Non-Traditional Crops

Submitted to Dr. Muqarrab AliSubmitted By Ahmad Hassan Bilal Haider Zaeem Uzair M. Shahzad M. Ahsan M. Shakeel Ammad ud Din M. Nadeem M. Husnain

Non-Traditional Crops

•Sunflower•Safflower•Soybean

Sunflower

• Botanical Name Helianthus annuus• Family Compositae• Local Name Surajmukhi

History and Importance

• Probably originated in the southern west US• In Pakistan it is originated as an oil seed crop

in 1960’s• It is used for extraction of oil• Residue as source of fire wood

Description

• Plant height up to 1-3 m or 3.28-9.84 ft• One thousand seed weight is 500-100 g• Oil content varies from 25-48%• It contain 20-40 leaves• Head commonly varies from 10-30 cm

Locality• Temperate zone crop

• It can be grown between 40o S and 55o N

• Day neutral, Insensitive plant, short days and long days types are also identified

• Highest yield are up to 1500 m elevation

Temperature

• Sunflower require 120 frost free days

• It can also tolerate temperature from 8o-34o C

• the optimum temperature is considered to be 20o-25o C.

Areas of Sunflower Growth

• KPK: Peshawar, Mardan, Sawat and Haripur

• Punjab: Rawalpindi, Gujrat, Sialkot, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Sahiwal, Multan, Vehari, Bahawalpur, Rahimyarkhan, Okara and Sarghoda.

Areas of Sunflower Growth

• Sindh: Thatta, Badin, Hydrabad, Nawabshah, Mirpurkhas and Shukkar

• Baluchistan: Lasbela, Qalat and Khuzdar

Soil

• Sunflower thrives nearly on all type of soils

• Clayey and Sandy are good for its growing

• Soil must be moist and well drained

• Acidic soil are not suitable

Soil

• It can tolerate a pH range 6.5-8.0

• Salinity affects germination, plant growth, development and seed composition.

Cultural Practices

• Seedbed PreparationSunflower has a well developed root systemDeep ploughing with a mould bold plough or

sardheri plough is necessarySecondary tillage implements such as disc

harrows or tines should be used to level the field for plantation and for subsequent irrigations.

Cultural Practices

Soil must be in moist condition during germination

In light soils soil should be pressed to make contact between seed and keep seed moist

This technique is especially important in dry rainfed areas

Nutrients Requirement

100 kg of seed require 6, 2 and 18 kg of N, P2O5 and K respectively

Balanced application of NPK is essentialN alone reduce yield and oil content of seed. Basic dose of 40-60 kg/ ha of P2O5 is also

essential

Nutrients Requirement

Recommended doses of fertilizers by PARC;

In Irrigated areas:

35-45 kg of N/ ha 30-35 kg of P2O5/ ha 15 kg of K2O/ha

Nutrients Requirement

In Rainfed areas:

30-40 kg of N/ ha 20-25 kg of P2O5/ ha 15 kg of K2O/ ha

Time of Planting

Irrigated areas July 10 to Aug. 30 ( Summer)

Jan. 15 to Feb. 28 ( Spring)Rainfed areas

July 1 to Aug. 10 ( Summer) Feb. 10 to March 15 ( Spring)

Time of Planting

• KPK plains and Mountains tract

March 1 to 30 (Spring) July 1 to Aug. 15 (Summer)

Seed RateSeed rate varies from 3-8 kg / ha depending

upon the size of the seed and spacing

On light soils it is increased proportionally

Plant Population

The recommended population in irrigated lands is 75,000 to 85,000 plants/ ha

On rainfed areas the plant population is 37,000 to 50,000 plants/ ha

Plant to Plant distance should be 25-30 cm and Row to Row spacing is 70-75 cm

Method of PlantingSeed should be sown 3-8 cm deep using the

cotton drill

Sowing can also be done by using the kera method by using desi plough.

Intercultural and Weeding

• Thinning is the best operation to maintain the plant population

• Weak and abnormal seedlings should be uprooted before the first irrigation.

• By mechanical intercultural practices yield is reduced 65-70%

Control of Weeds

• Hand tools such as kudal, bar harrow or tripali should be used to eradicate the weeds

• A number of pre-sowing weedicides are used some of these are brutalin, nitalin and proflura

Intercropping

• Intercropping with the ground nut and the mung bean increased the monetary value of the crop by 20-30%

Crop Rotation

• Crop Rotation which is common is as;

• Cotton- Sunflower- Cotton• Rice- Sunflower- Rice• Sunflower- Wheat- Sunflower• Sugarcane -Sunflower -Maize

Crop Rotation

In Rainfed areas rotations are as follows;

Sunflower- Wheat- GroundnutSunflower- Wheat- Soybean

Irrigation

At least 4 times for Spring planted crop First at the 15 days after emergence Second at the completion of vegetation stage

Third at the head formation Fourth at the seed filling.

