The Progressive Reform Era 171890-1920

Mr. Davis

Key Terms and People• Progressivism• Muckraker• Lincoln Steffens• Jacob Riis• Social Gospel• Settlement house• Jane Addams• Direct primary• Initiative• Referendum• Recall• Florence Kelley• NCL• Temperance movement• Margaret Sanger• Ida B. Wells• Gifford Pinchot• National Reclamation Act• New Nationalism• Progressive Party• Woodrow Wilson• New Freedom• 16th Amendment• Federal Reserve Act

• Suffrage• Carrie Chapman Catt• NAWSA• Alice Paul• 19th Amendment• Americanization• Booker T. Washington• W.E.B. Du Bois• Niagara Movement• NAACP• Urban League• Anti-Defamation League• Mutualistas• Theodore Roosevelt• Square Deal• Hepburn act• Meat Inspection act• Pure Food and Drug Act• John Muir• Federal Trade Commission• Clayton Antitrust Act

Origins of Progressivism• At the end of the 1800s,

problems resulting from rapid ________________________________________________________________________________________ spurred the creation of many reform movements during what is known as the Progressive Era.

The Jungle

• Written by ____________________________ in 1906 based on his investigation of the _____________________________________.– Depicting violent accidents, horrible illnesses, and

painful deaths.• Described how meat and what was called

meat was processed.

The Jungle Cont.

• Main character is hard-working new immigrant from _____________________ who takes a job at a ____________________________________.

• Learns quickly the ugly secrets of what goes on in the plant.

Significance of Upton’s The Jungle 2 09

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Progressive Era

• Period from 1890-1920 based on idea of _______________________________________________________________________________, which led to many reform movements such as nativism, ___________________, purity crusades, electoral reform, charity reform, social gospel philosophy, and settlement houses.

• Reformers were reacting to the effects of the rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization

Progressive Era Cont.

• To care for growing populations, government expanded public services such as _____________,____________________,_______________________________________.

• Included Republicans, Democrats, and other political parties.

• Most were of average wealth and held at least _______________ basic beliefs.

Progressives Goals and Beliefs

• 1. Government should be more accountable to its ____________________________________.

• 2. Government should curb the power and influence of _____________________________.

• 3. Government should be given ________________ powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens.

• 4. Government should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle and expanded role.

• New idea that poverty arose because people bought and held on to land until its price went up, which prevented others from ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Proposal that government charge landowners a ____________________ on the value of the land itself.

• Novel-looking backward:-Boston man undergoes hypnosis and wakes up in _______________ to find out government has taken over largest companies and worries about meeting human needs rather than profit.

Muckrakers

• Writers alerting the public to wrongdoing in politics and business, such as Upton Sinclair.

• Term ______ gave them which is a rake or pitchfork used to clean ___________________ and hay out of stables.

Socialists• ____________________________________ for

socialism rose during progressive era. – Economic and philosophy favoring public or government

control over ________________________________________________________________________________________

• American Socialists wanted to end the _______________________________________, distribute wealth more equally, and have government ownership of American Industries

• 1901-formed the Socialist Party of America.

• Most ______________________ did not want to lose the high standard of living and personal liberties that democracy and a free enterprise system.

• Wanted to free the existing government of corruptions and put energy to guarding the welfare of workers and the _______________.

Women Reformers

• 1893- Illinois passed a law prohibiting ______________________________, limiting working hours for women, and regulating sweatshops.– Mainly by efforts of ________________________– _________________________________- helped

organize union in mines of West Virginia and Colorado and helped found the International Workers of the World (IWW)

Triangle Shirtwaist Company tragedy

• March 25, 1911-about ______________ workers were on the upper floors of a 10 story building in _________________ when small fire broke out.

• Some fled to safety through one open stairway, other exits were _________________________.

• Many died on rusted fire escape and because fire ladders were too short, leaped to the nets which failed, causing more to die (total ______ deaths). – New workplace protections were adopted

Shirtwaist Company Fire 4 48

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Expanded Role of Government

• Progressives believed government increase _____________________________________ for well-being of people.

