Using TEChnology to Regulate Core Body TemperatureSubmitted:

5/day/2011

Collectively Composed by: Ferdinand Aliaj, Annie Becerra, Taha Bosaleh, Joel Daniel, Brenden Demanche, James Hall, Brent Higgins, Michael Jennings, Jerred Jordan, Anthony Marando, Enver Omeragic, James Pellissier, Holly Sanchez, Jon Savarese, Evan Thomson, Roshel Vas, Michael Vopelak, and Dr. Patricia Mellodge

ES – 242 Digital Health Instructor: Professor Mellodge

Table of Contents

SECTION PAGE #s

Abstract p. 3

Introduction p. 4

Objective p. 5-7

Our Impact p. 8-11

Moral Issues p. 12

Design p.

Testing Methods p.

Results p.

Conclusion p.

References p.

Appendix: p.

A: Parts List p.

B: Circuit Schematics p.

C: Mechanical Schematics p.

D: Programming Code p.

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Abstract

Our group was given the task to design a digital health device. In order to complete this

task, we decided to use thermo electric coolers and microcontrollers to create an autonomous

thermo-regulation device that can control core body temperature. Many of the methods being

used to regulate core body temperature involve using water as a medium or otherwise

unnecessary bulk. Our device seeks to achieve thermoregulation by using these TEC’s placed on

a person’s arm to maximize cooling area and minimize bulk. Our preliminary testing and our

final results support our design and show that the TEC’s are capable of reducing core body

temperature at several points on the body when connected to the arm including fingertips, upper

arm, lower arm, and core body temperature.

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Introduction

We are students at the University of Hartford enrolled in the course ES-242:

Engineering by Design. All of us in the group are engineering students here at Hartford. We

chose this project because it is a good example of a digital health idea and was the best of the

ideas that were proposed to us. We chose this topic over the others because we felt that it has the

most real-world impact and can make a difference on the digital health scene by utilizing a newer

technology that hasn’t been fully explored called thermo-electrics (TEC’s). Our goal was to

design an autonomous thermoregulation device that can regulate the core body temperature of a

person. In order to accomplish this goal, we had to perform extensive research to determine the

best location to place these TEC’s, and temperatures that could be harmful to the human body.

We had to decide on what parts to order and what we needed for our device. Once the parts were

chosen, we were hard at work on programming our devices and determining the power necessary

to run the TEC’s. After our TEC’s were built, the testing began and we were able to collect data

on our device and perform more tests running various scenarios with the TEC.

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Objective

Controlling core body temperature:

Through external contact cooling we are ultimately trying to cool core body temperature.

Cooling extremities such as fingers, arms and legs is by far much simpler then cooling the core

of the human body. The Human core can be cooled quickly using ice baths and extreme

temperatures but these methods are either bulky or not humanly controllable. Small devices such

as ice packs usually do not work on a large scale to the point where it cools the core body

temperature simply because it is too small to affect the body. Also the human body reacts to

cold temperatures by contracting and pulling blood away from extremities to regulate the

temperature of the core. Therefore small systems such as ice packs lose their effect before the

core temperature can be changed. With our Thermo Electrically Cooled system we are trying to

use the flow of blood to help us with the cooling of the core body temperature. By placing our

system on major arteries and areas with a large amount of blood flow we are trying to use the

circulation of blood to help distribute the cooling throughout the body and ultimately to cool

down the core temperature. Most of the cooling will be concentrated in the area of placement of

the device which is the reason why we will need multiple devices to spread the cooling to a

larger surface area for a greater effect and for quicker cooling of the core temperature. Unlike

other systems this device is controllable the output of the device can be altered depending on

how much cooling is desired. Also the system is able to cool for an extended period of time

depending on the source providing power to the system. As long as there is power going into

the system it’s able to cool allowing it to be used to induce controlled hypothermia for extended

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periods of time. This can be used for many medical applications to help preserve the body

during surgery and traumatic brain and bodily injuries.

Reasons for wanting to control it:

The reason we want to have control on our system is so that it can be used for many

applications. We do not only want to be able to regulate the system but we want it to be self

regulating depending on the temperature of the body at different locations along with the

allowable temperatures of the system its self. In other words, we don’t want the device to

overheat; this is because we are not only dealing with cooling but with heat exhaustion. Through

various temperature sensors we want to both regulate the power output of the TECs, as well as

verify that the device is working properly and doesn’t become dangerous to the user.