Irrigation

Summer planted crop require 3 irrigations First at the 15 days after emergence Second at the completion of vegetation stage Fourth at the seed filling

Harvesting and Threshing

• Spring planted plants mature during May to June

• Summer planted plants mature at end of November

• It is usually harvested when the back of flower turns yellow and leaves become grayish white

Harvesting and Threshing

• Moisture content is 30-35% at this stage• The head are cut with the sickle from the

standing crop and are spread in the open area to dry

• The seeds are also separated from the heads by the use of threshers and the combine harvesters.

Storage

• Storage of sunflower is requiring the special care as it is the oil-containing seed

• After threshing the seed should be keep in the dry place under the sun to keep the moisture at 8-10%

• Storage bins should be cleaned and treated with the insecticides in order to avoid the insects attack

Cultivars

• The cultivars of sunflower are Noor, Shams, HO-1

• The hybrids of sunflower are NK-212, NK-265, Hysun-33

• The recommended hybrids of sunflower are Sunross-24, Sun bred- 265 and Euroflor.

Yield

• Average yield of sunflower on all types of soil is 500-980 kg/ha in irrigated areas

• Average yield of sunflower in rainfed areas 400-800 kg/ ha.

Diseases and Pests

• Sclerotinia wilt and rot

• Charcoal rot

• Vetricillium wilt

• Alternaria wilt

Insects

• Armyworms

• Cutworms

• Hairy caterpillars

• Bud worms

Birds

• Parrots

• Pigeons

• Sparrows

• Attack is severe at evening and in morning

SafflowerIntroduction

• Scientific name : Carthamus tinctorius• Family: Compositae • Local Name: Kasumba

Description

• Annual day-neutral rabi crop.• Found throughout the country.• 15-150 flowers per plant.• 20-100 florets per flower.• Blooming period 10- 40 days.• Plant height range 100 – 148 cm depends

upon variety.

Origin & History

• 7 centers of origin ( Pakistan-India Subcontinent, Middle East, Egypt-Sudan, Ethiopia, Europe).

• In Punjab it is cultivated in the area of Gujrat District and Gilgit for fodder and medicinal purpose.

• In Sindh as a popular drink.• In some countries, safflower is used as a

commercial oil seed crop for a decade.

Economic Importance

• In last 15 years, safflower cultivation has 1.3-1.5 million hectares worldwide.

• Its cultivation • India 62%• USA 16%• Safflower are cultivated on 8093 hectares in

Punjab ,Sindh and KPK.• Major contribution from Sindh that is 75%.

Economic Importance

• Oil contents of safflower seed is 32-36%• Safflower is used in the manufacture of soft

margarines as salad oil and for other edible products.

• Industrial use include the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals ,paints and varnishes.

Locality, Soil & Climate requirement

• Commercial production is concentrated in semiarid areas below 1000m altitude.

• Safflower seedling can tolerate temperature from -7 to -14.4 degree Celsius.

• The Crop are grown a variety of soils in the pH range of 5-8.

• If rain occur after flowering seeds are undersized and discolored.

Locality, Soil & Climate requirement

• Excessive rainfall or humidity may cause fungus attack at all stages of growth.

• Pollination decrease if prolong rain occur at flowering stage.

• Light, fairly deep, and well drained soils of pH around 7 are the best for obtaining high yields.

Cultural Practices

• Safflower required a clod-free seedbed with a firm subsoil and adequate soil moisture for good germination.

1) Manuring:• In irrigated areas in Sindh the optimum dose

is134-67-0 kg/ha NPK.• Under dobari conditions 56-56-0 kg/ha NPK is

recommended as the optimum dose.

Cultural Practices

• In Punjab recommended dose of fertilizer for safflower is 30-35-0 kg/ha NPK.

2) Planting time:• The best sowing time for safflower in Southern

Sindh is from 15 Oct to end of Nov.• In Northern Sindh from the 2nd fortnight of Nov to

the end of Dec and even the 1st week of Jan.• In Faisalabad, the winter crop should be planted

in Nov & the spring crop in Feb.

Cultural Practices

• if planted in Nov:• In Southern Sindh, safflower requires 150 Days• In Northern Sindh, 170 Days required.• In Islamabad 200 Days required.• In Quetta to Murree, 240 Days required.

Cultural Practices

• Generally broadcasting sowing method is used.

• Line sowing method is considered to give high yields.

• On heavy soils, sowing can be done by broadcasting followed by ploughing & planking at the depth of 3-5cm.

• In dry soil, seed depth may be upto 10-15cm.

Cultural Practices3) Seed rate and method of sowing:• For dry land 17-22kg/ha & 28-44kg/ha for

irrigated crops is recommended.• For commercial stand, a seed rate of 30-

60kg/ha is recommended, depending upon the variety and soil condition.

• In Pakistan, a seed rate if 5-12kg/ha is common in dry land mixed cropping.

Cultural Practices

4) Interculturing & weeding:• In early growth stages should be free from

weeds by interculturing.• Safflower is very susceptible to weed

competition until the rosette stage, it is important to make the land weed free.

• Proper tillage & one or two intercultivations are best for the removal of weeds.

Cultural Practices

• Chemical weed control may be uneconomical under dry land conditions.