• Sought more social welfare programs or minimum standards of living– Ex _____________________________________,

accident and health insurance, social security system for disabled and elderly.

New Forms of Municipal Government• September 8, 1900- powerful _________________ in the

Gulf of Mexico slammed Galveston Texas, leaving 6,000 dead.

• City created an ___________________________________ of five administrators to replace the mayor and aldermen.

• 1913-Ohio’s Great Miami River Basin flooded city of ________________, killing 360 and caused $100 million in damage.– Dayton became ________________________________ city to

adopt a council-manager government (run city services)

• By 1915, nearly 2/3 cities had some city-owned _______________________________

• People would become __________________ _____________________________________ if social conditions were good (public baths, parks, work relief programs, playgrounds, free kindergartens, lodging houses.

Reforms in Workplace• Different states established labor departments to

provide information and settle disputes, workers’ accident insurance and ____________________ _______________________________________.

• Business owners often opposed on basis that govt. could not interfere with their constitutional right to make ____________________________ with their employees and workplace regulations violated their private property rights by attempting to dictate how they used their _________________________________.

• Courts generally upheld these views.

Reforms in Workplace

• By 1907, nearly 2/3 of the states had abolished child labor >14

• _________________ first adopted a minimum wage law in 1912 followed shortly by 8 others.

Federal Reforms• TR’s “Square Deal”- United Mine Workers

called a strike to protest _________________. • Winter was approaching and nation would be

without major source of heating fuel, so TR insisted both sides submit to arbitration and threatened to use _____________________ to seize and operate the mines.

• Arbitrators granted the miners a 10% raise and reduced workday from 10 to ________ hours

• TR “Square deal for both sides”

Railroad Regulation and Public Health• Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was

given stronger enforcement powers-set and limit ________________________________

• ICC became first true federal _____________ ____________________________________.

• Pure food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act required accurate ___________________ of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats.

Protecting the Environment and• Congress established

_____________________ as first national park in 1872, Yosemite in 1890

• 1905-Roosevelt named ______________________________________________ to head of new United States Forest Service and at his recommendation, TR set aside more than __________ million acres for national forests, mineral reserves, and water projects.

New Constitutional Amendments

• 1913-16th Amendment ratified, authorized Congress to collect federal income taxes and enabled the govt. to get more revenues from people with higher incomes.

• Previously the govt. relied on income from tariffs.• 1913-17th Amendment allowed direct election of

senators• 1919-18th Amendment banned the production,

sale, import of alcoholic beverages.

Rise of Prohibition

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Taft’s Presidency• The day after his election in

1904, TR announced he would not see another term as president and later announced his endorsement for _______________________________________________, William H. Taft.

• With TR’s backing, Taft easily won the 1908 election over (D) ___________________

• _______________________ and pledged to carry on TR’s progressive program.

Taft’s Presidency• Created ____________________ from the start by

not appointing any Progressives to his Cabinet. • 1909-called special session of Congress to pass

____________________________ reductions– Effort backfired as the House passed some reductions,

but more traditional Republicans in the Senate added some highly protective tariff increases.

– The compromise was signed and was know as the ___ ___________________________________________.

• Progressives were furious with Taft.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • Taft chose ____________________ for Secretary of the

Interior, which angered conservationists because he opposed conservation policies on federal lands in the ____________ and sided with business interests that sought unrestricted development.

• Ballinger’s views created conflict with Gifford Pinchot, head of U.S. Forest Service.

• Ballinger had allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of ____________ public lands containing rich coal deposits.

• Pinchot ____________________ to a congressional committee and suggested corruption on Ballinger’s part.

• Shortly after Taft _________________ Pinchot• Ballinger was never found guilty of wrong

doing but later resigned anyway. • Led to ________________ in Taft’s popularity.

Election of 1912• TR decided to run again and challenge Taft for Republican

presidential nomination.• In GOP primaries, voters preferred Roosevelt, but Taft

controlled the Republican convention in Chicago and ________________ the nomination.

• TR would end up running as a _______________ _______________________________________.– When he was asked about his readiness, he replied, “I feel fit as

a bull moose.” – ____________________________________________ Party

became nickname of Progressive party.

