minerals chapter 7 minerals j pistack. m ineral f unctions inorganic become part of body composition...
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MINERALS
Chapter 7 Minerals
J Pistack
MINERAL FUNCTIONS
InorganicBecome part of body composition
Represent 4% of total body weight
Help to regulate bodily functions
Essential to good health
MINERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Major (macrominerals)More than 5 grams (approximately 1 tsp) in body
Need 100 milligrams (1/50 tsp) intake daily
Trace (microminerals)—less than 5 grams
INTAKE REQUIREMENTS
Major—100 milligrams (approximately 1/50 teaspoonful) or more per day
Trace—less than 100 milligrams per day
Ultratrace—less than 1 milligram per day
MAJOR MINERALS
Calcium Sodium Potassium PhosphorusMagnesium Sulfur Chloride
CALCIUM
FunctionsProvides hardness to bones and teethAssists in the manufacture of ACHServes as catalyst in muscle
contractionsPerforms as catalyst in blood clotting
AIs (adequate intake)Ages 19 to 50 years: 1000 milligramsOlder than 50 years: 1200 milligrams
UL (upper level)—2500 milligrams for adults
CALCIUM SOURCES
Animal products—milk, sardines, clams, oysters, salmon
Plant productsRhubarb, spinach, greens,
broccoliCooking increases availabilityFortified foods
CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES
Osteoporosis—bone mineral density (BMD) Greatest risk—postmenopausal, fair-
complexioned white womenResult—fractures
SpineHipForearm (sentinel event)
Two factors affecting bone health and growth Smoking Alcohol consumption
CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES (CONTINUED)
Tetany—MEDICAL EMERGENCYLow ionized calcium in blood
(hypocalcemia)Diagnostic signs
Chvostek sign—tapping over facial nerve twitch of the facial muscles
Trousseau sign—B/P cuff pressure spasms of the forearm and hand
CALCIUM TOXICITY
Hypercalcemia Caused by diseases, usually not diet Can cause calcium deposits in soft tissues
Milk-alkali syndrome Recent causes: excessive calcium carbonate
ingestion to prevent osteoporosis
PHOSPHORUS FUNCTIONS
Calcium phosphate provides hardness to bones and teeth
Component of DNA and RNAContained in almost all enzymesPart of buffering compounds to
maintain proper blood pH
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
DeficiencyUncommon due to diet in healthy
personDrug interactions, disease,
starvationToxicity
Cow’s milk in very young infantsPotassium phosphate laxatives and
enemas
SODIUM FUNCTIONS AND SOURCES
FunctionsMaintains fluid balanceHelps transmit impulses along
nerves and muscle fibersSources
Table salt—2 grams per teaspoonful Milk products, processed foods,
some vegetables
POTASSIUM FUNCTIONS AND SOURCES
FunctionsHelps to control fluid balanceHelps transmit impulses along
nerves and muscle fibersPresent in all plant and animal
cellsFats, oils, and white sugar have
negligible amounts
POTASSIUM DEFICIENCIES
Alkalosis Potassium-wasting diuretics Related to diet only in severe protein-
energy malnutrition Losses due to diarrhea, vomiting,
laxative abuse Over hydration with plain water by
perspiring athletes Increased losses in urine, stool, or
sweat
POTASSIUM TOXICITY
Rarely caused by diet Diseases—diabetes, burns, crushing
injuries Correct administration of intravenous
potassium critical to health
MAGNESIUM FUNCTIONS
Associated with ADP and ATP in energy metabolism
Aids in transmission of nerve impulses
Influences cardiac and smooth muscle contractility
MAGNESIUM SOURCES
Green vegetables (magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule)
Coffee, tea, cocoa
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
DeficiencyMalabsorption disorders—vomiting or
diarrheaExcessive alcohol use with poor
nutrition Chronic diuretic use Diabetes
Toxicity usually doesn’t build except for kidney
disease
SULFUR
Adult body contains approximately 175 grams
Component of cytoplasm of every cell. Found in hair, skin, and nails;
contributes to their shape Component of thiamin, biotin, insulin,
heparin, and the amino acids methionine and cysteine.
Combines with toxins to neutralize them.
