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Table of Contents

Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable2

Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)5

2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions6

2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction7

2.3 FGI Scales Item Wording9

2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item9

2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year13

2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores25

Section III: GLOBE Culture Database29

3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions30

3.2 Data Collection32

3.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions33

Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database36

4.1 Variable Sources and Definitions37

4.2 Data collection38

4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)38

4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program38

4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)38

4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)38

4.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions39

References44

Appendix A-1: Complete Matrix for 89 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..46

Appendix A-2: Modified Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..47

Appendix A-3: Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions (Sorted by Year)………………………………………………………….48

Appendix B-1: FGI by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52

Appendix B-2: FGI by Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53

Appendix B-3: Hofstede’s by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………54

Appendix B-4: Hofstede’s by Year…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55

Appendix B-5: GLOBE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56

Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable

Table 1-1 Country & region name of variable

Sorted by lable value

Sorted by countries & regions' names

Country & Region Names

Label

Country & Region Names

Label

Albania

ALB

Albania

ALB

Arab Countries

ARA

Arab Countries

ARA

Argentina

ARG

Argentina

ARG

Australia

AUS

Australia

AUS

Austria

AUT

Austria

AUT

Belgium

BEL

Bangladesh

BGD

Bangladesh

BGD

Belgium

BEL

Bulgaria

BGR

Bolivia

BOL

Bolivia

BOL

Brazil

BRA

Brazil

BRA

Bulgaria

BGR

Canada

CAN

Canada

CAN

Switzerland

CHE

Chile

CHL

Switzerland (French-speaking)

CHE (F)

China

CHN

Chile

CHL

Colombia

COL

China

CHN

Costa Rica

CRI

Colombia

COL

Czech Republic

CZE

Costa Rica

CRI

Czechia

CZC

Czechia

CZC

Denmark

DNK

Czech Republic

CZE

East Africa

EAF

Germany

DEU

Ecuador

ECU

Germany (former East)

DEU (E)

Egypt

EGY

Germany (former West)

DEU (W)

El Salvador

SAL

Denmark

DNK

Estonia

EST

East Africa

EAF

Finland

FIN

Ecuador

ECU

France

FRA

Egypt

EGY

Georgia

GEO

Spain

ESP

Germany

DEU

Estonia

EST

Germany (former East)

DEU (E)

Finland

FIN

Germany (former West)

DEU (W)

France

FRA

Greece

GRC

United Kingdom

GBR

Guatemala

GTM

Georgia

GEO

Hong Kong

HKG

Greece

GRC

Hungary

HUN

Guatemala

GTM

Iceland

ISL

Hong Kong

HKG

India

IND

Hungary

HUN

Indonesia

IDN

Indonesia

IDN

Iran

IRN

India

IND

Ireland

IRL

Ireland

IRL

Israel

ISR

Iran

IRN

Italy

ITA

Iceland

ISL

Jamaica

JAM

Israel

ISR

Japan

JPN

Italy

ITA

Jordan

JOR

Jamaica

JAM

Kazakhstan

KAZ

Jordan

JOR

Kuwait

KWT

Japan

JPN

Luxembourg

LUX

Kazakhstan

KAZ

Malaysia

MYS

South Korea

KOR

Malta

MLT

Kuwait

KWT

Mexico

MEX

Luxembourg

LUX

Morocco

MAR

Morocco

MAR

Namibia

NAM

Mexico

MEX

Netherlands

NLD

Malta

MLT

New Zealand

NZL

Malaysia

MYS

Nigeria

NGA

Namibia

NAM

Norway

NOR

Nigeria

NGA

Pakistan

PAK

Netherlands

NLD

Panama

PAN

Norway

NOR

Peru

PER

New Zealand

NZL

Philippines

PHL

Pakistan

PAK

Poland

POL

Panama

PAN

Portugal

PRT

Peru

PER

Qatar

QAT

Philippines

PHL

Romania

ROM

Poland

POL

Russian

RUS

Portugal

PRT

Singapore

SGP

Qatar

QAT

Slovakia

SVK

Romania

ROM

Slovenia

SVN

Russian

RUS

South Africa

ZAF

El Salvador

SAL

South Africa (black sample)

ZAF (b)

Singapore

SGP

South Africa (white sample)

ZAF (w)

Suriname

SUR

South Korea

KOR

Slovakia

SVK

Spain

ESP

Slovenia

SVN

Suriname

SUR

Sweden

SWE

Sweden

SWE

Thailand

THA

Switzerland

CHE

Trinidad

TTO

Switzerland (French-speaking)

CHE (F)

Turkey

TUR

Taiwan

TWN

Taiwan

TWN

Thailand

THA

Uruguay

URY

Trinidad

TTO

United States

USA

Turkey

TUR

Venezuela, RB

VEN

United Kingdom

GBR

Vietnam

VNM

United States

USA

West Africa

WAF

Uruguay

URY

Yugoslavia

YUG

Venezuela, RB

VEN

South Africa

ZAF

Vietnam

VNM

South Africa (black sample)

ZAF (b)

West Africa

WAF

South Africa (white sample)

ZAF (w)

Yugoslavia

YUG

Zambia

ZMB

Zambia

ZMB

Zimbabwe

ZWE

Zimbabwe

ZWE

Note:

1. Arabic speaking region (ARA): Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of data for individual countries.

2. East African region (EAF): Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.

3. West African region (WAF): Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 4 countries into one region.

Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)

Contents of Section II

2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions

2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction

2.3 FGI Scale Item Wording

2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Item

2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Year

2.4 FGI Data Process and final scores

4

2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions

Table 2.1-1 FGI Variable Sources and Definition

Variable Name

Full Name

Data Source

Definition

FGI1995

Facilitative government index in 1995

WEFIMD (1995)

FGI: The degree to which government facilitates independent organization. It is a composite measure including the following items:

1. Protectionism;

2. Bureaucracy;

3. Bribing and corruption;

4. Justice;

5. Legal regulation of financial institutions;

6. Intellectual property rights. (This item is n.a. in the year 2005 and 2006.)

FGI1996


IMD (1996)

FGI1997


IMD (1997)

FGI1998


IMD (1998)

FGI1999


IMD (1999)

FGI2000


IMD (2000)

FGI2001


IMD (2001)

FGI2002


IMD (2002)

FGI2003


IMD (2003)

FGI2004


IMD (2004)

FGI2005


IMD (2005)

FGI2006


IMD (2006)

2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction[footnoteRef:1] [1: This step was done by Kenji Klein.]

