervention often minimizes severity

Primary Prevention: Genetic analysis and counseling

Secondary Prevention: Early intervention often minimizes severity

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Prevention and TherapyPrevention and Therapy

Behavior Therapy: Self-help and adaptive skills Language and communication skills Leisure and community skills Replacement of maladaptive behaviors

Behavior Therapy: Self-help and adaptive skills Language and communication skills Leisure and community skills Replacement of maladaptive behaviors

2121

Prevention and TherapyPrevention and Therapy

Cognitive Therapy: Self-instructional training Correspondence training Self-management and self-monitoring Self-control Problem solving

Cognitive Therapy: Self-instructional training Correspondence training Self-management and self-monitoring Self-control Problem solving

2222

Prevention and TherapyPrevention and Therapy

Pharmacological Therapy: Drug Therapies:

Psychotropic drugs - manage disruptive or aggressive behavior

Anticonvulsive drugs - control seizures

Pharmacological Therapy: Drug Therapies:

Psychotropic drugs - manage disruptive or aggressive behavior

Anticonvulsive drugs - control seizures

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Prevention and TherapyPrevention and Therapy

Psychotherapy: Supportive psychotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Client-centered therapy

Psychotherapy: Supportive psychotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Client-centered therapy

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Recapping the Main PointsRecapping the Main Points

Mental Retardation Autism Society and People Developmental

Disorders Prevention and Therapy

Mental Retardation Autism Society and People Developmental

Disorders Prevention and Therapy

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End of Chapter 17End of Chapter 17

Mental Retardation and AutismMental Retardation and Autism