ict for women entrepreneurship in asia-pacific

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ICT for Women ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia- Entrepreneurship in Asia- Pacific Pacific Expert Group Meeting Expert Group Meeting on on ICT Policy from a Gender Perspective ICT Policy from a Gender Perspective Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001 Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001 Bianca R. Tonetti Bianca R. Tonetti Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) Technology (APCTT)

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ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific. Expert Group Meeting on ICT Policy from a Gender Perspective Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001 Bianca R. Tonetti Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT). Facts and figures. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

ICT for Women ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Entrepreneurship in Asia-

PacificPacific

Expert Group Meeting Expert Group Meeting onon

ICT Policy from a Gender PerspectiveICT Policy from a Gender Perspective Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001

Bianca R. TonettiBianca R. TonettiAsian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of

Technology (APCTT)Technology (APCTT)

Page 2: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Facts and figures Facts and figures

The online The online female female population in population in ASIA in 2000 ASIA in 2000 accounted for accounted for 22% of Internet 22% of Internet users users

Women entrepreneurs Women entrepreneurs manage 35% of SMEs manage 35% of SMEs in the region, more in the region, more than 1/3 of 95% of all than 1/3 of 95% of all enterprises in Asia enterprises in Asia PacificPacific

By 2003 there By 2003 there will be 8 million will be 8 million women Internet women Internet users in CHINA users in CHINA and 2 million in and 2 million in INDIAINDIA

23% women 23% women Internet users Internet users in INDIA in in INDIA in 2000 2000

38.7% in CHINA 38.7% in CHINA in 2001in 2001

Only a small portion of the female population of Asian Only a small portion of the female population of Asian developing countries is digitally empowereddeveloping countries is digitally empowered

However, out of However, out of 15,000 members of 15,000 members of IWAPI-Indonesia only IWAPI-Indonesia only 12% have e-mail 12% have e-mail accountsaccounts

Page 3: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Facts and figures Facts and figures

Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA

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USA 51.1 83,479 60.0 53.1 99.0 3

Philippines 51.0 76.5 0.6 65.1 94.3 65

China 30.4 6,840 0.7 45.1 74.5 79

India 23.0 115 0.2 20.5 39.4 112

Thailand N/ a N/ a 1.3 54.5 92.8 58

Indonesia N/ a N/ a 0.2 40.8 79.5 88

Pakistan N/ a N/ a 0.1 21.0 25.4 116

Vietnam N/ a N/ a 0.1 27.6 89 91

Source: Hafkin & Taggart, Source: Hafkin & Taggart, Gender, IT and Development CountriesGender, IT and Development Countries, AED for USAID, 2001. , AED for USAID, 2001.

Page 4: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Impact of IT on women’s Impact of IT on women’s workwork

Women Women concentrated at concentrated at lower skilled lower skilled employmentemployment levelslevels

Creation of new jobs in:Creation of new jobs in:

INFORMATION INFORMATION PROCESSINGPROCESSING

BANKING BANKING

INSURANCEINSURANCE

PRINTINGPRINTING

PUBLISHINGPUBLISHING

Conducive policies in Conducive policies in India and Malaysia India and Malaysia have led to women have led to women occupying high-occupying high-skilled and skilled and managerial positions managerial positions

Automation in Automation in manufacturing/servicesmanufacturing/services

Relocation of Relocation of productionproduction

New skill requirementsNew skill requirements

Page 5: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIAINDIA

Studies in Information Technology Applications (SITA) is a Studies in Information Technology Applications (SITA) is a computer-skill training program for 450 women from a computer-skill training program for 450 women from a disadvantage background and with limited communication skills. It disadvantage background and with limited communication skills. It is sponsored by InfoDev - World Bank is sponsored by InfoDev - World Bank

Global Challenge Award 2000, finalist Stockholm Challenge Global Challenge Award 2000, finalist Stockholm Challenge Award 2000, selected as Most Promising Social Enterprise 2002Award 2000, selected as Most Promising Social Enterprise 2002

Poor response of the job market to the project traineesPoor response of the job market to the project trainees Self-employment through the women’s cooperative Self-employment through the women’s cooperative

MitraMandalMitraMandal

Page 6: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDALWOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL

MitraMandalMitraMandal

Professional WingProfessional WingTraining of trainers

R&D marketing and publicity

Learning WingLearning WingImplements the learning strategy

Public/Private Public/Private OrganizationsOrganizationsProviders of work

Earning WingEarning WingTrainers and trainees

use IT skills togenerate income

Source: SITASource: SITA. .