Due to problems with non-independence of items in the old FGI (World Bank items and the CPI item included data from the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook), we redid the FGI using only the survey data from the World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development 1995 World Competitiveness Report (Geneva: EMF Foundation). We started with the 32 items that Rao (2005) had taken from IMD World Competitiveness yearbook. These items were chosen as items that might be connected to the concept of facilitative government, governance quality, and order in the economy. It is called FGI1995 in all publications. The 32 items are below:

Table 2.2-1 FGI1995 – Original 32 Items

Parallel economy - impairs (1.10)

Political risk rating (3.51)

Economic risk taking (1.28)

Fair Justice (3.52)

Restructuring needed (1.29)

Financial risk (4.25)

Protectionism (2.42)

Legal regulation is adequate (4.35)

Foreigner treatment (2.44)

Corporate credibility (6.20)

Strategic alliances common (2.46)

Organization of the workplace - efficient (6.28)

Cross border venture controls (2.47)

Willingness to delegate (6.31)

State interference (3.17)

Managerial rewards long-term (6.32)

State control of enterprises (3.18)

Employee turnover (6.35)

Investment (3.19)

Industrial relations (6.36)

Price controls (3.20)

Intellectual property (7.22)

Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25)

Women career opportunities (8.13)

Transparency - govt communicates intentions (3.27)

In-company training (8.38)

Bureaucracy hinders (3.31)

Retraining willingness (8.50)

Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32)

Worker motivation (8.51)

Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48)

Value competitiveness (8.56)

Note: Numbers in parentheses refer to numbering system used in 1995. Numbers change each year

Factor analysis was performed on these items as follows:

1. Requested all factors with eigenvalues > 1. Got 6 factors.

2. Dropped all items not loading > .40 or cross loaing unless represented a core FGI concept. Got 5 factors.

3. Dropped items not loading at least .40 on any factor. Got 5 factors.

4. Dropped items that loaded strongly on a factor that additionally had only weak cross loading items. Got 4 factors.

5. Dropped cross loading items (border controls and women’s opportunities). Got 4 factors.

6. Dropped items loading strongly on factor that additionally had only weak cross loadings (foreigner treatment). Constrained to 2 factors.

7. Dropped item (price controls) loading > 1.0 on a factor

8. Got final two factors with clear loadings, getting Facilitative Government Index and Internal Organizational Effectiveness scales.

Table 2.1-2 FGI1995 Factor Analysis Result – 10 items

Facilitative Government Index 1995

Component

1

2

Intellectual property (7.22) - 95

0.881

0.045

Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95

0.842

0.072

State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95

0.837

0.052

Political risk rating (3.51) - 95

0.826

-0.124

Protectionism (2.42) - 95

0.795

-0.181

State interference (3.17) - 95

0.778

0.189

Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95

0.754

0.175

Fair Justice (3.52) - 95

0.727

0.162

Investment (3.19) - 95

0.716

0.127

Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95

0.669

0.260

alpha = .829

Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995

Value competitiveness (8.56) – 95

-0.069

0.887

Managerial rewards long-term (6.32) – 95

0.019

0.876

Retraining willingness (8.50) – 95

-0.015

0.859

Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48) – 95

-0.126

0.787

Corporate credibility (6.20) – 95

0.171

0.715

In-company training (8.38) – 95

0.215

0.680

Worker motivation (8.51) – 95

0.263

0.642

Industrial relations (6.36) – 95

0.367

0.622

Parallel economy - impairs (1.10) – 95

0.036

0.621

Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25) – 95

-0.039

0.566

Strategic alliances common (2.46) – 95

0.258

0.454

alpha = .908

Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.

The eigenvalues for the two scales are:

FGI1995 (Factor 1): 11.72Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995 (Factor 2): 2.04

From 1996 to 1998, the IMD Executive Opinion Survey was slightly modified from the 1995 survey. In the process, 4 items that had been included in 1995 that are part of our FGI were dropped from the IMD Survey. These 4 items are the four below:

1. Investment (3.19) - 95

2. Political risk rating (3.51) - 95

3. State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95

4. State interference (3.17) - 95

This leaves only 6 items available to continue from the 1995 FGI. These 6 items are below:

Table 2.1-3 FGI1995 item generation – 6 items

Protectionism (2.42) - 95

Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95

Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95

Fair Justice (3.52) - 95

Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95

Intellectual property (7.22) - 95

2.3 FGI Scales Item Wording2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item

Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.

Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.

Table 2.3.1-1 Item Wording - Protectionism

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

1995199619971998199920002001

P95P96P97P98P99P00P01

Protectionism

National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.

National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported

2002

P02

Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.

Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.

20032004

P03P04

Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.

Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.

20052006

P05P06

Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.

Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.

Table 2.3.1-2 Item Wording - Bureaucracy

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

1995199619971998199920002001

B95B96B97B98B99B00B01

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy hinders business development.


20022003200420052006

B02B03B04B05B06

Bureaucracy hinders business activity.

Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.


Table 2.3.1-3 Item Wording – Improper Practices / Bribing and Corruption

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

199519961997

C95C96C97

Improper Practices

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.

1998

C98

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.

