5. DOOR AND WINDOW

5.1 OPENINGS REFERENCE

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DOORS

BYPASS SLIDING DOOR-opens by sliding on an overhead track and floor track, sliding behind or in front of each other.-does not occupy much space but provides not much protection against weather and sound-only half length is used for access-often used exteriorly or for visual screening interiorly

SURFACE SLIDING DOOR-opens by sliding on an exposed overhead track and floor track but pro-vides access through full width of the doorway-does not take up much space but incapable of withstanding exposure to weather without damage

POCKET SLIDING DOOR-opens by sliding on an overhead track into and out of a niche in the wall-used to minimise space usage

FOLDING DOOR-opens by folding flat hinged door panels agaisnt one another-usually twofolded into two parts with access in between-require little space and used for closets or storage volumes

SWINGING DOOR-opens by turning on hinges about a side jamb when pushed or pulled-takes up space for door to swing-convenient and very effective door type for thermal and acoustic insulation and protection agaisnt weather and can be fire rated

5.1 OPENINGS REFERENCE

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WINDOWS

OWNING AND HOPPER WINDOW-awning window shashes open by swinigng outwards on hinges joined to the top of the window frames-hopper window sashes open by swinging inwards on hinges joined to the bottom of the window frames-ventilation occurs when the sashes are open -awning and hopper windows may be stacked vertically with sashes closing to each other or on a meeting stile

SLIDING WINDOW-opens by at least one sash sliding on an overhead track or bottom track

DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW-opens by vertically sliding one of the two sashes along tracks on both sides of the sash, with each sash initially covering different parts of the window-counterwights, pretensioned springs or friction are used to hold a sash’s position-only one sash is movable in a single-hung window

JALOUSIE-opens by horizontal glass or wood louvers that pivot on a common frame-commonly utilised in moderate temperaments for continued ventilation while visibility from outside is cut off

PIVOTING WINDOWS-opens by a sash that rotates 90°or 180°either about a vertical or horizintal axis at or near their centers-used commonly in high rised or air conditioned structures where they are operated for cleaning, maintenance or emergency ventilation

Walls are often used to support loads, to insulate the building and to work as a climatic enclosure, protecting the building from sun, win and rain.

Walls can be load bearing, supporting the floor and roofs or non-load bearing. However, they always separate a place from another, working like filters in space. Their qualities affect the space they create.

Type of bricks that used in the building are mostly concrete bricks.Concrete and masonry walls qualify as noncombustible construction and rely on their mass for their load-carrying capability. While strong in compression, concrete and masonry require reinforcing o handle tensile stresses.

MORTAR

Mortar is a workable paste consists of cement or lime, or a combination of both with sand and water. It is used as a bonding agent in masonry construction. A standard mortar mix for new brickwork would be 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand) or 1:4 (Portland:cement:sand)

TYPES OF MORTAR JOINTS

5.2 OPENINGS ON SITE

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Concrete bricks with mortar on site

Concave joint

"V" joint

Weather joint

Flush joint

Raked joint

Concrete wall on site

5.2 OPENINGS ON SITE

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The process of making a wall begins with the intention of either making a normal wall or a special load bearing wall. Calculations are made, then layering styles are chosen the best fit the criteria. After that, the layering process begins. Cement thickness and concrete fills and all minute details are calculated out and determined and executed. This is to ensure no excess or unaccounted for the measurements to the buildings, or extra lengths are not added without notice. Reinforcement (if needed) such as steel bars and stirrups will be added in at this point, generally in between bricks in cement fills. Finally when the bricks are layered to completion, the wall is ready for the next step of the construction process.

5.2 OPENINGS ON SITE

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