HELP UNIVERSITYSUBANG 2 CAMPUS

EVELIN DEVINA (0322176)KESHNI DEVI SOBARUN (0323062)NISHAANTHINY A/P SHANMUGGAM (0323320)SHAM ZHEN WEN (0317733) TEY THIEN HEE (0318676)WONG KAI CHIANG (0323341)ASWAD

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-1 Experiencing Construction

LAYOUT AND DESIGN BY EVELIN DEVINA

CONTENT

CONTENT ............................................................................................................................. 00

1. INTRODUCTION (Evelin Devina)......................................................................................... 01

2. SITE 2.1 Site and Safety (Evelin Devina)............................................................................... 06 2.2 Plants and Machinery (Keshni Devi Sobarun)......................................................... 13 2.3 Setting Out and Earth Work (Evelin Devina + Sham Zhen Wen).......................... 16

3. FOUNDATION 3.1 Foundation Reference (Wong Kai Chiang)................................................................ 21 3.2 Foundation on Site (Wong Kai Chiang)................................................................... 23

4. SUPERSTRUCTURE 4.1 Beam and Column (Tey Thien Hee)........................................................................ 27 4.2 Wall (Tey Thien Hee)................................................................................................ 30 4.3 Slab (Sham Zhen Wen)............................................................................................ 32 4.4 Staircase (Wong Kai Chiang)................................................................................... 34

5. DOOR AND WINDOW 5.1 Openings Reference (Nishaanthiny)........................................................................... 38 5.2 Openings on Site (Evelin Devina)............................................................................. 40

6. ROOFING 6.1 Roofing Reference (Nishaanthiny)............................................................................ 44 6.2 Roofing on Site (Nishaanthiny)................................................................................ 45

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 48

00

1. INTRODUCTION

EVELIN DEVINA -01-

HELP UNIVERSITY SUBANG 2 CAMPUS

Site Area : 23 acre

Concept : Tropical Rainforest

Capacity : 13,000 students

Features:1. Supported by substantial infrastructure investments such as the upcoming MRT Sungai Buloh station.2. It will house Psychology and Business faculties, accommodating 2,500 students.3. Phase 2A comprises 7 distinct blocks: 3.1 1(one) 500-seater lecture hall cum performance art theatre 3.2 2(two) 100-seater lecture halls 3.3 1(one) student lounge 3.4 3(three) academic blocks that consists of the teaching and administration facilities for a total of 2,500 students.4. Future development plans include a 13-storey faculty block and podium (200,000 sqf) and a student village housing 2,300 students with excellent accommodation, recreational, retail, and F&B facilities.5. The main spine for the whole development will facilitate seamless student circulation.6. Will be able to accommodate approximately 2,000 cars in the underground carpark.

1. INTRODUCTION

EVELIN DEVINA -02-

The form and flow of the University espresses a sophisticated kind of harmony with the elements, mirroring what is experienced in Malaysia's tropical rainforests. Selected fruit trees and lifestyle water features will be part of its landscape. One of the key statements of this new campus is its enthusiastic dedication to going green and being energy efficient.

Passive green design features such as open corridors, cross ventilation, rain water harvesting, energy efficient lighting, use of recycled materials, sunlight shading and harvesting of natural daylight will be incorporated throughout

the campus. The culmination of these efforts will not only enhance student comfort and the learning environment but also lead to Phase 2A earning the prestigious Green Building Index (GBI) certification.

1. INTRODUCTION

EVELIN DEVINA -03-

Business Block D, Student Lounge/Roof Garden on the left;7-sotrey Psychology Block B in the background

Psychology Block B on the right;Business Block D on the left

Admin Block F Student LoungeM&E Block G

SPACES

1. INTRODUCTION

EVELIN DEVINA -04-

A. Student Lounge y (1 storey)B. Faculty & classroom (7 storey)C. Library & 2 lecture hall (3 storey)D. 600 pax Lecture theatre (1 storey)E. Administration office (5 storey)F. M&E Block

