ict for women entrepreneurship in asia-pacific
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ICT for Women ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Entrepreneurship in Asia-
PacificPacific
Expert Group Meeting Expert Group Meeting onon
ICT Policy from a Gender PerspectiveICT Policy from a Gender Perspective Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001
Bianca R. TonettiBianca R. TonettiAsian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of
Technology (APCTT)Technology (APCTT)
Facts and figures Facts and figures
The online The online female female population in population in ASIA in 2000 ASIA in 2000 accounted for accounted for 22% of Internet 22% of Internet users users
Women entrepreneurs Women entrepreneurs manage 35% of SMEs manage 35% of SMEs in the region, more in the region, more than 1/3 of 95% of all than 1/3 of 95% of all enterprises in Asia enterprises in Asia PacificPacific
By 2003 there By 2003 there will be 8 million will be 8 million women Internet women Internet users in CHINA users in CHINA and 2 million in and 2 million in INDIAINDIA
23% women 23% women Internet users Internet users in INDIA in in INDIA in 2000 2000
38.7% in CHINA 38.7% in CHINA in 2001in 2001
Only a small portion of the female population of Asian Only a small portion of the female population of Asian developing countries is digitally empowereddeveloping countries is digitally empowered
However, out of However, out of 15,000 members of 15,000 members of IWAPI-Indonesia only IWAPI-Indonesia only 12% have e-mail 12% have e-mail accountsaccounts
Facts and figures Facts and figures
Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA
CO
UN
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74
USA 51.1 83,479 60.0 53.1 99.0 3
Philippines 51.0 76.5 0.6 65.1 94.3 65
China 30.4 6,840 0.7 45.1 74.5 79
India 23.0 115 0.2 20.5 39.4 112
Thailand N/ a N/ a 1.3 54.5 92.8 58
Indonesia N/ a N/ a 0.2 40.8 79.5 88
Pakistan N/ a N/ a 0.1 21.0 25.4 116
Vietnam N/ a N/ a 0.1 27.6 89 91
Source: Hafkin & Taggart, Source: Hafkin & Taggart, Gender, IT and Development CountriesGender, IT and Development Countries, AED for USAID, 2001. , AED for USAID, 2001.
Impact of IT on women’s Impact of IT on women’s workwork
Women Women concentrated at concentrated at lower skilled lower skilled employmentemployment levelslevels
Creation of new jobs in:Creation of new jobs in:
INFORMATION INFORMATION PROCESSINGPROCESSING
BANKING BANKING
INSURANCEINSURANCE
PRINTINGPRINTING
PUBLISHINGPUBLISHING
Conducive policies in Conducive policies in India and Malaysia India and Malaysia have led to women have led to women occupying high-occupying high-skilled and skilled and managerial positions managerial positions
Automation in Automation in manufacturing/servicesmanufacturing/services
Relocation of Relocation of productionproduction
New skill requirementsNew skill requirements
Information processingInformation processing
PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIAINDIA
Studies in Information Technology Applications (SITA) is a Studies in Information Technology Applications (SITA) is a computer-skill training program for 450 women from a computer-skill training program for 450 women from a disadvantage background and with limited communication skills. It disadvantage background and with limited communication skills. It is sponsored by InfoDev - World Bank is sponsored by InfoDev - World Bank
Global Challenge Award 2000, finalist Stockholm Challenge Global Challenge Award 2000, finalist Stockholm Challenge Award 2000, selected as Most Promising Social Enterprise 2002Award 2000, selected as Most Promising Social Enterprise 2002
Poor response of the job market to the project traineesPoor response of the job market to the project trainees Self-employment through the women’s cooperative Self-employment through the women’s cooperative
MitraMandalMitraMandal
Information processingInformation processing
WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDALWOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL
MitraMandalMitraMandal
Professional WingProfessional WingTraining of trainers
R&D marketing and publicity
Learning WingLearning WingImplements the learning strategy
Public/Private Public/Private OrganizationsOrganizationsProviders of work
Earning WingEarning WingTrainers and trainees
use IT skills togenerate income
Source: SITASource: SITA. .
