Uses of the Present SubjunctiveThe present tense of the subjunctive can be used in the following subjunctive clauses:

Hortatory Subjunctive*Jussive Subjunctive*Deliberative Subjunctive* (uses imp. also)Potential Subjunctive*(uses imp. & plup.

also)Optative Subjunctive* (uses Imp. & plup.

also)Purpose Clauses (uses imp. also)Result Clauses (uses imp. also)Indirect Command (uses imp. also)Fearing Clauses (uses imp., perf., & plup.

also)Indirect Question (uses imp., perf., & plup.

also)Cum clauses (uses imp., perf., & plup.

also)Relative Clause of Purpose (uses imp.

also)

*these are the new subjunctive uses for us!*

Hortatory/Jussive (the “LETT’UCE” Subjunctive. )

• Hortatory: used when the speaker is “ordering” or “encouraging” himself or one or more other people to do something. e.g. “Eat Well!” “Let us all

work out!” It’s “like” a command.• Hortatory FORMS/TRANSLATIONS: 1st person pl. subj =

“LET subject verb.” (we)• Jussive: same use as Hortatory but with the 2nd/3rd

person form of verbs (you, he,she,it,they)• Jussive FORMS/TRANSLATIONS: 3rd person subjects =

VERB!!! (as if it were an imperative)

e.g. ad urbem ambulēmus. - HORTATORY

LET us walk to the city!e.g. statim redeat! - JUSSIVELET him return at once!

e.g. patriam tuam dēfendās! - JUSSIVE

DEFEND your fatherland!e.g. cīvēs bonī sītis.BE good citizens!

Deliberative Subjunctive• Generally used with the 1st person subjects when

the speaker is trying to decide what to do or when he wishes to express doubt or disbelief; questions

• Uses PRESENT or IMPERFECT subjunctive tenses• TRANSLATION = can use “should”

e.g. quid faciam?What am I to do? What should I do?

• quid facerem? What was I to do/should I do?

• tradantne sē? Are they to surrender? Should they surrender?

• unde auxilium petamus? From where should we seek help?

• iam verō quid egō dē valvīs illīus templī commemorem?

• But now, what should I relate about the doors of that temple?

Potential & Optative SubjunctivePOTENTIAL: having or showing the capacity to develop into something• Used as the main verb to express a possibility• TRANSLATION: “would”• e.g. credās non dē puerō scriptum est sed ā puerō.• You would think it was written not about a boy but by a boy.

OPTATIVE: expressive of a wish or desire• Used to express wishes• Often used with the word, “utinam = would that, I wish that” to introduce the

verb• Used with “ne” for negative wishes• Present Subjunctive – used for a wish for a thing that IS possible (“may”)

• E.g. utinam mox adveniat. May she arrive soon.• E.g. ne discedant. May they not leave.

• Imperfect (“might”/”were”) & Pluperfect (“had”) Subjunctive – used for wishes for a thing that are IMPOSSIBLE

e.g. utinam Vergilius viveret. Would that Vergil were alive.e.g. utinam ne Hannibal effugisset. Would that Hannibal had not

escaped.e.g. Adfuisses! I wish you had been there.