World between the Wars

Quiz 12/18WWII and Rise of Dictators

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security

• League of Nations weak• French strictly enforced Treaty of Versailles• Crazy inflation in Germany (1914: 4.2 marks=1

dollar, 1923: 4.4 trillion marks=1 dollar)• Dawes Plan: reduce reparations, matched

Germany’s yearly payments with ability to pay, loan to Germany

• Kellog-Briand Pact: 1928, pledge to not go to war, made war illegal

Dawes Plan and Kellogg Briand Pact

Great Depression• Causes:

– 1) overproduction of food/cotton/etc. led to falling prices

– 2) international financial crisis from crash of US stock market 1929 (credit)

• 1932 worst year– GB 25% unemployment, Germany 40%

• states lowered wages/raised tariffs to protect industry

• renewed interest in Communism• people turned to leaders with simple

solutions

Democratic States• Germany

– Weimar Republic faced HUGE economic problems with no strong political leadership

• France – political instability

• Great Britain – economist John Maynard Keynes argued gov’ts should

put people to work so they have money to buy things, this would help end depression

• USA – Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected in 1932 – New Deal policy of active gov’t intervention in economy

(Works Progress Administration, Social Security, etc.)

Weimar Germany

The Rise of Dictators

Hitler's Imperial March

In your opinion, which person is the most worthy of entry into the Hall of Fame or Wall of Shame?

Terms• Authoritarian state - complete obedience to

authority as opposed to individual freedom • Dictatorship – one person holds all the power• Totalitarian state – gov’t controls political, social,

economic, intellectual, cultural lives of citizens• Fascism – political ideology where state glorified

above individual, led by dictator• Nazism – political ideology of extreme German

nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, anticommunism, and social Darwinian theory of social struggle

Use the upcoming slides to fill in blank boxes.

Dictator Country Political Party

Type of Gov’t

Policies CharacteristicsBased upon events how would you describe this leader?

Hideki Tojo

nationalist Dictator, Totalitarian

Benito Mussolini

fascist Dictator,Authorit-arian

Josef Stalin

communist Dictator,Totalitar-ian

Francisco Franco

fascist Dictator,Authorit-arian

AdolfHitler

Nazi Dictator,Totalitar-ian

Tojo Hideki

Japan• 1920s- economic and political crises • Struggle between civilians and military to control gov’t• 1930s- military take over

– emphasized nationalism – absolute loyalty to emperor

• Manchurian/Mukden Incident – – 1931 Japan used “attack” on railway as excuse to take over

Manchuria (NW China and Korea)• Japanese wanted resources

• Became more aggressive towards West

• Closer w/ Nazi Germany; – signed Anti-Comintern Pact w/ Germany 1936 agreeing to stop

spread of Communism

Mussolini “Il Duce”

Italy and Mussolini• Benito Mussolini; “Il Duce”=the leader• 1919-

– created political group called Fascio di Combattimento (fascism)

• 1920-1921- – Formed Blackshirts to attack communists

• 1922- – Demanded more land for Italy; used nationalism– Forced king to make him Prime Minister

• 1926- – Mussolini closed down all free press – Made laws by decree – Mussolini recognized independence of Vatican in

exchange for backing of pope

Josef Stalin

The Soviet Union and Stalin• 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formally

created– power struggle with Trotsky, Stalin took over, kept Lenin’s policies

• By 1929 Stalin eliminated original Bolsheviks from Politburo (policy making body of communist Party)

• 5 Year Plans – transform USSR into industrial country in 5 year increments

• Collectivization – private farms eliminated, peasants worked land owned by gov’t

• Costs of Stalin’s programs: – 1) peasants hated collectivization, hoarded food, bad crop years led

to starvation of over 10 million people in 1932-33 – 2) continual purging of gov’t leaders (bureaucratic, military,

intellectual) from Stalin’s paranoia killed or sent to Siberia to forced labor/work camps (Gulag) by 1936 38.8 million arrested

Franco

Spain and Franco

• Spanish Civil War 1936-39-– fascist Franco led rebellion>overthrow

democratic gov’t• Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco-

– Hitler saw it as a test war• Pablo Picasso painted Guernica to

show horrors of the civil war• Franco won, set up authoritarian gov’t

Picasso’s Guernica

Hitler

Parade & Hitler

Germany and Hitler• Nicknamed der Führer

– which means the leader, National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)

• Militia called Brownshirts • Hitler thrown in jail, wrote his ideas in a book Mein Kampf

(my struggle)• Promised to create new Germany by:

1) giving $ to private companies to hire workers 2) rearmament – rebuild German army, navy, air force3) create pure German race4) blamed Jewish population for loss of WWI and Treaty of

Versailles• Appointed chancellor 1933-

– gained absolute power by act of Reichstag (legislative body)

• Purged gov’t of Jews, created concentration camps – large prison/work/death camps

Nazi Germany 1933-1939• Aryan goal (pure German, blond hair, blue eyes, tall, strong)

– create Third Reich (third empire)• SS – secret police, ran concentration camps, had 2 principles:

terror and ideology• Joseph Goebbels amazing propaganda minister • used all means to convince people of Nazi ideology: movies, newspapers, posters,

slogans, loudspeakers in parks, mass rallies, etc. believed “if you say something often enough, people will believe it”

• Anti-Semitism: Nuremburg laws passed 1935 – Jews not allowed to be German citizens – Jews not allowed to marry German citizens – Jews had to wear yellow star of David, carry ID cards

• Kristallnacht – November 9, 1938 “night of shattered glass” Nazis destroyed Jewish businesses and homes

• sent many Jews to concentration camps • those who remained forced to clean up destruction • not allowed in public places

Goebbels

Kristallnacht

Hall of Fame or Wall of ShameRead on the Dictators in Europe Create profiles on Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the

USSR, and Hitler in Germany. You are “profiling” them! WWII 12/18

-Who were they?-What were their policies?-How did they treat their people?-How did the people respond?

Hall of Fame/Wall of Shame• Select the person you think is the most worthy of entry into the Hall of Fame or

Wall of Shame.• Create a poster your selection as either a Hall of Fame candidate or Wall of

Shame candidate. • Include 6 adjectives of positive or negative character traits to display on their

poster.• Title Hall of Fame or Wall of Shame• Name of Person• All achievements• Illustration• A paragraph stating why they believe this person is worthy of placement in the

Hall of Fame or Wall of Shame.• Color• A frame or a border • All handouts and posters will be collected at the end of class