Information processingInformation processing
PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIACOOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIA
SITA traineesSITA trainees SITA head trainerSITA head trainer
SITA senior instructorSITA senior instructor
Source: SITA Source: SITA
Information processingInformation processing
SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIASECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA
CHINA, INDIA, CHINA, INDIA, SINGAPORE and SINGAPORE and VIETNAM are VIETNAM are taking large taking large shares of the shares of the outsourcing outsourcing markets in data markets in data processing processing
The PHILIPPINES The PHILIPPINES concentrates the concentrates the largest number of largest number of women workers in women workers in remote data entryremote data entry
Many new jobs are in call centres and satellite Many new jobs are in call centres and satellite offices performing back office functionsoffices performing back office functions
Information processingInformation processing
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIAOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA
Women working in data Women working in data entry in BANGLADESH entry in BANGLADESH would earn 88% more would earn 88% more than in local jobsthan in local jobs
One million jobs in One million jobs in call centres are call centres are expected to be expected to be created in INDIA created in INDIA
by 2007by 2007
Women’s attempts Women’s attempts to create self-to create self-employment are employment are frustrated by their frustrated by their lack of business and lack of business and marketing skills marketing skills
In INDIA over 350,000 In INDIA over 350,000 women are expected to women are expected to be working in remote be working in remote data processing by data processing by
2008 2008
Information processingInformation processing
CONDUCIVE POLICIES CONDUCIVE POLICIES
Good telecomGood telecom
infrastructureinfrastructure IT training IT training
in and out in and out of school of school
Training in marketing and Training in marketing and business developmentbusiness development
Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing
RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKARANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA Established in 1978 by Ms. Hapuarachchi. Turnover of Established in 1978 by Ms. Hapuarachchi. Turnover of
US$23 million, workforce of 6,000. 95% are women US$23 million, workforce of 6,000. 95% are women
The company utilizes CAD/CAM machines for garment design, computerized sewing The company utilizes CAD/CAM machines for garment design, computerized sewing and embroidery machine and has a production capacity of 700,000 pieces per monthand embroidery machine and has a production capacity of 700,000 pieces per month
Technology transfer was successful thanks to an easily Technology transfer was successful thanks to an easily trainable workforce due to Sri Lanka’s high literacy ratetrainable workforce due to Sri Lanka’s high literacy rate
The new technology enhances the productivity while meeting the requirements The new technology enhances the productivity while meeting the requirements of international markets in terms of timeliness, pricing and quality standardsof international markets in terms of timeliness, pricing and quality standards
Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing
RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKARANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA
CAD/CAM machine for garment CAD/CAM machine for garment designdesign
Computerized sewing machine Computerized sewing machine
Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing
SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIASECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA Asia’s share of total Asia’s share of total
employment in the employment in the industry was 72% in industry was 72% in 1998 1998
China is the major China is the major employer accounting employer accounting for 20% of the global for 20% of the global workforceworkforce
In 1995 Asia In 1995 Asia concentrated 80% of concentrated 80% of global women workers in global women workers in the textile sectorthe textile sector
Women take up 71% of the Women take up 71% of the jobs in clothing in the jobs in clothing in the region, with China the region, with China the major employer (20%) major employer (20%) followed by Indonesia and followed by Indonesia and ThailandThailand
Source: ILO. Source: ILO.
Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIAOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA Computer technology offers Computer technology offers
opportunities for small and opportunities for small and medium women-owned medium women-owned clothing manufacturing units clothing manufacturing units
Decentralization allowed by Decentralization allowed by
fragmentation of fragmentation of production particularly in production particularly in garment manufacturinggarment manufacturing
In Italy women In Italy women subcontractors use IT subcontractors use IT applications for the applications for the instant fashion instant fashion marketmarket
Promotion of small-Promotion of small-scale sector scale sector instrumental for instrumental for the development of the development of the sector the sector
Promotion of Promotion of small-scale small-scale sectorsector
EntrepreneursEntrepreneurship hip development development trainingtraining Dissemination Dissemination of technology of technology informationinformation
Government to Government to initiate, initiate, coordinate and coordinate and share the cost share the cost of R&D and of R&D and training training schemesschemes
CONDUCIVE POLICIESCONDUCIVE POLICIES
Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing
Software programmingSoftware programming
VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIAVIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA Shefali Kapoor established an education and career guidance Shefali Kapoor established an education and career guidance
centre in 1990, a computer academy in 1991 and VSD in 1992. centre in 1990, a computer academy in 1991 and VSD in 1992. Turnover of US$222,000 and workforce of 6 software developers Turnover of US$222,000 and workforce of 6 software developers
Technology transfer was successful thanks to her post Technology transfer was successful thanks to her post graduation in computer sciences. She entered the business graduation in computer sciences. She entered the business when computer started to be used for back-office support, when computer started to be used for back-office support, pay-roll management, inventory control etc. pay-roll management, inventory control etc.