Controlled cooling can be widely applied in medicine, physical activities, body-

temperature sustainability. Sports medicine uses cooling to prevent further injury on muscles

and to stop pain. Heat on the other hand is used to help repair muscle quicker and to relax. This

device could also be used to warm up the body of an athlete before rigorous activities to prevent

injury, and muscle strains. A slow, controlled warming of the body by a few degrease will help

the athlete be ready to perform their best. In the ideal design if the system becomes small

enough to be completely wearable, light, and flexible the device could be worn under clothes to

cool and regulate the temperature of the body while performing physical activities. Keeping the

body from overheating during physical activities will give the individual more endurance and

sustainability. Soldiers could use this device in battle to have more endurance and to prevent

fatigue. In Extreme weather, whether hot or cold, this device could be used by people for many

uses. Researchers could handle more extreme temperatures for a longer period of time, soldiers

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could sustain extreme temperatures in the heat of battle, and explorers, hikers, and outdoorsman

could use this device for a much more comfortable experience.

Both Hot and Cold applications possible:

Both hot and cold applications are possible with this device. Because the way thermo-

eclectic coolers work, there is a hot and a cold side to every TEC. Heat is extracted from one

side making it cold while the other side heats up to compensate for the temperature difference.

Why were focusing on cooling first:

We are focusing on cooling because we found that there is more interest and application

with cooling then heating. And once cooling was completed we knew that it would just be an

easy conversion to figure out and be able to control the heating application of this device.

Cooling is slightly harder of the two options to understand and to apply to the human body. Not

only because we are fighting against the body natural temperature but also against the

temperature of the surroundings. At room temperature the cooling is difficult to achieve, but the

same problem would come about in the heating application if we were in an environment with

temperatures well below zero. So if we concentrated on the cooling at room temperature more

problems will come up, as they did, that we had to solve to get the device to work properly.

These same problems will most likely come to play if we tried to work on the heating application

of this device at temperatures below zero. Instead of heat exhaustion at room temperature, that

we have now, we will have to concentrate on the exhaustion of the cold air coming off the cold

side of the TEC.

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Our Impact

This project contains several societal impacts, both beneficial and harmful to those in society.

We would like to think that this project would help solve multiple problems here in the US as

well as in the world. The number of deaths resulting from brain injury is estimated at 52,000

people a year and 275,000 are approximated to be hospitalized. Nearly 75 % of people that have

TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) are from concussions and other mild forms of TBI. This problem

not only affects health but also effects peoples wallets. “Direct medical costs and indirect costs

such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $60 billion in the United States in

2000“(statistics)

Who’s at risk? In statistics reported by the CDC, falls are the leading cause of TBI’s and cause

TBI’s in adults 65 and older and accounts for 61% of their TBI’s. Falls account for 50% TBI’s in

children ages 0-14. (causes)

When you get a concussion its due to the violent nature in which your brain is basically rattled

around in your skull. In traumatic experience such as this it can cause brain swelling which then

cause brain damage and can also result in death. 

So let’s take a look at those two awful but simple problems. I say simple because the device that

were working on, an autonomous thermo-regulation device to aid in controlling an individual's

core body temperature using TEC’s, would greatly impact the statistics that were briefly

mentioned in the beginning of this report, but how? This device can also be placed on the head to

cool down the head as well and effectively the brain. This type of device with this type of design

is not widely researched or promoted. This device is supposed to be a light weight,

maneuverable, and cost effective solution to help prevent such deaths as mentioned above and to

prevent such hospitalizations. This device would also help our wallets, helping to cut down on

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the strain of disability cost including but not limited to: Hospital care, special care due to brain

impairment, necessary equipment to help with brain impairment, lost wages, Physical therapy,

funereal cost and etc.

Other then the use in Traumatic Brain Injuries this device can be used for other medical

applications. Through this thermo electrically regulated device we will ultimately be able to

regulate human core body temperature to a safe temperature either above or below the healthy

human body temperature. This application could be widely used in many sports to regulate the

temperature of athletes bodies either their core temperature or the temperature of injured body

parts. This device will be used to prevent injuries with the possibility to warm the human body

and muscles and if injuries happen it could be used to cool the muscle to prevent swelling and

further injury. This device will ideally be used by professional and amateur athletes as a device

that will be portable, light, and self adjusting.

The application of this system could first be used on soldiers to be tested in the roughest and

most extreme conditions. Soldiers could use this device as a way to regulate their temperature in

the harshest of weather so they could sustain more extreme temperatures in the heat of battle.

Also along with core temperature regulation they could use this device for bodily injuries and

brain injuries to retard inflammation and swelling on injured body parts. This will maximize

recovery time for soldiers that need to get back out to battle.

Our device will be desirable in small places such as ambulances, where there is not any room for

larger machines that are used today to cool the body. Our small device could be placed near the

area of trauma to preserve body tissue in large injuries or to reduce swelling in smaller or

internal injuries.

