what most do we need??? - lsgvga › images › 3 - localization of the...06/10/2019 10 localization...
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The neuroanatomic localization
of the lesion
Gualtiero Gandini
What most do we need???
1. 2.
Allows ananatomical diagnosis
NEUROANATOMIC LOCALIZATION + ANAMNESIS (acute/chronic; progressive/non progressive)
NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION
CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES(in order of probability)
DIAGNOSTICWORK-UP
Clinical approach to a neurological case:
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ANATOMIC LOCALIZATIONOF A NEUROLOGIC LESION
http://www.biosphera.com.br/imagens/anatomia-canina/nervoso.jpg
LOCALIZATION OF A NEUROLOGIC LESION
1. Central or Peripheral Nervous System? (CNS or PNS?)2. CNS: intracranial or extracranial?3. CNS Intracranial:
• Forebrain• Brain stem• Cerebellum
4. CNS Extracranial:• Cervical SC • Cervicothoracic SC• Thoracolumbar SC• Lumbosacral SC
the problem is central or peripheral?
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Consider if there is generalized decrease of the spinal reflexes or a pure paresis
YES NO
PNS CNS
LOCALIZATION OF ANEUROLOGICAL LESION
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SPINAL REFLEXESEvaluation of the
integrity of a circuit
Normal reflex =Normal (unaffected) circuit
WHEN ARE THEY USEFUL???
….. WHEN I suspect a disease of:- the spinal cord- the peripheral nervous system
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T3-L3
GENERALIZED DECREASE OF THE SPINAL REFLEXES
ARE the spinal reflexes ALL DECREASED???
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….exceptions ….
Pure paresis
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The lesion is intracranial or extracranial?
Consider if there are deficits of the mental status, menaceresponse or cranial nerves
CNS
YES NO- forebrain- brain stem- cerebellum
- spinal cord
LOCALIZATION OF ANEUROLOGICAL LESION
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The lesion is intracranial or extracranial?
Consider if there are deficits of the mental status, menaceresponse or cranial nerves
CNS
LOCALIZATION OF ANEUROLOGICAL LESION
YES NO- forebrain- brain stem- cerebellum
- spinal cord
CEREBELLUM
Intracranial localization
• mental status abnormalities
• paresis e ataxia
• cranial nerves deficits
• postural and proprioceptive deficits
• central vestibular syndrome
Brain Stem dysfunction
POSSIBLE CLINICAL SIGNS:
CEREBELLUM
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brain stem and cranial nerves nuclei
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afferent efferent
Stupor
Where do you localize?
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• behavioural abnormalities
• Seizures
• Menace response deficit
• Gait ± normal
• Proprioceptive deficits
POSSIBLE CLINICAL SIGNS:
Forebrain dysfunction
CEREBELLUM
Where do you localize?
T6
n. cuneaton. gracile
lemnisco mediale
n. ventrale caudolaterale del
talamo
corteccia somestesica
decussazione delle fibre arcuate profonde
fascicolo cuneato
fascicolo gracile
T6
Cortesia dr. Carlo Cantile
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ANATOMIC PATHWAY
Menace response test
Associative and motor Cortex
Visual Cortex
Facial nerve Nucleus
Blinking
Cerebellum
• Cerebellar ataxia
• Hypermetria
• Spasticity
• Intention tremors
• Nystagmus
• Menace response deficit
Cerebellar dysfunction
POSSIBLE CLINICAL SIGNS:
CEREBELLUM
Where do you localize?
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http://www.aisti.info/im_gallery/takso_nervu_sistema.jpg
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T3-L3
Spinal cord localization
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The lesion is intracranial or extracranial?
Consider if there are deficits of the mental status, menaceresponse or cranial nerves
CNS
YES NO- forebrain- brain stem- cerebellum
- spinal cord
LOCALIZATION OF A NEUROLOGICAL LESION
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LOCALIZATION OF THE LESION: SPINAL CORD
T2CRANIAL → CAUDAL
abnormal on all FOUR LIMBS abnormal on HIND LIMBS
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T3-L3
✓ cervical✓ cervicothoracic
✓ thoracolumbar✓ lumbosacral
Spinal cord
Brain
Nerves
The voluntary movementMotor function
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LESION OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON:NORMAL to INCREASED reflexesNORMAL to INCREASED muscle toneSPASTIC PARESIS/PARALYSIS
LESION OF THE LOWER MOTOR NEURON:DECREASED to ABSENT reflexesDECREASED to ABSENT muscle toneFLACCID PARESIS/PARALYSIS
Lesion of the Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)vs
Lesion of the Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
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Localization of the lesion: LUMBOSACRAL
L4-S3
Decreased/absentREFLEXES
NORMAL
Caudal T2
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Abnormal gait andpostural reactions
LS lesion: Flaccid paraplegia
Caudal T2
NORMALNormal/increased
REFLEXES
T3-L32
Abnormal gait andpostural reactions
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Localization of the lesion: THORACOLUMBAR
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Thoracolumbar spinal cord lesion
The voluntary movement The voluntary movement
Upper Motor Neuron Lower Motor Neuron
TL lesion: Spastic paraplegia
Cranial T2
2
C6-T2
4
Localization of the lesion: CERVICOTHORACIC
Abnormal gait and postural reactions
Normal/increasedREFLEXES
Decreased/absentREFLEXES
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Cranial T2
C1-C5
2C1-C5 4
Localization of the lesion: CERVICAL
Abnormal gait and postural reactions
Normal/increasedREFLEXES
Normal/increasedREFLEXES
Exception: 30% of dogs have reduced flexor reflexes on front limbs (Forterre et al., 2007)
Localization?
Clinical Differential Diagnoses
LOCALIZATION + ANAMNESIS
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Acute onsetnon-progressive course
Clinical Differential Diagnoses
insidiuos onsetprogressive course
lateralized signs
Acute onsetnon-progressive course
insidiuos onsetprogressive course
… the best in localizing!
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