PLAN

2. SITE

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -06-

Protective systems are methods of protecting workers from cave-ins of material that can fall or roll into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. If an excavation is less than 5 feet deep, OSHA does notrequire a protective systems unless the competent person sees signs of a potential cavein (It is important to remember that a wall collapse in a trench four and 1/2 feet deep can still have serious results!) For trenches between 5 feet and 20 feet deep, shoring and sheeting, shielding, sloping and benching are all acceptable protective measures:1. SHORING systems are structures of timber, mechanical, or hydraulic systems that support the sides of an excavation and which are designed to prevent caveins.2. SHEETING is a type of shoring system that retains the earth in position3. A SHIELD, often referred to a trench box is another common protective system used by contractors, an excellent choice when continuous horizontal installations are contemplated.4. SLOPING and BENCHING are another means of protecting workers from cave-in hazards.

Cave-ins are more likely to occur in unprotected excavations where:1. The excavation is dug in unstable or previously disturbed soil;2. Excessive vibration from construction equipment or vehicle traffic around the excavation is present;3. A surcharge of loads are present near the sides of an excavation, most frequently from equipment or the excavated material too near to the edge;4. An accumulation of water in the excavation;5. Changes in weather conditions (freezing, melting, sudden heavy rain, etc.)

These conditions can be controlled by:1. Re-routing traffic when possible, and keeping only the heavy construction equipment required near the excavation;2. Keeping the spoil pile at least 2 feet back from the edge of the excavation;3. Pumping water out of the excavation before anyone enters it;4. Using protective systems when required.

2.1.1 SITE AND SAFETY REFERENCES

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -07-

2.1.1.1 DOORS AND SIDELIGHTS Safety glazing consisting of tempered glass, laminated glass, or plastic should be used in all glazed or glazing insert doors and sidelights. Most building codes and regulations require such glazing. Rounded door and jamb edges or resilient door edges minimize injury to finers.

2.1.1.2 STAIRS To help reduce the many accidents that occurs on stairs: - The number of risers in a series should be at least three, because people are careless on fewer - Treads and risers should be uniform - Treads should be no less than 11 inch (280mm) wide, measured from riser to riser, and should have a slip-resistanct surface - Risers should not be more than 7 inch (180mm) high and should be closed - Handrails should run continuously along both sides of the stairway, extend parallel to the floor at least 12 inch (305 mm) beyond the top and bottom of the staircase, and be free of protrusions that might snag clothing - Rails should be securely mounted at a height of 30 to 34 inch from the floor - The space between balusters, if present, should be no more than 5 inches since wider spacings may allow a child's head to become trapped

2.1.1.3 LIGHTING Sufficient glare-free lighting should be available everywhere to meet the varying intensity needs of different tasks and to eliminate dark shadows that may conceal hazards. Changes in light intensity should be gradual so as to give the eyes time to adjust. The paths people follow to get from one place to another in the built environment called circulation paths. Good, glare-free lighting in the circulation paths, especially those in potentially hazardous areas such as stairways, is particularly important in the creation of a safe environment.

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -08-

A scaffold is a temporary frame usually constructed from steel or aluminium alloy tubes clipped or coupled together to provide a means of access of high-level working areas as well as providing a safe platform from which to work.

SLUNG SCAFFOLDS

These are scalffolds which are suspended bymeans of wire ropes or chains and are not provided with a means of being raised or lowered by a lifting appliance. Their main use is for gaining access to high ceilings or the underside of high roofs. The platform is constructed in a similar manner to conventional scaffolds, consisting ledgers, transoms, and timber scaffold boards with the necessary guard rails and toe boards. Working platform is excess of 2.4 x 2.4 plan size should be checked to ensure the the supporting tubular components are not being overstressed.

SCAFFOLDING

TRUSS-OUT SCAFFOLDS

These are a form of independent tied scaffold which rely entirely on the building for support and are used where it is impossible or undesirable to erect a conventional scaffold from ground level.

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS

These consist of a working platform suspended from supports such as outriggers which cantilever over the upper edge of a building and in this form are a temporary means of access to the face of a building for the purposes of cleaning ang light maintenance work.