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Economically the first design will be somewhat costly to make due to design flaws, accidents,

reworking of design, the purchasing of equipment and tools, but after the final design has been

confirmed and the prototype has been mad the programming code along with the physical design

will be easily reproducible and a working system should be able to be built quickly and

affordably. Our self regulated TEC device will be affordable for all hospitals and ideally be able

to be purchased by the average American.

Our device will be extremely safe, it will be incased in plastic, rubber, and completely insolated.

No wires or any power source will not have contact with the body therefore there is minimal to

no chance that the user will be shocked by this device. If by any reason the device malfunctions

and is broken to where the interworking are exposed there will be a cutoff switch that will shut

down any power to the system. Health wise this device has no negative health side effects. The

only precaution that will strictly need to be followed is, when at full power the device should not

be in the same location for more than thirty minutes. External skin damage might occur if

precautions are not followed. The design does not target any extremely sensitive areas; therefore

no instantaneous damage will be possible. In the possibility of malfunction or overheating the

system will be programmed to cut all power to the TEC and continue running the fan to remove

heat from the hot side of the TEC to prevent skin damage and from extreme heat to be applied to

that area.

Ethically our device doesn’t break any professional or social ethical responsibilities. If the

device is used by professional athletes while performing their sport to gain more endurance and

to reduce fatigue it might not be ethical because it extends the natural abilities of the athlete.

This device would not be ethical in while playing professional sports because it will give you an

edge over another opponent and it will not make it a measure of human talent and ability.

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Safety & Morality Issues

Safety Rules

It is recommended that operation of a fully competed device be in the supervision of a medical

practitioner when usage exceeds 30 minutes at maximum operation. Health risks include those

inherent with any compressive or cold force that is applied to the skin as stated by physician Dr.

Buanomano of CT Multispecialty Group. When compressive force is applied to the skin and

blood vessels are flattened there is a small chance that the vessel may spasm. When cooling is

applied, vessel spasm likely a greater possibility than either condition separately.

Safe Operation

The device is designed to be self contained however the current device is limited to dry

environments. At maximum operation a moist environment or contact surface could cause the

water to form ice which could be topically damaging to the skin. This would be especially

relevant if the patient is comatose or under anesthesia where their body's would not undergo

the typical thermoregulation, however this specific circumstance needs to be tested.

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Design

On the Thermoelectric cooler, there are essentially two metal plates connected together,

and when a current is run between them, the TEC can produce heat on one side, and cold on

another side, this is known as the peltier effect. With the TEC attached to the cold side of the

body, we will regulate the heat from the other side using a heat sink to dissipated heat on the

outer surface of the skin. Using the heat sink, we were able to move heat released from the TEC

into the heat sink while using a fan to cool down the system.

Figure C.2 A thermoelectric cooler’s schematic showing the way heat is absorbed and

rejected; taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermoelectric_Cooler_Diagram.svg.

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Testing Methods

<thing still needed: information on the pressure sensor…I guess we are using it…and problems

encountered and what we need to fix. Plus look at the sections, add what is missing, move

sections where they are better fit, and see what else can be changed. Thanks!>

(Intro)

Our design had modifications on the sensors that were supplied. At the primary stages,

we saw the choice of using LM34 temerature sensors. These allowed us to get the temperature

from separate sensors with each reading on a separate pin. The benefits of this sensor include the

code, which was at a simple level to implement.

Below is a picture of the sensor:

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http://www.parallax.com/Store/Sensors/

TemperatureHumidity/tabid/174/CategoryID/49/List/0/SortField/0/Level/a/ProductID/87/

Default.aspx

Yet, when we needed more control of other parts of the system on one chipset, the

LM34s ran into a road block. Using up a wire for each sensor and all tied into the same power

supply and ground greatly added into the weights of the system. Upgrading to the Dallas

Temperature sensors provided the solution to our problem. These sensors only require one input

pin to be on the lilypad with all the sensors attached in series. Also as a bonus, we only need the

common ground for the slave sensors, as only the master sensor needs the power sent to it.

(Can’t remember if this was true or not…need verification) . The only downside is the

complexity of the code which can be seen in the latter sections and in the Appendix. (or here? Or

somewhere nearby?...halp..).