199920002001

C99C00C01

Bribing and corruption

Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.

20022003200420052006

C02C03C04C05C06

Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.


Table 2.3.1-4 Item Wording - Justice

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

1995199619971998

J95J96J97J98

Justice

There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.

There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.

1999200020012002200320042005

J99J00J01J02J03J04J05

Justice is not fairly administered in society.

Justice is fairly administered in society.

2006

J06

Justice is not fairly administered [in society].

Justice is fairly administered [in society].


Table 2.3.1-5 Item Wording – Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

1995199619971998199920002001200220032004

L95L96L97L98L99L00L01L02L03L04

Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions

Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.

Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.

20052006

-

-

-

-


Note: The item “Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions” is not included in the IMD Yearbook 2005 and 2006.

Table 2.3.1-6 Item Wording – Intellectual Property / Patent and Copyright Protection / Intellectual Property Rights

Year

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

1995199619971998

I95I96I97I98

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.

Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.

199920002001

I99I00I01

Patent and copyright protection

Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.

2002

I02

Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.

20032004

I03I04

Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].

2005

I05

Intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.

2006

I06

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].


2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year

Below are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.

Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.

Table 2.3.2-1 Item Wording – FGI1995

Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P95




B95

Bureaucracy (3.31)


Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.

C95

Improper practices (3.32)



J95

Justice (3.52)



L95

Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.35)



I95




Source: World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P96




B96

Bureaucracy (3.21)



C96




J96

Justice (3.32)



L96




I96




Source: International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P97

Protectionism (2.3)



B97

Bureaucracy (3.27)



C97




J97

Justice (3.29)



L97




I97






Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P98




B98

Bureaucracy (3.31)



C98


Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.

Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.

J98

Justice (3.41)



L98




I98





Note:

The wording of C98 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 & 1997. (See Table 2.3.1-3)


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P99




B99

Bureaucracy (3.34)



C99

Bribing and corruption (3.36)



J99

Justice (3.44)



L99




I99

Patent and copyright protection (7.26)




Note:

1. The wording of C99 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

2. The wording of J99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)

3. The wording of I99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P00




B00

Bureaucracy (3.34)



C00

Bribing & corruption (3.36)



J00

Justice (3.42)



L00




I00

Patent & copyright protection (7.25)




Note:





Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P01

Protectionism (2.4.02)



B01

Bureaucracy (2.3.15)



C01

Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)



J01

Justice (2.3.18)



L01

Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.14)



I01

Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)




Note:





Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P02


Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.

Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.

B02




C02




J02

Justice (2.3.18)



L02




I02


Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.


Note:

1. The wording of P02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-1)

2. The wording of B02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)

3. The wording of C02 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)


5. The wording of I02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-6)


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P03




B03




C03




J03

Justice (2.5.01)



L03




I03


Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].


Note:

1. The wording of P03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)




5. The wording of I03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)

Delete “in your country”.


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P04




B04




C04




J04

Justice (2.5.01)



L04




I04


Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced.

Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced.


Note:

1. The wording of P04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)




5. The wording of I04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P05




B05




C05




J05

Justice (2.5.01)



I05

Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.


Note:

1. The wording of P05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)




5. The wording of I05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-6)

6. IMD 2005 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)


Item Code

Item Name

Low Score on Scale

High Score on Scale

P06




B06




C06


Bribing and corruption exist in your economy.

Bribing and corruption do not exist in your economy.

J06

Justice (2.5.01)

Justice is not fairly administered [in society].

Justice is fairly administered [in society].

I06

Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)

Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].


Note:

1. The wording of P06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)


3. The wording of C06 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2006 from 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-3)

4. The wording of J06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2006 from 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-4)

Delete “in society”.

5. The wording of I06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004, and changed in 2006 from 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-6)

Delete “in your economy”.

6. IMD 2006 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)

2.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores

1. Values for each of the 6 scale items were first standardized using the data for all available countries.

2. A mean value was calculated by adding these 6 standardized item values together for each country and dividing by 6.

3. These mean values were standardized for the available countries to create the FGI values.

The Table below list FGI scores for 1995-2006:

Table 2.4-1 FGI Scores for Countries and Regions (1995-2006)

Lable

Country & Region Name

FGI95

FGI96

FGI97

FGI98

FGI99

FGI00

FGI01

FGI02

FGI03

FGI04

FGI05

FGI06

ARG

Argentina

-0.40

-0.91

-0.36

-0.85

-0.77

-0.98

-0.98

-1.96

-1.97

-1.93

-1.62

-1.52

AUS

Australia

1.15

0.94

0.87

1.05

1.05

1.11

1.30

1.05

1.12

1.40

1.15

1.14

AUT

Austria

0.93

0.85

0.66

0.61

0.61

0.83

1.24

1.17

1.02

1.35

1.08

1.34

BEL

Belgium

0.49

0.36

-0.06

-0.09

0.13

0.27

0.32

0.23

0.37

0.20

0.37

0.22

BRA

Brazil

-1.00

-1.22

-0.68

-0.73

-0.67

-0.70

-0.88

-0.44

-0.67

-0.85

-0.94

-1.18

CAN

Canada

0.87

0.95

1.01

1.10

1.06

1.08

1.06

0.99

0.78

1.21

1.00

0.88

CHE

Switzerland

1.15

0.76

0.92

1.05

1.01

1.02

1.07

1.10

1.01

0.76

0.99

0.89

CHL

Chile

0.41

0.79

-0.11

0.02

0.58

0.43

0.52

0.56

0.53

0.71

0.67

0.49

CHN

China

-1.49

-1.14

-0.85

-0.93

-0.96

-1.16

-1.23

-0.83

-0.52

-0.65

-0.94

-0.42

COL

Colombia

-0.50

-0.69

-1.18

-1.19

-1.16

-1.27

-1.18

-0.86

-0.58

-0.33

-0.89

-0.69

CZE

Czech Republic

-0.89

-0.69

-0.88

-0.69

-1.04

-1.08

-0.71

-0.33

-0.38

-0.51

-0.35

-0.17

DEU

Germany

0.87

0.80

0.76

0.84

0.81

0.86

0.97

0.66

0.60

0.57

0.71

0.60

DNK

Denmark

1.44

1.48

1.63

1.51

1.58

1.58

1.43

1.50

1.53

1.68

1.71

1.71

EGY

Egypt, Arab Rep.