Advantages she found in her business are Advantages she found in her business are - availability of personnel possessing technical know-how - know-how could be updated on the job, and- availability of personnel possessing technical know-how - know-how could be updated on the job, and- tremendous scope of IT-enabled services- tremendous scope of IT-enabled services
Software programmingSoftware programming
VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIAVIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA
Shefali KapoorShefali KapoorSoftware developers at work Software developers at work
Software programmingSoftware programming
SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA
Customized software Customized software services are services are potentially attractive potentially attractive to small and medium to small and medium sized women sized women enterprises enterprises
Software sector in Software sector in INDIA has grown by INDIA has grown by 50% in the 1990s 50% in the 1990s creating exports, creating exports, domestic jobs and domestic jobs and technical talentstechnical talents
The number of The number of women women programmers, programmers, designers, inventors designers, inventors and fixers of and fixers of computers is limited computers is limited in the developing in the developing world world
However in MALAYSIA However in MALAYSIA women are 30% of IT women are 30% of IT professionals and in professionals and in INDIA comprise 20% of INDIA comprise 20% of professional jobs in professional jobs in the software industry the software industry
Software programmingSoftware programming
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA Network Network
administration and administration and maintenance are maintenance are services strongly services strongly needed by private needed by private sector and sector and government government institutionsinstitutions
The greatest The greatest potential for job potential for job opportunities is opportunities is in the core IT in the core IT sector sector
In INDIA and In INDIA and CHINA CHINA opportunities are opportunities are available for available for women in the women in the software industrysoftware industry
IT education and IT education and training is an area training is an area particularly particularly suitable for women suitable for women
Software programmingSoftware programming
CONDUCIVE POLICIES CONDUCIVE POLICIES Less expensive Less expensive
courses on ITcourses on IT
Introduction of Introduction of IT at early IT at early stages of stages of formal formal education education Increasing the Increasing the
number of girls number of girls and women and women studying IT-studying IT-related subjects in related subjects in formal schooling formal schooling
IT training out IT training out of school of school
IT info IT info dissemination for dissemination for girls and women girls and women (career fairs) (career fairs)
State-private State-private sector cooperation sector cooperation for HRD for HRD development development
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship development development training training
ConclusionsConclusionsPOLICIES FOR WOMEN’S DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT POLICIES FOR WOMEN’S DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT
Rural areasRural areas Cost of Cost of hardware, hardware, software, servicesoftware, service
Alternative Alternative sources of sources of softwaresoftware
Cyberkiosks and Cyberkiosks and telecenterstelecenters
Impact Impact assessment of assessment of legislation on legislation on working womenworking women
Taxes and Taxes and subsidies for subsidies for investment investment promotion in promotion in strategic strategic sectorssectors
HRD at al levelsHRD at al levels Scholarships and Scholarships and reservationsreservations
Business Business development development programmes for programmes for self-employment self-employment
InfrastructureInfrastructureRegulatory Regulatory
environmentenvironment Education and Education and
trainingtraining
Web ReferencesWeb References
http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Gender_Book/pdf/Gender_Book_NoPhotos.pdfGender_Book/pdf/Gender_Book_NoPhotos.pdf
http://www.totheweb.com/http://www.totheweb.com/Digital_Divide_White_Paper.PDFDigital_Divide_White_Paper.PDF
http://www.sitaa.orghttp://www.sitaa.org http://www.undp.org.my/partnership/UNDP.pdfhttp://www.undp.org.my/partnership/UNDP.pdf http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/
sector/techmeet/tmlfi00/tmlfi-r.pdfsector/techmeet/tmlfi00/tmlfi-r.pdf http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/
uu37we/uu37we00.htm#Contentsuu37we/uu37we00.htm#Contents
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