To begin, here is the actual sensor and its inner workings:

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http://www.google.com/imgres?

imgurl=http://www.retorte.ch/public/arduino_temperature_sensor/

maxim_ds18b20.png&imgrefurl=http://www.retorte.ch/tools/experiments_and_snippets/

arduino_temperature_sensor/

&usg=__Q1fEmSGsdVIcRMWH8mHk4PdnY84=&h=98&w=370&sz=8&hl=en&start=40&zoo

m=1&tbnid=cv6QwMZZzEHpJM:&tbnh=51&tbnw=192&ei=Y1a6TcDcDczegQfevezODw&pr

ev=/search%3Fq%3DDallas%2BTemperature%2Bsensor%26hl%3Den%26rlz

%3D1C1SKPC_enUS410US410%26biw%3D1064%26bih%3D748%26site%3Dsearch%26tbm

%3Disch0%2C1562&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=317&vpy=154&dur=413&hovh=52&hovw

=196&tx=94&ty=23&page=3&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:40&biw=1064&bih=748

The Dallas Temperature Sensor, specifically the DS18B20 is in a casing very similar to that of

the LM34

The requirements simplify on the required number of wires, so it will be a cleaner design in final

yet the coding will take a little more work. Behind this simplified wire scheme, the code for the

arduino must know how to communicate with the design.

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Following the diagram below, we are able to achieve our goal of a “parasite connection”

which allows us to have as many sensors as we want, knowing that each additional sensor adds

one second delay, to gather temperature at any point we can reach.

To accomplish this, we have all the sensors attached, in series, to a single communication

or data wire that goes onto the arduino board. This wire connects only to the middle pins for each

sensor and nothing else. The remaining pins all go to ground and we have a pull-up resistor

acting upon the master sensor. This pull-up resistor is connected directly between the Vcc, the

communication wire, and the primary sensor.

<insert parasite schematic & explain a little more in detail the interconnections (like which pin

does what and delay timinigs)>

http://

www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.strangeparty.com/wordpress/uploads/2010/12/

DS18B20.png&imgrefurl=http://www.strangeparty.com/2010/12/13/arduino-1-wire-

temperature-sensors/

&usg=__lTAYs0efYz5U7k4oqhJF6Dn9ajQ=&h=250&w=500&sz=15&hl=en&start=0&zoom=

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1&tbnid=tCup0qEORWL4lM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=244&ei=6Fe6TdOjEubs0gHFt4HGAQ&prev

=/search%3Fq%3DDallas%2BTemperature%2Bsensor%2Bparasite%2Bconnection%26um

%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1C1SKPC_enUS410US410%26biw%3D1064%26bih

%3D748%26tbm

%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=406&vpy=117&dur=4042&hovh=159&hovw=318&tx

=168&ty=94&page=1&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0

Using a Dallas Temperature library for Arduino, we were able to obtain information from

each sensor and make the code modular enough to allow other sensors to be added or removed

with only one or two lines of code ultimately required to be changed. Modulating the design

allows an end result of having as many sensors as could be required for a different application of

our system.

<Showing how our code is different. I need you guys to add the reference websites, sceenshots,

whatever>

In order to finalize our code, we looked at references from the Dallas Temperature

Library. The documentations written by the creators became very helpful for our end result. All

that was required from us was to modify the code to fit our project. For example, our main loop

runs nearly the same as it would for the documentation except that it is under a for loop to get the

data before being applied to anything.

Code Explained

Down below, we have a screenshot of our main loop gathering temperature for two sets

of smaller systems. Our design has a left and right side as one arduino is controlling a two sets of

TECs. As one can see, there is a for loop which gets temperature for each system. After the fact,

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the code utilizes the temperature information and “picks” the one which controls mosfet switches

and sets them to run at a rate predetermined by a calculation relating rate and temperature. We

then have other sensors being utilized, like the one checking the heat sink, or the scanner which

looks at the TEC itself. (do we????)

Controlling our MOSFETs

The mosfet switches are turning off and on at a rate which we set through a calculation

which relates the temperature of the skin and the min and max at which the mosfet should be

running. As an example, at minimum temperature of 3 degrees celcius (or whatever it is..idk lol)

the mosfet should not be turned on. Yet, at the maximum we want the mosfet to run which is

50%, it must reach this only if it is at the maximum allowed temperature. If any higher, then the

mosfet switching must be killed and all processes must be stopped.

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Below is a section of the code which controls the mosfet with our predetermined

equations along with an on/off button which is coded in as the pressure sensor. What is supposed

to happen here is first read the pressure sensor. Since the device is only supposed to work when

pressure is applied to it, that is it is actually put onto an individual, we have to check the pressure

sensor. If pressure, then we are allowed to have the mosfet switches do their work and allow

power to be supplied to the TECs. Then, during a scenario in which it is applied to an individual,

we then alter the rate of switching to go along with the temperature of the skin.

<fix this picture with the correct code once it is finished!!!!!!!!!!!!!>

Controlling our Fans and TECs

Finally, we have our fans that work directly on the TECs. The operation for a fan is very simple,

ON during use and remain on for a few more seconds after a TEC is turned off to expel excess

heat, or OFF if the whole system is not turned on. Below is a snippet of the code based upon the

fan.