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -09-

MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLDS

These are used mainly by painters and maintenace staff to gain access to ceilings where it is advantageous to have a working platform which can be readilymoved to a new position.

BIRDCAGE SCAFFOLDS

These are used to provide a complete platform at high level over a large area and consist basically of a two-directional arrangement of standards, ledgers, and transoms to support a close-boarded working platform at the required height.

GANTRIES

These are forms of scaffolding used primarily as elevated loading and unloading platforms over a public footpath where the structure under construction or repair is immediately adjacent to the footpath

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -10-

Construction work is a dangerous and work involving trenching and excavating activities tends to be the most hazardous in the industry. IN 1971, OSHA issued its first standard related to excavation and trenching, and since then, OSHA has changed the standard in an effort to reduce injuries and fatalities.

At the very basic part, the signage of the basic safety equipment requirement is put everywhere as a reminder and a standard.

A temporary fencing is used to secure the site, both for the reasons of safety (required by the law) to prevent from pedestrians walking into the site without any protective equiptment and also to prevent theft/site security purpose.

2.1.2 SITE AND SAFETY ON SITE

PPE - PERSONAL PROTECTICE EQUIPMENT

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -11-

On site, there are two main safety structures:

1. Scaffolding (refer to reference page 8-9): The one used in this project is the system scaffold)

2. Safety Net: a net to protect people from injury after falling from heights by limiting the distance they fall, and deflecting to dissipate the impact energy. Also called as a "personnel net", while one used to catch falling objects is called as "debris net"

2.1 SITE AND SAFETY

EVELIN DEVINA -12-

HANDRAILS

The project is using a fully covered riser staircase which is the safest. (Left) The final staircase will have a full-covered concrete handrails while (right) before the actual hand-rail is finished, temporary handrail from hollow metal pipe us used to ensure the safety of the workers/people who will be going through.

Materials yet to be used are stacked tidily and wrapped with plastic sheet to prevent any ac-cidents happening cause by falling material stocks.

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

KESHNI DEVI SOBARUN -13-

On the site, a backhoe-loader is used to dig earth, carry heavy loads. The digging is done by the backhoe and the back-filling is done with the loader. It is also used for shallow excavations and general grading.

BACKHOE-LOADER

For qiucker and efficient emptying of load, the genral purpose buckets have a retractable bottom or “clamshell”. Machines with buckets keep spoil pile at least 2 feet back from the edge of excavation.

2.1 ON SITE

Backhoe

The barrel of the concrete mixer combines homogeneously concrete,aggregate (sand or gravel) and water to form cement. A concrete mixer is comprised

CONCRETE MIXER

A portable concrete mixer is typically powered by electricity and sits on a base with wheels for easier transport. The rotating drum can be tilted down

Typical Concrete Mixer Portable Concrete Mixer

Loader (general purpose bucket) of a Wheel Loader

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

KESHNI DEVI SOBARUN -14-

ESCAVATOR/DIGGER

MOBILE CRANES

An excavator has only one buckket infront. It is used to dig trenches, founda-tions, handling materials, landscaping,general grading. Since it has a good bucket control, it is useful for close-range works.

Mobile Crane provides mobility on job site. When the crane is then erected at the construction site, outriggers are extended horizontally from the base of the

truck and then vertically to stabilize the crane. It provides lifting to a high height, a good working radius and takes up a limited working area.As disad-

vantage, there is lower lifting capacity.

Typical Concrete Mixer Portable Concrete Mixer

2.2 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

KESHNI DEVI SOBARUN -15-

REBAR BENDING MACHINE

ROLLERS

Buildings require steel bars to strengthen its structure. For the ideal shape abar bending machine is used.The machine uses no electricity and minimizes manual labour The shape of the bars have a subsequent effect on the concrete. Using bar bending schedule for when used for Fe500, Also, it provides a better stock management.It saves 10% more steel reinforcement compared to fe415. Thus reducing project cost.