Bull Moose Party• Platform included tariff reduction, women’s suffrage, more regulation of business, child labor ban, eight hour workday, federal workers’ compensation, ________ _________________________________________.

• At a speech in Milwaukee, TR was shot, bullet lodging in his lung.

• Spoke for ________hours before seeking medical attention

Taft’s Record

• Reserved more public lands and brought more antitrust suits in __________ years than TR in _____________. Supported Children’s Bureau, 16th, and 17th amendments, Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 (gave ICC the power to regulate telephone and telegraph rates.

• Still remained __________________________ with Republican Progressives

Wilson’s New Freedom

• Unlike TR, he ___________________ big business and big government.

• Promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening economic ______________________________________.

Election of 1912

• Four main candidates– ______________ (Republican), ________________

(Bull Moose), _________________ (Democratic), __________________(Socialist).

– Wilson gained only ____% of popular vote but won the electoral votes by a landslide (435 votes) to TR’s (88), and Taft’s (8).

– _____________________ also took control of both houses of Congress.

Wilson’s Policies as President• Underwood Tariff Act of 1913- reduced average tariff

rates from 40 to 25 %. Signed into law a federal income tax to make up for loss of ________________________________________.

• Believed monopolies and trusts led to economic instability and therefore passed ______________ ________________________________________, which spelled out specific activities that big businesses could not do, such as, companies could not prevent their buyers from purchasing goods from competitors.– Act legalized Unions as well as their key weapons

Wilson’s Policies as President

• ________________ American banking to promote competition and stabilize U.S. economy.

• Created Federal Reserve System, which divided country into ______ districts, each with a Federal Reserve bank owned by its member banks.

• Federal Farm Loan Board in 1916- farmers could borrow money for five to forty years at rates ______________________ than those offered by commercial banks.

Federal Reserve Districts

Federal Reserve Districts

• Federal Reserve banks were the central banks for their regions and helped prevent _______ _____________________________________.

• Created new national currency known as Federal Reserve notes, which they could now expand or contract the amount of currency in circulation according to economic =________.

Wilson Wins a Second Term

• By 1916, progressive drive was winding down, TR did not want to run again (they supported Wilson’s Republican opponent, (____________ ______________________________________).

• Wilson ran on slogan he had kept country out of WW1, and barely defeated Hughes, with _____ electoral votes to ___________.

• More and more nations became involved in ______________, U.S. worried about how long they could remain uninvolved.

• Calls to _______________________________ overshadowed calls for reform in America

• Not counting the reform for women’s suffrage, by 1916 reform spirit had nearly sputtered out.

Suffrage at Last 2 08

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Suffrage at Last• Demonstrating their skills as

organizers and activists, _____________________ won the right to vote with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in _________.

• Previously, many viewed the idea as unnecessary or as a threat to the stability of American society and government.

• Opinion polls-women did not want to vote.

Suffrage at Last• American women activists first formally demanded the

right to vote in 1848 at _________ ____________________ Convention in New York.

• When __________________________________ entered the union in 1890, it became the first state to grant women full suffrage.

• Strategies– Amending Constitution required __________ of each house of

congress, which would then need to be ratified by________________ of the state legislatures

– Get individual states to let women vote.

Suffrage at Last• 1890-veteran and younger leaders formed the National

American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). • Helped gain many _____________________________

including rights for women to buy, sell, and will property. • Working women were becoming more active in unions,

picketing, and getting __________________________. • By 1917, NAWSA had grown into __________________

volunteer organization in the country, with ____________ million members

• New York voted for women’s suffrage.

Suffrage at Last

• Women across the country hastened to do their _________________________________ by volunteering for ambulance corps and for medical work and by taking on jobs left by men when U.S. entered WW1.

• In 1918, Congress adopted the ____________ _____________________________________, prohibiting the sale of liquor.

Suffrage at Last

• Also in 1918, Congress formally proposed the suffrage amendment and the ratification battle began.

• Ended in August, 1920, when _____________ became the 36th state necessary to ratify the suffrage Amendment.

• Marked the ____________________________ major reform of the Progressive Era.