<this code looks unfinished….we need to get this done and update this part>

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The best on/off switch is whether the device is attached to skin, therefore we have a

pressure sensor near the bottom of the device. This is programmed into the device as a master

on/off switch and a safety feature. In order to implement this, we work with the following code:

The application of the pressure sensor as an on off switch is the simplest way to utilize

the code required for a pressure sensor. In our appendix in part (IDK WHAT Part of the

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appendix our reference code is in….) we see the difference between that code and what is

required for our concept.

With these individual snippets of code, once placed together, they form a piece of code

that is unique to our design goal.

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Results

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Conclusion

The outcome of the project should prove our ability to build a working device that’s able

cool down the core body temperature using a TEC. At first, In the process of ordering parts for

the project, we have worked with the other groups in researching and choosing a TEC,

programming and testing the TEC and collecting data for its cooling capabilities. We originally

considered a round TEC with specs involving a 66V source, but eventually ended up choosing a

square 40mm x 40mm TEC because of the cheaper price and the operating at seventy seven

watts. We purchased six of the TEC, four extra that we would use in the course of our two main

TECs chipping or malfunctioning.

As for testing we were able to maximize cooling surface area using a medium such as

water before directly applying it to the skin. The purpose of using a water medium instead of

directly applying it is to prevent hypothermia if the device was to cool down to extreme

measures. We had to do a series of testing with the TECs at different voltages and addition to a

series of measuring the temperature changes at different points on the body including the upper

arm, lower arm, core body temperature and fingers. We collect small amounts of data and we

still need to test other interfaces to maximize surface area on the skin. In the power group, we

had to decide on the appropriate power supply for the equipment used for the device. In the end,

we discovered that the TEC and Heat Sinks required a specific amount of voltage and current for

it to operate at its maximum potential. Our goals for the device after getting the device to self

regulate and work autonomously with the person carrying the device as opposed to using the

original power supply by bk precision. The reason were going with the battery pack opposed to

the power source, is due to the originally used a variable power supply until we finishing our

calculations and achieve a final estimate. After determining a code that would allow our device

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to self regulate, this is one of the last goals for finishing the device. The battery we are using is a

Lithium Ion battery. We determined Lithium Ion technology would be the best to use because of

its high voltage potential for a battery. These batteries are rechargeable and retain their charging

potential well. Due to Lithium Ion batteries being the closest to an ideal power supply for us, we

will be utilizing them. This specific battery will last us enough time to power all of our

components significantly long enough. It is rated for 4400mAh (Milli-Amp hours). Below at the

battery life calculations are the math showing how long our battery will last. For the device, we

are still in progress for the device to be self-regulating. This is one of the goals that we want to

achieve to for future testing with the device.

As for the applying the TEC to the body, we decided to go with two arm bands that would

attach the TEC to over the Brachial artery on both arm. Our reason for placing the TECs in these

pacific locations is to apply the cold temperature to the main artery which would be best for

cooling the body temperature down. In order to protect and keep the device is place, we decided

to place vacuum wrap over the device and cut a hole around the fan and the temperature sensors.

However, we decided that the vacuum wrap wasn’t applicable for protecting the wrap and

decided to go with something sturdier. We decided to incorporate sink drain that would surround

the TEC, heat sink, and fan. We did this by cutting the center of the sink drain, leaving enough

room for the TEC, heat sink and fan. Instead of using vacuum wrap we decided to aluminum foil

that would insulate open ends of the next to the TEC and allow the temperature and pressure

sensors to fit on the corner of the product.

For the coding of the product, the software used herein is unique to the project. Though it

may be a derivative of software published under the GNU licence, it is code that can only be

used with the corresponding mapping that we generate and therefore had to be modified to fit

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any other device with different hardware or physical architecture. It is the unique functional

correlation between devices and their respective code that makes this summation of our device a

unique and creative generation of our own. The code that was referenced will be properly

sourced. The reason the code had to be modified was due to the unnecessary length of the code,

editing the code from about five pages to around one after studying how it works and thus

optimizing it to our needs for the Arduino hardware.