CHLORIDE
Major role in maintaining fluid and acid–base balance
88% is found in extracellular fluids—stomach
12% is found in intracellular fluids Released by white blood cells Mostly absorbed through the small
intestine Excreted primarily by kidney as a result of
sodium regulation
TRACE MINERALS Iron Iodine Fluoride Zinc Selenium Chromium Copper Manganese Cobalt Molybdenum
ULTRATRACE
Arsenic Boron Nickel Silicon Vanadium
These appear in the UL tables but RDAs or AIs are not determinable
IRON
Essential in formation of hemoglobin
Primary storage form in body is ferritin
Selectively absorbed
IRON DEFICIENCY
Most significant worldwide deficiency
Groups at risk: infants, young children, adolescents, childbearing women
30%–50% post bariatric patients
IRON TOXICITY
Poisoning—most common cause of pediatric poisoning in United States
Hemochromatosis - is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to retain excessive amounts of iron
Cooking in iron pots
IODINE
Found in iodide form in the bodyAverage adult body contains 15–
20 mg70%–80% found in thyroid glandMain function—synthesis of
thyroid hormonesIntake from saltwater shellfish,
fish, seaweed
FLUORIDE
Major contribution to human health relates to its role in preventing dental caries
Contained in public U.S. drinking water
Overdose rare—large volumes of instant tea or secretive eating of toothpaste with fluoride
ZINC
Adult humans contain 1.5 to 2.5 grams Found in all tissues, organs, and body
fluids 86% in skeletal muscle and bones Abundant in central nervous system,
where it affects transmission of impulses
Essential for tissue growth because it synthesizes DNA/RNA
ZINC DEFICIENCY
In childrenGrowth retardationSkeletal abnormalitiesDelayed sexual maturation
In adults Alopecia Loss of taste sensationPoor wound healingImpaired immunity
ZINC TOXICITY
Swallowed coins that released zinc into the body
Overuse of zinc-containing denture adhesive
COPPER
Found in all body tissues and most secretions
Involved in hemoglobin synthesis and cell respiration
Required for melanin pigment formation
COPPER DEFICIENCY
Occur from Taking medications that decrease stomach acidity Consuming zinc supplements—typically
40 milligrams or more per day Gastrointestinal diseases causing malabsorption Some kidney diseases increase copper loss Long-term complication of bariatric surgery
Cause Bone abnormalities Impaired immune function Depigmentation of the skin and hair
COPPER TOXICITY
Wilson disease - is a rare inherited disorder that causes excess copper to accumulate in the body. Steadily increasing amounts of copper circulating in the blood are deposited primarily in the brain, liver, kidneys, and the cornea of the eyes. WD is fatal if it is not recognized and treated
SELENIUM
Highest concentrations occur in the thyroid gland, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, and muscle
Integral to more than 25 enzymes that primarily function as antioxidants
SELENIUM TOXICITY AND DEFICIENCY
Rare in meat-eating humans with following exceptions:Taking phenylketonuria formulasReceiving parenteral nutrition as
sole source of nutrientsConsuming ketogenic diets – diets
that give rise to ketone bodies in metabolism.
SELENIUM DEFICIENCY
Signs and symptomsPoor growthMuscle pain and weaknessDepigmentation of hair and skinWhitening of nail beds
CHROMIUM
High concentrations are found in the kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, heart, pancreas, and bone
Vitamin C may enhance absorption
Antacids and phytate (A phosphorus-containing compound that binds with minerals in the gastrointestinal tract and decreases their bioavailability which decreases absorption)
CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
Individuals receiving parenteral nutrition without chromium have shown these signs of deficiency: Weight loss Peripheral neuropathy Impaired glucose utilization High plasma levels of free fatty acids
Toxicity can cause Liver dysfunction/failure Anemia
MANGANESE
The body contains 10 to 20 milligrams of manganese
Found in highest concentrations in the bones, liver, pancreas, and kidneys
Involved in the formation of bone and cartilage
MANGANESE DEFICIENCY
Signs and symptomsDermatitisDecreased growth of hair and nailsChanges in hair color
COBALT
Necessary for red blood cell formation
ULTRATRACE MINERALS
Molybdenum—binds to copper, thought to diminish copper toxicities effects such as in Wilson disease
Arsenic Boron Nickel Silicon Vanadium
OTHER MINERALS THAT AFFECT HEALTH
Aluminum Lead Mercury
MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION
Most beneficial healthy minerals can be supplemented by food intake
If supplementation is necessary with medication, make sure it meets daily requirements—not too much, little
Make sure to tell health care providers what supplements you take