0.14

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

ESP

Spain

-0.15

-0.30

0.12

0.04

0.50

0.15

-0.01

0.05

0.01

0.24

0.00

-0.20

EST

Estonia

　

　

　

　

　

　

0.39

0.38

0.60

0.62

0.55

0.64

FIN

Finland

1.13

1.15

1.42

1.42

1.59

1.64

1.77

1.83

1.91

1.65

1.76

1.71

FRA

France

0.08

0.24

0.19

0.09

0.17

0.12

-0.09

0.00

0.34

0.40

0.30

0.28

GBR

United Kingdom

0.90

0.50

0.93

0.74

0.57

0.85

0.61

0.45

0.57

0.24

0.30

0.30

GRC

Greece

-0.59

-0.64

-0.40

-0.61

-0.39

-0.55

-0.14

-0.44

-0.28

-0.54

-0.71

-0.51

HKG

Hong Kong

1.23

1.23

1.10

1.05

1.07

0.81

0.98

0.85

0.94

0.96

1.28

1.31

HUN

Hungary

-0.61

-0.53

-0.50

-0.30

-0.08

0.02

-0.20

-0.26

-0.17

-0.20

0.10

0.05

IDN

Indonesia

-1.02

-1.27

-1.01

-1.42

-1.82

-1.67

-1.87

-1.70

-1.93

-1.83

-1.60

-1.47

IND

India

-0.91

-0.88

-1.06

-1.00

-1.03

-1.11

-1.03

-1.12

-1.00

-0.61

-0.68

-0.55

IRL

Ireland

0.95

0.92

1.06

1.15

0.89

1.02

1.04

0.85

0.68

0.53

0.73

0.98

ISL

Iceland

0.30

0.45

0.37

0.67

0.55

0.68

0.94

0.81

1.38

1.11

1.43

1.55

Lable


FGI95

FGI96

FGI97

FGI98

FGI99

FGI00

FGI01

FGI02

FGI03

FGI04

FGI05

FGI06

ISR

Israel

0.53

0.62

0.33

0.40

0.50

0.36

0.62

0.45

0.16

-0.01

0.20

0.07

ITA

Italy

-0.91

-0.91

-1.03

-0.70

-0.66

-0.86

-0.64

-0.57

-0.52

-0.91

-0.69

-0.72

JOR

Jordan

-0.41

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

-0.06

0.09

0.20

0.06

JPN

Japan

-0.32

-0.57

-0.63

-1.04

-0.50

-0.38

-0.56

-0.49

-0.28

-0.21

0.15

0.35

KOR

Korea, Rep.

-0.76

-0.88

-1.30

-1.68

-1.47

-0.97

-0.82

-0.53

-0.83

-0.57

-0.03

-0.57

LUX

Luxembourg

0.49

1.08

1.05

0.92

1.19

1.04

0.98

1.18

1.10

0.88

0.53

0.41

MEX

Mexico

-1.08

-0.97

-1.06

-0.99

-1.02

-0.87

-0.76

-0.95

-0.99

-1.24

-1.03

-1.20

MYS

Malaysia

0.25

0.35

0.32

0.01

-0.29

-0.44

-0.77

0.13

0.44

0.36

-0.28

0.32

NLD

Netherlands

1.00

0.99

1.12

1.22

1.09

1.43

1.31

1.17

0.84

0.90

1.04

0.89

NOR

Norway

0.85

1.27

1.10

1.12

0.80

0.79

0.24

0.70

0.95

0.87

0.72

1.11

NZL

New Zealand

1.69

1.44

1.70

1.56

1.40

1.33

1.28

1.15

1.26

1.10

1.20

1.13

PER

Peru

-0.30

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

PHL

Philippines

-1.17

-0.88

-0.86

-0.60

-0.63

-0.88

-1.04

-1.35

-1.10

-1.23

-1.34

-1.37

POL

Poland

-1.63

-1.37

-1.31

-1.66

-1.16

-0.80

-1.20

-1.71

-1.53

-1.69

-1.61

-1.92

PRT

Portugal

-0.01

-0.21

-0.15

0.03

0.07

-0.28

-0.34

-0.43

-0.30

-0.22

-0.54

-0.65

ROM

Romania

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

-1.40

-1.40

-1.60

-1.52

RUS

Russian

-2.27

-2.31

-2.49

-1.45

-2.30

-2.07

-1.72

-1.48

-1.79

-1.31

-1.75

-1.69

SCO

Scotland

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

-0.13

0.01

SGP

Singapore

1.72

1.52

1.50

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.41

1.49

1.43

1.40

1.48

1.36

SVK

Slovak Republic

　

　

　

　

　

　

-1.22

-1.15

-0.85

-0.63

-0.58

-0.48

SVN

Slovenia

　

　

　

　