The uses of the wiki spaces allowed us to communicate with each other when working on the

hardware and putting the components together, which was really ideal and beneficial for the

project. The programming group posted the position where each of the pins are located on the

Arduino board which in the end really helped the hardware group put the device together

correctly without the necessity of making minor errors. In addition, the research group that we

put together, was gathering information concerning the final design of the Automated

Thermoregulation Device (ATD).Which included detailed topics involving heat transfer equation

thermoregulation, extreme body temperatures and conventional locationsto place the TECs. This

research gave us useful information as to Determining the maximum (heat) temperature

cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues can be exposed to as a function of time. As well as the

minimum ( Cold ) temperature cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues can be exposed to as a

function of time. This was necessary when testing the device, since first degree frostbite occurs

at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius at 7 minutes which may cause subcutaneous tissue

damage occurs when skin is heated to 40 degrees for 15 minutes. Thus preventing patients under

anesthesia have to therapeutic hypothermia. Essentially, our focus became find information

regarding thermoregulation of the human body. This information will be used to determine

where the TECs must be placed for maximum heat transfer without damage to the body. In

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addition, to finding the main arteries running through the right arm, where the flow of blood

heats the arm. Furthermore, building a second device that would go over the left arm to increase

maximum cooling of the body temperature. The Radial, Ulnar, and Brachial arteries are the three

main arteries that run through the arm which we are looking to target.

As you can see our focus for this device is to treat patient’s ambulance transportation, such as

trauma patients in severe condition that must have their body temperatures regulated. These

thermoregulation devices are a compact, easy way to control the core body temperatures of these

patients in a relatively quick period of time. This device will essentially work far greater than the

use of an Icy hot pack when working at it maximum potential.

References (just a list for now)

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/FAQhttp://www.gnu.org/home.htmlhttp://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18S20.pdfhttp://www.prezi.com/http://www.shopping.com/bk-precision-875a-reviews/productshttp://www.all-battery.com/http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttp://www.all-battery.com/Li-Ion18650-148V6000mAhBatteryPackwithPCB.aspxhttp://www.sparkfun.com/

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http://www.hebeiltd.com.cn/peltier.datasheet/TEC1-12705.pdfhttp://shoptemplate.allshopoutlet.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=144_145_150&products_id=1837&zenid=s1h2jhlbf0bmebhook3sqpnnh7http://www.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Fans_Electronic_Cooling/Heat_Sinkshttp://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/statistics.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/causes.htmlhttp://www.sparkfun.com/products/731http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/General/MOSFET-Power-Control-v10.pdfhttp://www.bkprecision.com/products/model/1672/triple-output-quad-display-dc-power-supply-2-0-32v-0-3a-15v-3a.htmlhttp://www.all-battery.com/li-ion18650148v4400mahpcbpreotectedrechargeablebatterywithbareleads.aspxhttp://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage http://ccrma.stanford.edu/planetccrma/man/man1/avr-g++.1.htmlhttp://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?board=hwdevhttp://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardBluetoothhttp://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardFiohttp://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardLilyPadhttp://arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoLilyPadhttp://web.media.mit.edu/~leah/LilyPad/http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoBT http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial http://www.instructables.com/id/how-to-Control-arduino-by-bluetooth-from-PC-pock/step1/controlling-from-a-terminal-in-windowshttp://www.sparkfun.com/tutorials/158 http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Main/InterfacingWithHardware http://www.bluetomorrow.com/about-bluetooth-technology/general-bluetooth-information/bluetooth-costs.html 

http://www.palowireless.com/database/docs/BT-devkits.pdf http://www.instructables.com/image/F4LWIIVG0KQKXPP/Program-with-arduino-IDE.jpghttp://arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/LilyPad_3.jpghttp://stuff.nekhbet.ro/2009/08/23/how-to-use-the-ds18s20-and-ds18b20-temperature-sensors-with-arduino.htmlhttp://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/OneWirehttp://www.pjrc.com/teensy/td_libs_OneWire.htmlhttp://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdfhttp://www.ladyada.net/learn/sensors/fsr.htmlwww.fertilityplus.org/faq/bbt/bbtfaq.htmlwww.medicalfaq.net/**what**...**your**_**body**_**temperature**...**temperature**_/ta-170473http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_lowest_and_highest_tempatures_humans_can_survive_underhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_B%C3%A5genholmhttp://www.sensirion.com/en/01_humidity_sensors/05_humidity_sensor_sht21/00_humidity_sensor_sht21.htmhttp://www.trossenrobotics.com/store/p/6496-1-5-Inch-Force-Sensing-Resistor-FSR-.aspxhttp://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1160500107http://www.pressureprofile.com/UserFiles/File/PPS%20_STA_Specsheets_08_18_10.pdfhttp://www.pressureprofile.com/UserFiles/File/PPS%20_ITA_Specsheet_08_18_10.pdfhttp://www.pressureprofile.com/UserFiles/File/PPS%20_CTA_Specsheets_08_18_10.pdf?PHPSESSID=bfd46e9a55acb1535eb952566d339770http://www.robotshop.com/http://www.amazon.com/http://bio-medical.com/products/used-temperature-sensor.htmlhttp://www.medexsupply.com/products/pid-47441/Level1ThermocoupleSkinTemperat.htm?zmam=34602484&zmas=1&zmac=2&zmap=SMD-STS-TChttp://www.dynatron-corp.com/en/product_detail_1.aspx?cv=&id=46&in=0http://www.kryotherm.ru/modulez/down.phtml?filename=/dir2attz/import/TB-38-1.0-1.5CHR.pdf

