Illustrating the ways organisms get and use the matter and energy needed to live and grow.

Unit 5: Non-Traditional Environment

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How do we sustain life in a non-traditional environment?

Outcome: Develop understanding of cellular structure.

• Warm-up:

List at least 5 things you know about plants and animal cells.

Unit 5 Project: Non-Traditional Environment

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• Design a man made habitat in a non-traditional environment which can support human life. – Project Requirements:

• Maintain a design notebook that explains your design choices, providing justifications and scientific support.

• Create a prototype, either a 3D scale model or floor plan of your non-traditional environment.

• Develop a flow map which shows the flow of carbon through your NT environment.

– Needs to be addressed: • Protection from the environment • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration • Waste Removal • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Sleeping, Food, Water, Comfort, any other

needs, specific to your environment, that humans may have)

Unit 5: Non-Traditional Environment

• Possible Environments to Choose From:

– Antarctica

– Mariana Trench

– Atacama Desert

– Mars

– Cueva de los Cristales

– Mono Lake

– Upper Atmosphere

Cell structure

• Complete the gizmo activity

• 15 minutes

• Cells- basic unit of life

• Review Levels of Organization

Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes

• Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

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• Prokaryotes: simple, single-celled organisms

• Earliest & most primitive forms of life on earth

• Lack a nucleus, DNA floats in cytoplasm.

• Includes bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotes

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• More recently evolved than prokaryotes

• DNA housed in nucleus

• Membrane bound organelles with unique functions

• Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Evolution of Eukaryotes

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A prokaryotic host cell incorporates another prokaryotic cell. Each prokaryote has its own set of DNA molecules (a genome). The genome of the incorporated cell remains separate (curved blue

line) from the host cell genome (curved purple line). The incorporated cell may continue to replicate as it exists within the host cell. Over time, during errors of replication or perhaps when

the incorporated cell lyses and loses its membrane separation from the host, genetic material becomes separated from the incorporated cell and merges with the host cell genome.

Eventually, the host genome becomes a mixture of both genomes, and it ultimately becomes enclosed in an endomembrane, a membrane within the cell that creates a separate

compartment. This compartment eventually evolves into a nucleus.

•Cell Wall

- Plant Eukaryotes and some Prokaryotes

- Rigid, made of cellulose

- Tough – gives the plant added stability and protection from harm.

•Cell Membrane

- Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

- A barrier between the cellular materials and the outside.

- Regulates what gets into and out of the cell.

Cellular Functions

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Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote

Animal Plant

Cellular Boundaries

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Shapes, supports, and protects the

cell

Regulate materials entering and exiting the cell; support and

protect

Nucleus

- Stores the cells genetic material in strands of DNA.

- In eukaroytes only

Cellular Functions

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Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote

Animal Plant

Cellular Control Center

Nucleus

Contains DNA DNA is stored

in the cytoplasm

Vacuoles • Plant eukaryotes

• Large liquid – filled storage container. Stores water, nutrients, waste, pigments.

Lysosomes

• Small membrane – bound packages of acidic enzymes that digest compounds and worn – out cellular components.

• Eukaryotes

Cellular Functions

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Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote

Animal Plant

Organelles that Store, Clean Up,

and Support

Vacuoles and

Vesicles

Lysosomes

Cyto-skeleton

Centrioles

Store materials

Break down and recycle macro-molecules

Maintains cell shape; moves cell parts, helps

cells to move

Organize cell division

Protein filaments act as cytoskeleton

•Ribosomes

- Synthesize proteins in the cell.

- Can be on the endoplasmic reticulum or float freely in the cytoplasm.

- Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

- Assembles proteins and lipids

- Eukaryotes

Golgi Complex

• Packages proteins into vesicles for secretion from the cell.

• Eukaryotes

Cellular Functions

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Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote

Animal Plant

Organelles that Build Proteins

Ribosomes

Endo-plasmic

Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Synthesize Proteins

Assembles proteins and lipids

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage and transport

out of cell

Chloroplasts

• Found in plant eukaryotes only

• Site of photosynthesis – synthesize glucose using sunlight

Mitochondria

- Where cellular respiration – energy is produced in the form of ATP

- Found in Eukaryotes

Cellular Functions

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Structure Function Prokaryote Eukaryote

Animal Plant

Organelles that

Capture and

Release Energy

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Convert chemical energy stored in food

into usable energy

Convert solar energy to chemical energy to

store as sugar

Photosynthesis occurs in

“membranes”

These rxns occur in the cytoplasm