-1.25

-1.15

-1.02

-0.87

-0.64

-0.84

-1.11

-0.87

SWE

Sweden

1.24

1.18

0.75

1.07

1.11

1.18

1.40

1.35

1.19

1.16

0.99

1.06

THA

Thailand

-0.44

-0.66

-0.62

-1.18

-0.87

-0.89

-0.65

-0.47

-0.25

-0.24

-0.29

-0.52

TUR

Turkey

-1.12

-0.76

-0.61

-0.77

-0.62

-0.66

-1.00

-1.05

-0.95

-1.03

-0.45

-0.70

TWN

Taiwan

0.03

-0.29

-0.51

0.05

0.01

-0.33

-0.24

-0.10

-0.12

0.16

0.38

-0.11

USA

United States

0.74

0.51

0.80

0.70

0.55

0.71

0.74

0.81

0.47

0.66

0.61

0.56

VEN

Venezuela, RB

-2.22

-2.01

-1.76

-1.61

-1.30

-1.39

-1.16

-1.64

-2.04

-2.20

-2.20

-2.19

Lable


FGI95

FGI96

FGI97

FGI98

FGI99

FGI00

FGI01

FGI02

FGI03

FGI04

FGI05

FGI06

ZAF

South Africa

-0.37

-0.27

-0.27

-0.38

-0.36

-0.28

-0.16

-0.17

-0.09

-0.03

-0.24

-0.18

Section III: GLOBE Culture Database

Contents of Section III

3.1 Variable Sources and Definitions

3.2 Data collection

3.3 Index scores for countries and regions


Table 3.1 GLOBE Culture Value Variable Sources and Definitions

Variable Name

Full Name

Data Source

Author Definitions

UA_P

Uncertainty Avoidance Practices

House, et al. (2004)

The extent to which a society actually engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”

FO_P

Future Orientation Practices


“The extent to which an a society actually engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”

PD_P

Power Distance Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”

IC_P

Institutional Collectivism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.

PO_P

Performance Orientation Practices


“The extent to which a society engages in Performance Orientation practices.” Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”

HO_P

Humane Orientation Practices


“The extent to which an organization engages in Humane Orientation practices.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”

IGC_P

In-Group Collectivism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.

GE_P

Gender Egalitarianism Practices


The extent to which a society actually engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”

A_P

Assertiveness Practices


“The extent to which a society engages in Assertiveness practices” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”

UA_V

Uncertainty Avoidance Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”

FO_V

Future Orientation Values


“The extent to which a society should engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”

PD_V

Power Distance Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”

IC_V

Institutional Collectivism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.

PO_V

Performance Orientation Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Performance Orientation practices. Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”

HO_V

Humane Orientation Values


“The values of respondents regarding how humane-orientated they would like their organizations to be.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”

IGC_V

In-Group Collectivism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.

GE_V

Gender Egalitarianism Values


The extent to which a society should engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”

A_V

Assertiveness Values


“The extent to which a society exhibits Assertiveness values.” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”

3.2 Data Collection

“Data were collected from 62 countries during the interval between 1994 and 1997.” (House, 2004, p.xxii)

The GLOBE culture index contains 9 core dimensions: Uncertainty Avoidance, Future Orientation, Power Distance, Institutional Collectivism, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation, In-Group Collectivism and Gender Egalitarian. Each of them is measured from two aspects: a) the practices (“As Is”); b) the values (“Should Be”).

3.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions

Table 3.3 GLOBE Index Scores for Countries and Regions

Country & Region

1994-1997

PO_P

PO_V

FO_P

FO_V

GE_P

GE_V

AS_P

AS_V

ICL_P

IC_V

IGC_P

IGC_V

PD_P

PD_V

HO_P

HO_V

UA_P

UA_V

ALB

4.81

5.63

3.86

5.42

3.71

4.19

4.89

4.41

4.54

4.44

5.74

5.22

4.62

3.52

4.64

5.34

4.57

5.37

ARG

3.65

6.35

3.08

5.78

3.49

4.98

4.22

3.25

3.66

5.32

5.51

6.15

5.64

2.33

3.99

5.58

3.65

4.66

AUS

4.36

5.89

4.09

5.15

3.40

5.02

4.28

3.81

4.29

4.40

4.17

5.75

4.74

2.78

4.28

5.58

4.39

3.98

AUT

4.44

6.10

4.46

5.11

3.09

4.83

4.62

2.81

4.30

4.73

4.85

5.27

4.95

2.44

3.72

5.76

5.16

3.66

BOL

3.61

6.05

3.61

5.63

3.55

4.75

3.79

3.73

4.04

5.10

5.47

6.00

4.51

3.41

4.05

5.07

3.35

4.70

BRA

4.04

6.13

3.81

5.69

3.31

4.99

4.20

2.91

3.83

5.62

5.18

5.15

5.33

2.35

3.66

5.68

3.60

4.99

CAN*

4.49

6.15

4.44

5.35

3.70

5.11

4.05

4.15

4.38

4.17

4.26

5.97

4.82

2.70

4.49

5.64

4.58

3.75

CHE

4.94

5.82

4.73

4.80

2.97

4.92

4.51

3.21

4.06

4.69

3.97

4.94

4.90

2.44

3.60

5.54

5.37

3.16

CHE (F)

4.25

5.98

4.27

4.79

3.42

4.69

3.47

3.78

4.22

4.31

3.85

5.35

4.86

2.80

3.93

5.62

4.98

3.83

CHN

4.45

5.67

3.75

4.73

3.05

3.68

3.76

5.44

4.77

4.56

5.80

5.09

5.04

3.10

4.36

5.32

4.94

5.28

COL

3.94

6.42

3.27

5.68

3.67

5.00

4.20

3.43

3.81

5.38

5.73

6.25

5.56

2.04

3.72

5.61

3.57

4.98

CRI

4.12

5.90

3.60

5.20

3.56

4.64

3.75

4.05

3.93

5.18

5.32

6.08

4.74

2.58

4.39

4.99

3.82

4.58

DEU (E)

4.09

6.09

3.95

5.23

3.06

4.90

4.73

3.23

3.56

4.68

4.52

5.22

5.54

2.69

3.40

5.44

5.16

3.94

DEU (W)