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http://www.sawsmiter.com/detail/p_B002UQKEU8/Best-deal-TEC1-12705-Thermoelectric-Peltier-Cooler-40-mm-x-40mm-12V-77-Watt-onsale.htmlhttp://www.tetech.com/Peltier-Thermoelectric-Cooler-Modules/Round-Center-Hole/CH-21-1.0-1.3.htmlhttp://www.tetech.com/Peltier-Thermoelectric-Cooler-Modules/Rectangle-w-Center-Hole/CH-43-1.0-0.8.htmlhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/thermocouples/thmcple_theory.cfm?Orderby=Seebeck0C#Sensitivityhttp://www.kryotherm.ru/http://www.midwesthuntersoutlet.com/item.aspx?PID=386418&w=PQ%2BJDyOLrQE%3Dhttp://www.amazon.com/Elixir-Cooler-Cooling-Sleeves-C3D-LB/dp/B0041QO8F2

Appendix A: Parts List

1) Part #and Name-$19.90 - PRT-10217 - LiPo Charger Basic ($9.95 ea.)

Quantity- 2 unitsManufactures-N/aVendor-SparkFunLink to data Sheet-http://www.sparkfun.com/products/10161Product description -The USB LiPo Charger is a basic charging circuit that allows you to charge 3.7V LiPo cells at a rate of 500mA or 100mA per hour. It is designed to charge single-cell Li-Ion or Li-Polymer batteries.

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2)Part #and Name- $11.85 - PRT-09771 - Theragrip Thermal Tape ($3.95 ea.)Quantity- 3 unitsManufactures-N/aVendor-SparkFunLink to data Sheet-http://www.sparkfun.com/products/10161Product description- Thermalloy Theragrip is a double sided tape for ceramic or metal heatsink packages. Theragrip provides both good thermal performance and excellent electrical isolation.

3)Part #and Name-$11.85 - COM-10256 - MOSFET Power Control Kit ($3.95 ea.) Quantity- 3 unitsManufactures-N/aVendor-SparkFunLink to data Sheet-http://www.sparkfun.com/products/10161Product description- -This MOSFET power control kit is basically a breakout for RFP30N06LE which is a very common MOSFET with very low on-resistance and a control voltage (aka gate voltage) that is compatible with any 3-5V micro controller or mechanical switch.

4)Part #and Name-$20.85 - PRT-00731 - Polymer Lithium Ion Battery - 110mAh ($6.95 ea.) Quantity- 3 unitsManufactures-N/aVendor-SparkFunLink to data Sheet-http://www.sparkfun.com/products/731Product description--This is a very small, extremely light weight batty based on the new Polymer Lithium Ion chemistry. This is the highest energy density currently in production. Each cells outputs a nominal 3.7V at 110mAh! Comes terminated with a standard 2-pin JST connector - 2mm spacing between pins.

5)Part #and Name-$44.85 - DEV-08786 - LilyPad LiPower ($14.95 ea.) Quantity- 3 unitsManufactures-Leah BuechleVendor-SparkFunLink to data Sheet-http://www.sparkfun.com/products/8786Product description--A small, but very mighty power supply. This board was designed to be as small and inconspicuous as possible. The nice thing about LiPower is the ability to use rechargable Lithium Polymer batteries. These batteries are smaller, flatter, and last much longer than a AAA battery. Attach a single cell LiPo battery, flip the power switch, and you will have a 5V supply to power your LilyPad network. Good up to 150mA. Short circuit protected.

6)Part #and Name -922007094-02 Dynatron DF124028_U 40x40x28MM SLEE (9.78EA Total with S&H = $34.54)Quantity- 1 unitManufactures- www.dynatron-corp.com/ Vendor- www.compuvest.com/ Link to data Sheet- http://www.dynatron-corp.com/en/product_detail_1.aspx?cv=&id=46&in=0Reason for purchase -This CPU fan was purchased to be a heat sink for our TECs. It will disperse the heat that accumulates on it.