5) Intercropping & rotation:• Traditional intercrop in wheat in some parts of

Pakistan.• In India, safflower is intercropped in chickpea.• Recommended crop patterns are:• Cotton – safflower – maize - wheat

Cultural Practices• Safflower – groundnut• Soyabean – safflower• Bajra – jowar - safflower6) Irrigation:• 5-6 irrigation are sufficient for this crop.• 1st irrigation is given 30-40 days after sowing.• Subsequent irrigations at intervals of 20-25 days, depending

upon the temperature, soil type and condition of the crop.• Yield can be increased by 40-60% by giving life saving

irrigation at the elongation stage of flowering stage.

Cultural Practices

7) Harvesting and storage:• Safflower takes 120-150 days to mature, and is

ready for harvest in about 30-40 days after maximum flower.

• Harvesting is done in the morning to reduce shattering.

• Seed with moisture content below 8% can store at room temperature.

Varieties

‘Gila’ CV is grown in Punjab.‘Thori-78-28’ and ‘Gila’ in Sindh.‘Thori-78’ and ‘Gila’ in Balochistan.• Spiny varieties give higher yields and

greater oil, farmer prefer the spineless varieties for ease of harvesting.

Yield

• Highest yield, about 1800 kg/ha is obtained in Mexico.

• In India, yield increased from 381kg/ha in 1979-81 to 549kg/ha in 1989.

• In Pakistan, seed yield increased from 553kg/ha in 1982-83 to 678kg/ha in 1991-92.

Insects

• Capsule fly (Canthiophilus helianthi)

• Black aphid (Uroleucon compositae)

Control:

use of insecticide ‘pay off’ 100 EC at 500-600 ml/ha, or Methyl parathion 50 EC at 1250-2500ml/ha for control of capsule fly.

Use of Metasystox 25 EC at 750-1200 ml/ha, Dimecron 100 EC at 450-600 ml/ha, or Tameran 100 EC at 750-875 ml/ha for the control of black aphid.

Diseases & their controlDisease Control

• Leaf rust (Puccinia carthami) • Bayleton 90g or Seprol at 425ml in 250 L of water/ha 3 spray at 7 to 10 days interval.

• Leaf spot (Ramularia carthame) • Seed treatment with Vitavex, Derasol, or Sunlet at 2-5g/kg of seed.

• 3 sprays of Diathene M-45 at 3-4kg/ha.

• Vitigram blue at 1250 g/ha in250 L of water at intervals of 7-10 days.

• Root rot (Rhizoctonia spp.) • Disease can be prevented by leveling the field well and removing the stubble.

• Treating the seed with Sunlet or Derasol at 2-5g/kg of seed.

SoyabeanTechnical Name:

Glycine max

Introduction

Largest component of the world’s edible oil.

30.3% of world edible oil .

Grown in of Hazara& Swat in NWFP.

Introduction

As rice cotton based cropping system in Pnujab and Sindh.

As an intercrop with sugarcane In NWFP

Roots

Tap root system. Up to 1.2 m in length.

Stem with 8-24 nodes.

Hairs of different colours.

Factors affect the branching habit.day lengthspacing soil fertility.

Types

Determinate Produce Flowers at all nodes.

Usually shorter and more branched

Vegetative and reproductive stages not continue simultaneously

Indeterminate Flowering begins at 4th or 5th node

from bottom

Usually tall and less branched

Vegetative and reproductive stages continue simultaneously

Flowering

Flowering start in 20-50 days Depending on

daylight temperature growth habit

• Indeterminate start earlier then that of determinate.

• Flowers are purple or white

• Self-pollination is the rule but 0.5-1% out crossing is estimated.

Pods

Number of pods per plant depend on cultivar environmental factors

Each pod contain 2-3 seeds 5-10 mm in diameter

Soil and PH

Soybean require well-drainedfertile loamy soil

Desirable pH is 6-6.5 but 5.8-7 is also acceptable.

Soybean has low salinity tolerance.

Soil

Soil acidity reduce nodulation Desirable characteristics are

Water holding capacity high organic matter

Time of Planting

It is planted in two distinct seasons (1) Springe In Punjab & Sindh 3rd week Jan. to 15th of Feb. In NWFP

15th of Feb. to 15thof March

Time of Planting

(2) KharifIn Sindh June to 15th of JulyIn Punjab July to AugustIn NWFP May to June

Seed Rate

Viable for 1 year 75-825 kg/ha

Planted in rows

R-R distance is 60 cm P-P distance is 5 cm

Irrigation And Harvesting

Irrigation: rainfall at least 600-1100 mm/yr

Harvesting: Seed is physiologically mature when the

seed coat is completely yellow.

Yield

The reported national average grain yield is 400-500 kg/ha.

Insect Pests

Thrips: Yellow or black

1.5 mm long They suck the sap

producing a white scar on leaf.

Insect Pests

Bean leaf beetle:Adult is yellow & 6 mm in length. They attack on roots, nodules, stem etc.

And many other insects like; Cabbage lopper, stinkbug, white grub