4.25

6.01

4.27

4.85

3.10

4.89

4.55

3.09

3.79

4.82

4.02

5.18

5.25

2.54

3.18

5.46

5.22

3.32

DNK

4.22

5.61

4.44

4.33

3.93

5.08

3.80

3.39

4.80

4.19

3.53

5.50

3.89

2.76

4.44

5.45

5.22

3.82

ECU

4.20

6.32

3.74

5.94

3.07

4.59

4.09

3.65

3.90

5.41

5.81

6.17

5.60

2.30

4.65

5.26

3.68

5.16

EGY

4.27

5.90

3.86

5.80

2.81

3.18

3.91

3.28

4.50

4.85

5.64

5.56

4.92

3.24

4.73

5.17

4.06

5.36

ESP

4.01

5.80

3.51

5.63

3.01

4.82

4.42

4.00

3.85

5.20

5.45

5.79

5.52

2.26

3.32

5.69

3.97

4.76

FIN

3.81

6.11

4.24

5.07

3.35

4.24

3.81

3.68

4.63

4.11

4.07

5.42

4.89

2.19

3.96

5.81

5.02

3.85

FRA

4.11

5.65

3.48

4.96

3.64

4.40

4.13

3.38

3.93

4.86

4.37

5.42

5.28

2.76

3.40

5.67

4.43

4.26

GBR

4.08

5.90

4.28

5.06

3.67

5.17

4.15

3.70

4.27

4.31

4.08

5.55

5.15

2.80

3.72

5.43

4.65

4.11

GEO

3.88

5.69

3.41

5.55

3.55

3.73

4.18

4.35

4.03

3.83

6.19

5.66

5.22

2.84

4.18

5.60

3.50

5.24

GRC

3.20

5.81

3.40

5.19

3.48

4.89

4.58

2.96

3.25

5.40

5.27

5.46

5.40

2.39

3.34

5.23

3.39

5.09

GTM

3.81

6.14

3.24

5.91

3.02

4.53

3.89

3.64

3.70

5.23

5.63

6.14

5.60

2.35

3.89

5.26

3.30

4.88

HKG

4.80

5.64

4.03

5.50

3.47

4.35

4.67

4.81

4.13

4.43

5.32

5.11

4.96

3.24

3.90

5.32

4.32

4.63

HUN

3.43

5.96

3.21

5.70

4.08

4.63

4.79

3.35

3.53

4.50

5.25

5.54

5.56

2.49

3.35

5.48

3.12

4.66

Country & Region

1994-1997

PO_P

PO_V

FO_P

FO_V

GE_P

GE_V

AS_P

AS_V

ICL_P

IC_V

IGC_P

IGC_V

PD_P

PD_V

HO_P

HO_V

UA_P

UA_V

IDN

4.41

5.73

3.86

5.70

3.26

3.89

3.86

4.72

4.54

5.18

5.68

5.67

5.18

2.69

4.69

5.16

4.17

5.23

IND

4.25

6.05

4.19

5.60

2.90

4.51

3.73

4.76

4.38

4.71

5.92

5.32

5.47

2.64

4.57

5.28

4.15

4.73

IRL

4.36

5.98

3.98

5.22

3.21

5.14

3.92

3.99

4.63

4.59

5.14

5.74

5.15

2.71

4.96

5.47

4.30

4.02

IRN

4.58

6.08

3.70

5.84

2.99

3.75

4.04

4.99

3.88

5.54

6.03

5.86

5.43

2.80

4.23

5.61

3.67

5.36

ISR

4.08

5.75

3.85

5.25

3.19

4.71

4.23

3.76

4.46

4.27

4.70

5.75

4.73

2.72

4.10

5.62

4.01

4.38

ITA

3.58

6.07

3.25

5.91

3.24

4.88

4.07

3.82

3.68

5.13

4.94

5.72

5.43

2.47

3.63

5.58

3.79

4.47

JPN

4.22

5.17

4.29

5.25

3.19

4.33

3.59

5.56

5.19

3.99

4.63

5.26

5.11

2.86

4.30

5.41

4.07

4.33

KAZ

3.57

5.41

3.57

5.05

3.84

4.75

4.46

3.84

4.29

4.04

5.26

5.44

5.31

3.15

3.99

5.62

3.66

4.42

KOR

4.55

5.25

3.97

5.69

2.50

4.22

4.40

3.75

5.20

3.90

5.54

5.41

5.61

2.55

3.81

5.60

3.55

4.67

KWT

3.95

6.03

3.26

5.74

2.58

3.45

3.63

3.76

4.49

5.15

5.80

5.43

5.12

3.17

4.52

5.06

4.21

4.77

MAR

3.99

5.76

3.26

5.85

2.84

3.74

4.52

3.44

3.87

5.00

5.87

5.68

5.80

3.11

4.19

5.51

3.65

5.32

MEX

4.10

6.16

3.87

5.86

3.64

4.73

4.45

3.79

4.06

4.92

5.71

5.95

5.22

2.85

3.98

5.10

4.18

5.26

MYS

4.34

6.04

4.58

5.89

3.51

3.78

3.87

4.81

4.61

4.87

5.51

5.85

5.17

2.97

4.87

5.51

4.78

4.88

NAM

3.67

6.40

3.49

6.12

3.88

4.25

3.91

3.91

4.13

4.38

4.52

6.07

5.29

2.86

3.96

5.40

4.20

5.13

NGA

3.92

6.27

4.09

6.04

3.01

4.24

4.79

3.23

4.14

5.03

5.55

5.48

5.80

2.69

4.10

6.09

4.29

5.60

NLD

4.32

5.49

4.61

5.07

3.50

4.99

4.32

3.02

4.46

4.55

3.70

5.17

4.11

2.45

3.86

5.20

4.70

3.24

NZL

4.72

5.90

3.47

5.54

3.22

4.23

3.42

3.54

4.81

4.20

3.67

6.21

4.89

3.53

4.32

4.49

4.75

4.10

PHL

4.47

6.31

4.15

5.93

3.64

4.58

4.01

5.14

4.65

4.78

6.36

6.18

5.44

2.72

5.12

5.36

3.89

5.14

POL

3.89

6.12

3.11

5.20

4.02

4.52

4.06

3.90

4.53

4.22

5.52

5.74

5.10

3.12

3.61

5.30

3.62

4.71

PRT

3.60

6.40

3.71

5.43

3.66

5.13

3.65

3.58

3.92

5.30

5.51

5.94

5.44

2.38

3.91

5.31

3.91

4.43

QAT

3.45

5.96

3.78

5.92

3.63

3.38

4.11

3.80

4.50

5.13

4.71

5.60

4.73

3.23

4.42

5.30

3.99

4.82

RUS

3.39

5.54

2.88

5.48

4.07

4.18

3.68

2.83

4.50

3.89

5.63

5.79

5.52

2.62

3.94

5.59

2.88

5.07

SAL

3.72

6.58

3.80

5.98

3.16

4.66

4.62

3.62

3.71

5.65

5.35

6.52

5.68

2.68

3.71

5.46

3.62

5.32

SGP

4.90

5.72

5.07

5.51

3.70

4.51

4.17

4.41

4.90

4.55

5.64

5.50

4.99

3.04

3.49

5.79

5.31

4.22

SVN

3.66

6.41

3.59

5.42

3.96

4.83

4.00

4.59

4.13

4.38

5.43

5.71

5.33

2.57

3.79

5.25

3.78

4.99

SWE

3.72

5.80

4.39

4.89

3.84

5.15

3.38

3.61

5.22

3.94

3.66

6.04

4.85

2.70

4.10

5.65

5.32

3.60