7)Part #and Name -67-3AIT-R2BW 12"x12" Vacuum Form Machine ($129.95)Quantity- 1 unitManufactures- http://www.widgetworksunlimited.com/Vendor- http://www.amazon.com/

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Link to data Sheet- http://www.widgetworksunlimited.com/12_x12_Hobby_Vacuum_Former_p/vf-12x12-vac_former.htmReason for purchase -This vacuum form machine was purchase to serve as a means to assemble the fans and TECs together as one component.

8)Part #and Name – COM-10256 MOSFET Power Control Kit (3.95)Quantity - 3 unitsManufactures- N/AVendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/General/MOSFET-Power-Control-v10.pdfReason for purchase -This Mosfet is used as a switch by the lilypad to regulate the power flowing to the TECs and Heat Sinks.

9)Part #and Name -DEV-08786 Lilypad LiPower($14.95)Quantity - 3 unitsManufactures- http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardLilyPadVendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/DevTools/LilyPad/LilyPad-PowerSupply-Lipo.pdfReason for purchase -This device is built to function as a 5V power supply to the lilypad microcontroller when connected to a battery.

10)Part #and Name -DEV-09266 Lilypad Arduino 328 Main Board ($21.95)Quantity - 3 unitsManufactures- http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardLilyPadVendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/8271S.pdfReason for purchase – This Lilypad is the microcontroller for our operation. It will read the temperature data and operate the TECs using the mosfet and code.

11)Part #and Name -DEV-09716 FTDI Basic Breakout 5V ($14.95)Quantity - 3 unitsManufactures- Leah Buechley and SparkFun ElectronicsVendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/DevTools/Arduino/FTDI%20Basic-v21-5V.pdfReason for purchase -This breakout board helps supply the battery power to the lilypad and has indication LEDs to show whether it is operational.

12)Part #and Name -PRT-00731 Polymer Lithium Ion Battery – 110mAh ($6.95)Quantity - 3 unitsManufactures- N/AVendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Batteries/UnionBattery-110mAh.pdfReason for purchase -This is the 3.7V power supply for the lilypad which is raised to 5v by the breakout.

13)Part #and Name -SEN-00245 One Wire Digital Temp Sensor ($4.25)Quantity - 8 unitsManufactures- http://www.maxim-ic.com/Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/Link to data Sheet- http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdfReason for purchase -This is the temperature sensor which will gather data about our targets temp. The data is sent to the lilypad which uses it to determine when to operate the TECs.14) Quantity 2 - $29.90 Part #and Name  - DEV-10275 - Lilypad FTDI Basic Breakout - 5V ($14.95 ea.) Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

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15) Quantity 1 - $1.95 Part #and Name  - PRT-09599 - Heat Sink Compound Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

16) Quantity 1 - $14.95 Part #and Name  - DEV-08937 - LilyPad XBee Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

17) Quantity 1 - $4.95 Part #and Name  - ROB-08449 - Vibration Motor Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

18) Quantity 4 - $17.00 Part #and Name  - SEN-00245 - One Wire Digital Temperature Sensor - DS18B20 ($4.25 ea.) Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

19) Quantity 4 - $23.80 Part #and Name  - SEN-09673 - Force Sensitive Resistor - Small ($5.95 ea.) Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

20) Quantity 4 - $3.80 Part #and Name  - COM-00529 - Super Bright LED - Blue - 1pcs ($0.95 ea.) Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

21) Quantity 3 - $65.85 Part #and Name  - DEV-09266 - LilyPad Arduino 328 Main Board ($21.95 ea.) Vendor- http://www.sparkfun.com/

SUBTOTAL COST : $656.56Shipping/Handling : $24.99+ $14.77

GRAND TOTAL: $696.32

Appendix B: Circuit Schematics

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Figure B.1 Showing our original, incorrect circuit schematic.

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Figure B.2 Complete circuitry including the microcontroller, power supply, TECs,

temperature sensors, heat sinks, MOSFETs and 12V regulators.

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Figure B.3 Showing the schematic of our MOSFETs taken from

http://www.sparkfun.com/

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Figure B.4 Showing the Arduino Lilypad main board schematic taken from

http://www.sparkfun.com/

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Figure B.5 An image of the Arduino lilypad with a schematic representation.

Figure B.6 Our Lilypad all wired and ready to go.

Appendix C: Mechanical Schematics

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Figure C.1 Shows the original plan for placement of our thermo-regulatory devices.

Figure C.2 Another TEC schematic showing the transfer of heat due to the different types

of semiconductors; taken from http://www.electronics-cooling.com/1996/09/an-introduction-to-

thermoelectric-coolers/

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Figure C.3 Drawings showing our plan to fasten the TECs to the heat sinks and

dissapate the heat from the hot side of the element.

Figures C.4 and C.5 This is the construction and implementation of the device shown in

the drawings of figure C.4.

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Appendix D: Programming Code

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