Page 7: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIACOOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIA

SITA traineesSITA trainees SITA head trainerSITA head trainer

SITA senior instructorSITA senior instructor

Source: SITA Source: SITA

Page 8: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIASECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA

CHINA, INDIA, CHINA, INDIA, SINGAPORE and SINGAPORE and VIETNAM are VIETNAM are taking large taking large shares of the shares of the outsourcing outsourcing markets in data markets in data processing processing

The PHILIPPINES The PHILIPPINES concentrates the concentrates the largest number of largest number of women workers in women workers in remote data entryremote data entry

Many new jobs are in call centres and satellite Many new jobs are in call centres and satellite offices performing back office functionsoffices performing back office functions

Page 9: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIAOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA

Women working in data Women working in data entry in BANGLADESH entry in BANGLADESH would earn 88% more would earn 88% more than in local jobsthan in local jobs

One million jobs in One million jobs in call centres are call centres are expected to be expected to be created in INDIA created in INDIA

by 2007by 2007

Women’s attempts Women’s attempts to create self-to create self-employment are employment are frustrated by their frustrated by their lack of business and lack of business and marketing skills marketing skills

In INDIA over 350,000 In INDIA over 350,000 women are expected to women are expected to be working in remote be working in remote data processing by data processing by

2008 2008

Page 10: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Information processingInformation processing

CONDUCIVE POLICIES CONDUCIVE POLICIES

Good telecomGood telecom

infrastructureinfrastructure IT training IT training

in and out in and out of school of school

Training in marketing and Training in marketing and business developmentbusiness development

Page 11: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing

RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKARANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA Established in 1978 by Ms. Hapuarachchi. Turnover of Established in 1978 by Ms. Hapuarachchi. Turnover of

US$23 million, workforce of 6,000. 95% are women US$23 million, workforce of 6,000. 95% are women

The company utilizes CAD/CAM machines for garment design, computerized sewing The company utilizes CAD/CAM machines for garment design, computerized sewing and embroidery machine and has a production capacity of 700,000 pieces per monthand embroidery machine and has a production capacity of 700,000 pieces per month

Technology transfer was successful thanks to an easily Technology transfer was successful thanks to an easily trainable workforce due to Sri Lanka’s high literacy ratetrainable workforce due to Sri Lanka’s high literacy rate

The new technology enhances the productivity while meeting the requirements The new technology enhances the productivity while meeting the requirements of international markets in terms of timeliness, pricing and quality standardsof international markets in terms of timeliness, pricing and quality standards

Page 12: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing

RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKARANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA

CAD/CAM machine for garment CAD/CAM machine for garment designdesign

Computerized sewing machine Computerized sewing machine

Page 13: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing

SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIASECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA Asia’s share of total Asia’s share of total

employment in the employment in the industry was 72% in industry was 72% in 1998 1998

China is the major China is the major employer accounting employer accounting for 20% of the global for 20% of the global workforceworkforce

In 1995 Asia In 1995 Asia concentrated 80% of concentrated 80% of global women workers in global women workers in the textile sectorthe textile sector

Women take up 71% of the Women take up 71% of the jobs in clothing in the jobs in clothing in the region, with China the region, with China the major employer (20%) major employer (20%) followed by Indonesia and followed by Indonesia and ThailandThailand

Source: ILO. Source: ILO.

Page 14: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing

OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIAOPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA Computer technology offers Computer technology offers

opportunities for small and opportunities for small and medium women-owned medium women-owned clothing manufacturing units clothing manufacturing units

Decentralization allowed by Decentralization allowed by

fragmentation of fragmentation of production particularly in production particularly in garment manufacturinggarment manufacturing

In Italy women In Italy women subcontractors use IT subcontractors use IT applications for the applications for the instant fashion instant fashion marketmarket

Promotion of small-Promotion of small-scale sector scale sector instrumental for instrumental for the development of the development of the sector the sector

Page 15: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Promotion of Promotion of small-scale small-scale sectorsector

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurship hip development development trainingtraining Dissemination Dissemination of technology of technology informationinformation

Government to Government to initiate, initiate, coordinate and coordinate and share the cost share the cost of R&D and of R&D and training training schemesschemes

CONDUCIVE POLICIESCONDUCIVE POLICIES

Clothing and textile Clothing and textile manufacturingmanufacturing

Page 16: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Software programmingSoftware programming

VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIAVIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA Shefali Kapoor established an education and career guidance Shefali Kapoor established an education and career guidance

centre in 1990, a computer academy in 1991 and VSD in 1992. centre in 1990, a computer academy in 1991 and VSD in 1992. Turnover of US$222,000 and workforce of 6 software developers Turnover of US$222,000 and workforce of 6 software developers

Technology transfer was successful thanks to her post Technology transfer was successful thanks to her post graduation in computer sciences. She entered the business graduation in computer sciences. She entered the business when computer started to be used for back-office support, when computer started to be used for back-office support, pay-roll management, inventory control etc. pay-roll management, inventory control etc.