THA

3.93

5.74

3.43

6.20

3.35

4.16

3.64

3.48

4.03

5.10

5.70

5.76

5.63

2.86

4.81

5.01

3.93

5.61

TUR

3.83

5.39

3.74

5.83

2.89

4.50

4.53

2.66

4.03

5.26

5.88

5.77

5.57

2.41

3.94

5.52

3.63

4.67

TWN

4.56

5.74

3.96

5.20

3.18

4.06

3.92

3.28

4.59

5.15

5.59

5.45

5.18

3.09

4.11

5.26

4.34

5.31

USA

4.49

6.14

4.15

5.31

3.34

5.06

4.55

4.32

4.20

4.17

4.25

5.77

4.88

2.85

4.17

5.53

4.15

4.00

VEN

3.32

6.35

3.35

5.79

3.62

4.82

4.33

3.33

3.96

5.39

5.53

6.17

5.40

2.29

4.25

5.31

3.44

5.26

ZAF (b)

4.66

4.92

4.64

5.20

3.66

4.26

4.36

3.82

4.39

4.30

5.09

4.99

4.11

3.65

4.34

5.07

4.59

4.79

Country & Region

1994-1997

PO_P

PO_V

FO_P

FO_V

GE_P

GE_V

AS_P

AS_V

ICL_P

IC_V

IGC_P

IGC_V

PD_P

PD_V

HO_P

HO_V

UA_P

UA_V

ZAF (w)

4.11

6.23

4.13

5.66

3.27

4.60

4.60

3.69

4.62

4.38

4.50

5.91

5.16

2.64

3.49

5.65

4.09

4.67

ZMB

4.16

6.24

3.62

5.90

2.86

4.30

4.07

4.38

4.61

4.74

5.84

5.77

5.31

2.43

5.23

5.53

4.10

4.67

ZWE

4.24

6.45

3.77

6.07

3.04

4.46

4.06

4.60

4.12

4.87

5.57

5.85

5.67

2.67

4.45

5.19

4.15

4.73

Data source: House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Part IV: Empirical Findings.

Note:

Canada (CAN): Data are collected in English-speaking areas in Canada.

House et al. (2004) also provides the response bias corrected GLOBE index scores for 60 countries and regions. (Table B.2 in Hofstede (2004)) This index removes the culturally based response bias through a statistical standardization correction procedure. However, we use the original data set instead of the corrected one for the following reasons:

1. The corrected values are impossible to interpret.

2. The corrected values are ipsative, and thus it is difficult to make between-group comparisons.

3. The corrected index is based on the assumption that the cultural response bias is attributable to the entire sample.

Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database

Contents of Section IV


4.2 Data Collection

4.2.1 1962-1973 IBM data bank

4.2.2 1971 Yugoslavia survey program

4.2.3 Around 1985 Chinese Value Survey

4.2.4 1997 European Media and Marketing Survey



Table 4.1 Hofstede Culture Value Variable Sources and Definitions

Variable Name

Full Name

Data Source

Author Definitions

PDI

Power Distance

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

UAI

Uncertainty Avoidance

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situation.

IDV

Individualism/Collectivism

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: Everyone is expected to look after him/herself and her/his immediate family only. Collectivism stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

MAS

Masculinity/Feminity

Hofstede (1980, 2001)

Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Feminity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.

LTO

Long Term Orientation

Hofstede (2001)

Long term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short term orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling social obligation.

4.2 Data collection4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)

“The company’s international employee attitude survey program between 1967 and 1973 in two survey rounds produced answers to more than 116,000 questionnaires from 72 countries in 20 languages.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41)

Initial analysis of the IBM data: “The initial analysis was limited to 40 countries with more than 50 respondents each.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41) “For reason of stability of data, ecological correlations and factor analyses were limited to 40 countries.” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 54)

Reanalysis of the IBM data in 1982 adds 10 more countries (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Salvador, South Korea, and Uruguay) and 3 regions (Arab countries, East Africa, and West Africa). (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41, p. 44)

4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program

“In 1971 an opportunity arose to include data from Yugoslavia… It is thus possible to add the Yugoslav data to our list...” (Hofstede, 1980, pp. 62-63)

“When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1991, I reanalyzed the Yugoslav data on file and was able to split them into Croatia (Zagreb branch office), Serbia (Beograd branch office), and Slovenia (Ljubljana head office).”

