Issue Date:

Revision:

IPv6: The Future Of the Internet

Fakrul Alam

Senior Training Officer

APNIC

ICT Days Pacific 2016, 18 May 2015[18-05-2016]

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Past

4 Nodes in 1969 (ARPANET) 19 Nodes in 1971

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Present

• There are 3.26 billion Internet users as at December 2015; that’s over 40% of the world’s population

• Asia, as a continent, has the most Internet users. It accounts for 48.4% of global Internet users

• By 2017, there will be more Internet traffic than all prior Internet years combined

"It's enough to do an experiment. The problem is the experiment never ended”

- Vint Cerf(comments of 32 bit IPv4 addressing)

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IPv6Internet Protocol Version 6

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Background

• The Internet has become a fundamental infrastructure, worldwide, for economic and social activity, and its usage continues to grow exponentially:– More users– New applications (e.g. mobile, Internet of Things (IoT) etc.)

• The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is the only sustainable option in the long run

• A smooth transition requires understanding the challenges and a timely start

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IPv4 vs IPv6

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

Deployed 1981 1999

Address Size 32-bit number 128-bit number

Address Format Dotted Decimal Hexadecimal Notation

Notation 192.0.2.100 2001:DB8:abcd::1

Prefix Notation 192.0.2.0/24 2001:DB8::/32

Number of Addresses 232 = ~4,000,000,000 2128 = ~340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000

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Background of IPv6 Protocol

• August 1990– First wake-up call by Solensky in IETF on IPv4 address exhaustion

• December 1994– IPng area were formed within IETF to manage IPng effort [RFC1719] – List of technical criteria was defined to choose IPng [RFC1726]

• January 1995– IPng director recommendation to use 128 bit address [RFC1752]

• December 1995– First version of IPv6 address specification [RFC1883]

• December 1998– Updated version changing header format from 1st version [RFC2460]

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Motivation Behind IPv6 Protocol

• Plenty of address space (mobile phones, tablet computers, car parts, etc.)

• Solution of very complex hierarchical addressing need, which IPv4 is unable to provide

• End-to-end communication without the need of NAT for real-time applications (i.e, online transaction)

• Ensure security, reliability of data and faster processing of protocol overhead

• Stable service for mobile network (i.e, Internet on airlines, trains)

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New Functional Improvements

• Address space– Increase from 32-bit to 128-bit address space

• Management– Stateless auto-configuration means no more need to configure IP

addresses for end systems, even via DHCP

• Performance– Fixed header size (40 bytes) and 64-bit header alignment mean

better performance from routers and bridges/switches

• No hop-by-hop segmentation– Path MTU discovery

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New Functional Improvements

• Multicast– Built-in features for multicast groups, management, and new

“anycast” groups

• No more broadcast

• Mobile IP – Eliminate triangular routing and simplify deployment of mobile IP-

based systems

• Virtual private networks – Built-in support for ESP/AH encrypted/ authenticated virtual private

network protocols

• Built-in support for QoS tagging

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Any THING Communication

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Internet of Everything

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Supporting IPv6-only Networks

https://developer.apple.com/news/?id=05042016a

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Final Note• IPv6 is now inevitable as we continue to move toward a ubiquitously

connected society, e.g, smart cities

• Without IPv6 deployment, it is just a matter of time before networks (countries) become isolated and unable to communicate

• Ability to integrate devices, such as mobile phones, IoT, etc, is no longer a want − it is a need

• Without IPv6, will severely limit the move towards a connected society, hindering government and business efficiency

• Government personnel need integrated, secure functionality to help provide citizen services

• IPv6 is no longer just a technical issue to be tackled only at the operational level. It needs to involve all levels and agencies within government

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https://www.apnic.net/ipv6

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“96 More Bits, No Magic”

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Thank Youfakrul@apnic.net