Advantages she found in her business are Advantages she found in her business are - availability of personnel possessing technical know-how - know-how could be updated on the job, and- availability of personnel possessing technical know-how - know-how could be updated on the job, and- tremendous scope of IT-enabled services- tremendous scope of IT-enabled services

Page 17: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Software programmingSoftware programming

VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIAVIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA

Shefali KapoorShefali KapoorSoftware developers at work Software developers at work

Page 18: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Software programmingSoftware programming

SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA

Customized software Customized software services are services are potentially attractive potentially attractive to small and medium to small and medium sized women sized women enterprises enterprises

Software sector in Software sector in INDIA has grown by INDIA has grown by 50% in the 1990s 50% in the 1990s creating exports, creating exports, domestic jobs and domestic jobs and technical talentstechnical talents

The number of The number of women women programmers, programmers, designers, inventors designers, inventors and fixers of and fixers of computers is limited computers is limited in the developing in the developing world world

However in MALAYSIA However in MALAYSIA women are 30% of IT women are 30% of IT professionals and in professionals and in INDIA comprise 20% of INDIA comprise 20% of professional jobs in professional jobs in the software industry the software industry

Page 19: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Software programmingSoftware programming

OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA Network Network

administration and administration and maintenance are maintenance are services strongly services strongly needed by private needed by private sector and sector and government government institutionsinstitutions

The greatest The greatest potential for job potential for job opportunities is opportunities is in the core IT in the core IT sector sector

In INDIA and In INDIA and CHINA CHINA opportunities are opportunities are available for available for women in the women in the software industrysoftware industry

IT education and IT education and training is an area training is an area particularly particularly suitable for women suitable for women

Page 20: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Software programmingSoftware programming

CONDUCIVE POLICIES CONDUCIVE POLICIES Less expensive Less expensive

courses on ITcourses on IT

Introduction of Introduction of IT at early IT at early stages of stages of formal formal education education Increasing the Increasing the

number of girls number of girls and women and women studying IT-studying IT-related subjects in related subjects in formal schooling formal schooling

IT training out IT training out of school of school

IT info IT info dissemination for dissemination for girls and women girls and women (career fairs) (career fairs)

State-private State-private sector cooperation sector cooperation for HRD for HRD development development

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship development development training training

Page 21: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

ConclusionsConclusionsPOLICIES FOR WOMEN’S DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT POLICIES FOR WOMEN’S DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT

Rural areasRural areas Cost of Cost of hardware, hardware, software, servicesoftware, service

Alternative Alternative sources of sources of softwaresoftware

Cyberkiosks and Cyberkiosks and telecenterstelecenters

Impact Impact assessment of assessment of legislation on legislation on working womenworking women

Taxes and Taxes and subsidies for subsidies for investment investment promotion in promotion in strategic strategic sectorssectors

HRD at al levelsHRD at al levels Scholarships and Scholarships and reservationsreservations

Business Business development development programmes for programmes for self-employment self-employment

InfrastructureInfrastructureRegulatory Regulatory

environmentenvironment Education and Education and

trainingtraining

Page 22: ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific

Web ReferencesWeb References

http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Gender_Book/pdf/Gender_Book_NoPhotos.pdfGender_Book/pdf/Gender_Book_NoPhotos.pdf

http://www.totheweb.com/http://www.totheweb.com/Digital_Divide_White_Paper.PDFDigital_Divide_White_Paper.PDF

http://www.sitaa.orghttp://www.sitaa.org http://www.undp.org.my/partnership/UNDP.pdfhttp://www.undp.org.my/partnership/UNDP.pdf http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/

sector/techmeet/tmlfi00/tmlfi-r.pdfsector/techmeet/tmlfi00/tmlfi-r.pdf http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/

uu37we/uu37we00.htm#Contentsuu37we/uu37we00.htm#Contents