4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)

“The new dimension, long- versus short-term orientation, was found in the answers of student samples from 23 countries around 1985 to the Chinese Value Survey (CVS)…” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 351)

4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)

“The EMS 97 covered…16 European countries, of which 15 were part of the IBM set, but only 4 of CVS set. The EMS 97 represented the first larger-scale use of the LTO questions on new respondents.” (Hofstede, 2001, p355)


Table 4.3-1 Hofstede’s Culture Index Scores for Countries and Regions over the Years

Country & Region

1967-1973

Around 1985

1989

1993

1994

1997

Year N. A.

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO1

MAS

MAS

MAS

LTO2

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO

ARA3

80

68

38

53

ARG

49

86

46

56

AUS

36

51

90

61

31

AUT

11

70

55

79

31

BGD4

40

80

60

20

55

BEL

65

94

75

54

38

BLG5

70

85

30

40

BRA

69

76

38

49

65

CAN

39

48

80

52

23

CHE

34

58

68

70

40

CHE (F)

70

70

64

58

CHL

63

86

23

28

CHN6

118

66

80

30

20

COL

67

80

13

64

CRI

35

86

15

21

CZC7

57

74

58

57

13

DEU (W)

35

65

67

66

31

31

DNK

18

23

74

16

46

EAF8

64

52

27

41

25

ECU

78

67

8

63

ESP

57

86

51

42

19

Country & Region

1967-1973

Around 1985

1989

1993

1994

1997

Year N. A.

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO1

MAS

MAS

MAS

LTO2

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO

EST9

30

40

60

60

FIN

33

59

63

26

41

FRA

68

86

71

43

39

GBR

35

35

89

66

25

GRC

60

112

35

57

GUA

95

101

6

37

HKG

68

29

25

57

96

HUN10

46

82

80

88

50

IDN

78

48

14

46

IND

77

40

48

56

61

IRN

58

59

41

43

IRL

28

35

70

68

43

ISR

13

81

54

47

ITA

50

75

76

70

34

JAM

45

13

39

68

JPN

54

92

46

93

80

KOR11

60

85

18

39

75

LUX12

40

70

60

50

MEX

81

82

30

69

MLT13

56

96

59

47

MAR14

68

53

70

46

MYS

104

36

26

50

NGA

16

NLD

38

53

80

14

44

NOR

31

50

69

8

44

NZL

22

49

79

58

30

Country & Region

1967-1973

Around 1985

1989

1993

1994

1997

Year N. A.

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO1

MAS

MAS

MAS

LTO2

PDI

UAI

IDV

MAS

LTO

PAK

55

70

14

50

0

PAN

95

86

11

44

PER

64

87

16

42

PHL

94

44

32

64

19

POL15

32

68

93

60

64

PRT

63

104

27

31

30

ROM16

42

90

90

30

RUS17

36

93

95

39

SAL

66

94

19

40

SGP

74

8

20

48

48

SUR18

85

92

47

37

SVK19

104

51

52

110

38

SVN20

71

88

27

19

SWE

31

29

71

5

33

THA

64

64

20

34

56

TTO21

47

55

16

58

TUR

66

85

37

45

TWN

58

69

17

45

87

URY

61

100

36

38

USA

40

46

91

62

29

VEN

81

76

12

73

VNM22

70

30

20

40

80

WAF23

77

54

20

46

16

YUG

76

88

27

21

ZAF

49

49

65

66

ZWE

25

Source: Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Exhibit A5.1 (p. 500), Exhibit A5.2 (p. 501), Exhibit A5.3 (p. 502), Exhibit 7.1 (p. 356) and Exhibit 7.3 (p. 357).

Notes:

1. LTO scores in this column are based on Chinese Value Survey (CVS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.1, p. 356.

2. LTO scores in this column are based on European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.3, p. 357.

3. Arabic-speaking region (ARA): include Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of individual country data.

4. Bangladesh (BGD): Data collection time is not available. Scores are “based on descriptive information” (Hofstede , 2001, p. 502).

5. Bulgaria (BLG): Data collection time is not available. Scores are based on descriptive information and observation. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)

6. China (CHN): MAS score based on the Wacoal survey in which 50 subjects in Beijing were interviewed in 1993. (Hofstede, 1996).

The PDI, UAI, IND data collection time is not available. These dimensions are “based on observation and an extensive literature” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502).

7. Czechia (CZC): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

8. East African Region (EAF): include Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.

9. Estonia (EST): MAS score based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on observation (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502) and data collection time is not available.

10. Hungary (HUN): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

11. South Korea (KOR): The LTO data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

12. Lunxembourg (LUX): Scores are based on “observation and clustering in European Union data” and the data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

13. Malta (MLT): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

14. Morocco (MAR): UAI and MAS scores are Arabic-speaking region (ARA) scores. The IDV and PDI data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

15. Poland (POL): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

16. Romania (ROM): MAS score is based on data collected in 1994 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “observation, and descriptive data,” and the data collection time is not available. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)

17. Russia (RUS): MAS score is based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “raw data from unpublished studies by Bollinger(1988) and Bradley (1998), observation and descriptive data” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.

18. Surinam (SUR): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

19. Slovakia (SVK): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

20. Slovenia (SVN): Scores are based on reanalysis of IBM data after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 501).

21. Trinidad (TTO): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).

22. Vietnam (VNM): Scores are based on “observation and descriptive information” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.

23. West African Region (WAF): include Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

References

Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills & London: Sa

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