The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. Thebasic forces used in compaction are static weight,

kneading,impact and vibration. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the

thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction. To bring earthwork to desired shape and elevation,rolers were used on the

site.

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock. The earth may be moved to another location and formed into a desired shape for a purpose. Much of earthworks involves machine excavation and fill or backfill.

Purpose of earthwork on site:1. Cutting and filling: process of earth brought(cut) from excavated site to fill the given site.

2. Clearing the site: removing junks like unwanted earth, stones, rubbish, grass and other organic material etc.3. Settle or compact soil: Stabilize and increase the strength of the soil 4. Drainage

The land is cleared and compacted for the construction to start.

Workers constructing drainage on excavated site.

Summary of construction earthwork process

EARTHWORK

2.3 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

SHAM ZHEN WEN -16-

2.3 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

EVELIN DEVINA -17-

Soil is a mixture of sand, gravel, silts, clay, water, and air. It is the amounts of these ingredients which determine its "cohesiveness"1. Cohesive soil does not crumble, it can be molded easily when wet, and is hard to break up when dry2. Clay is a very fine grained soil, and is very cohesive.3. Granular are course grain soils, having little cohesiveness from sand and gravel.

OSHA classifies soils into four categories: 1. Solid rock: is the most stable.2. Type A soil: can be clay, silty clay or sandy clay which is the type of HELP University Subang 2 Campus location soil. A soil can not be considered type A if being subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving, or similar effects having been previously disturbed/excavated where it is part of a layered system, where less stable soil is near the bottom of the excavation, with the more stable soils on top. 3. Type B soil: is the soil that might be classified as A, but have fissures or are subject to vibration.4. Type C soil:is the most unstable (therefore most dangerous) and can be easily recognized by the continual sloughing of the sides of the wall of excavation.

SOIL

2.3 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

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It consists of removing site improvements and vegetation that will not be a part of the new work. Before site clearing is started, adjacent public and private property should be protected from harm by the erection of fences and barricades.1. Clearing and grubbing consists of removing trees, shrubs, and other vegetation, including their roots and stumps. Depressions caused by these procedures should be filled with satisfactory backfill material.2. Topsoil should be stripped from areas where new construction is to take place since it often stockpiled on the site and later reused in lawn and planting areas.

SITE CLEARING

HOARDING: A fence is required on an interim basis when needed for public safety of secu-rity with standard height 6-7 feet.. Outsiders are not allowed to enter.

EXCAVATING

2.3 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

EVELIN DEVINA -19-

(can be referred back to site and safety page 1 as well)Building excavation is usually defined as the removal of whatever materials are found down to the level required by the contract documents and disposal of the materials excavated.Deep excavations braced with soldier pile and lagging.

REFERENCES

SITE

http://theconstructor.org/concrete/advantages-of-bar-bending-schedule/9414/http://www.constructionsafetyconsultant.com/articles/excavation.PDFExcavation, Trenching and Shoring Safety and OSHA’s Excavation StandardFrancis D.K Ching (2008) Building construction illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons.incPeurifoy, R. (2011). Construction planning, equipment, and methods (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2000). Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons.

FOUNDATION

http://theconstructor.org/concrete/advantages-of-bar-bending-schedule/9414/Excavation, Trenching and Shoring Safety and OSHA’s Excavation StandardChudley, R. and R.Greeno (2008), Building Construction Handbook: 7th Edition, Elsevier Ltd.Bryan, Tony (2010), Construction Technology: Analysis and Choice (second edition), Wiley-Blackwell

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Francis D.K Ching (2008) Building construction illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons.incChudley, R. and R.Greeno (2008), Building Construction Handbook: 7th Edition, Elsevier Ltd.Bryan, Tony(2010), Construction Technology: Analysis and Choice (second edition), Wiley-BlackwellAllen, E., & Iano, J. (2000). Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons.

DOOR AND WINDOW

Ching, Francis D.K (2008) Building construction illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons.inc

ROOFING

Ching, Francis D.K(2008) Building construction illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons.inc