october 21, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 6 key issue 1 where are...

April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 6Key Issue 1

Where are religions distributed?

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Most religious people pray for peace, but religious

groups may not share the same vision of how peace

will be achieved.

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Geographers See that the process by which

one religion diffuses across the landscape may conflict with the distribution of others.

Observe that religions are derived in part from elements of the physical environment, and that religions, in turn, modify the landscape.

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Appeal of Religion Some have universal appeal.

Some have geographically limited appeal.

Often adopting a global religion means rejecting local traditions.

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Universalizing Religions

Attempt to be global, to appeal to all people,

wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or

location.

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Universal Religions Christianity Islam Buddhism

- Divided into Branches Denominations Sects

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Branch

A large and fundamental division

within a religion.

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Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number

of local congregations.

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Sect

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established

denomination.

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Christianity

With 2 billion adherentsMore than any other world

religionWith the most widespread

distribution.

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Branches of Christianity

Roman Catholicism Protestant Eastern Orthodox.

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Eastern Orthodox A collection of 14 self-governing

churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

40% are Russian Orthodox established in 16th century

20% are Romanian Orthodox 3% are from Constantinople,

Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem and trace their origins to the beginning of Christianity

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Christianity in the Western Hemisphere

90% are Christian 95% of Latin America are

Roman Catholic 40% of North America are

Protestant, most of which are- Baptist- Methodist- Pentecostal

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Christianity in the Western

Hemisphere

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Christianity in Europe Roman Catholicism is the dominant

Christian branch in the southwest and east.

Protestantism in the northwest Eastern Orthodoxy in the east and

southeast. The regions of Roman Catholic and

Protestant majorities frequently have sharp boundaries, even when they run through the middle of countries.

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Smaller Branches of Christianity

Developed independently of the three major branches

- Egyptian Coptic Christians - Ethiopian Church - Armenian Church - Maronites in Lebanon

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IslamWith 1.2 billion people.

Predominant religion of the Middle East, Central Asia,

and North Africa.½ of the Muslim population live in Indonesia, Pakistan,

Bangladesh, and India.

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Branches of Islam Sunni - Arabic word for orthodox- 83% of all Muslims

Shiite – pronounced “Shia” - Arabic word for sectarian

- 16% of all Muslims

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Islam in North America and Europe

Increased rapidly in recent years through immigration.

- France Muslims are a legacy to former colonies in North Africa

- Initial U.S. presence is connected to the foundation of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) in 1930, renamed to the American Muslim Mission.

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BuddhismAbout 350 million in China and

Southeast Asia.Three main branches.

- Mahayana- Theravada- Tantrayana

In China and Japan, Buddhism coexist with ethnic religions.

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Other Universalizing Religions

Sikhism’s (C.E. 1469-1538) a blend between Hinduism and Islam.

Baha i was founded in Iran in 1844 by Siyyid ‘ Ali Muhammad, known as Bab (Persian for Gateway).

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Ethnic Religion

Appeals to one group of people living in one

place.

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HinduismAbout 900 million

adherents.The world’s third largest

religion.97% of Hindus are

concentrated in India.2% of Hindus are in Nepal.

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Forms of Hinduism Hinduism does not have a central

authority or a single holy book. 70% worship Vishnu, a loving god

incarnated as Krishna. 25% worship Siva, a protective

and destructive god. Shaktism is a worship dedicated

to the female consorts of Vishnu and Siva.

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ConfucianismConfucius (551-479 B.C.E.)

was a philosopher and teacher in the Chinese

province of Lu. Confucianism prescribed a series of ethical principles for the orderly conduct of

daily life in China.

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Daoism (Taoism)Lao-Zi (604-531? B.C.E.)

organized Daoism.Taoists seek Dao ( the way or

path).Dao cannot be comprehended

by reason and knowledge.

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ShintoismThe distinctive ethnic religion

of Japan.Forces of nature are divine.

Deceased emperors and other ancestors became

more important deities than natural features.

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Judaism6 million Jews live in the

United States.4 million Jews live in Israel.2 million Jews live in former

Soviet Union republics.2 million live elsewhere.

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Ethnic African Religions

10% of Africans follow animism.

African animism is based on monotheistic concepts of a supreme being assisted by personifications of natural

phenomena.