Ch. 11: Ch. 11: The Progressive Reform The Progressive Reform

Era (1890-1920)Era (1890-1920)

Section 1: Origins of ProgressivismSection 1: Origins of Progressivism

The early 20The early 20thth century brought a series of century brought a series of domestic reforms, known as progressivism.domestic reforms, known as progressivism.

Roots of 20Roots of 20thth Century Reform Century Reform Populism: William Populism: William

Jennings BryanJennings Bryan Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement ProhibitionProhibition Electoral reformsElectoral reforms Settlement housesSettlement houses Unlike Populism which Unlike Populism which

came from the rural West, came from the rural West, 2020thth century progressivism century progressivism comes primarily from comes primarily from within cities. within cities.

Goals and BeliefsGoals and Beliefs

Government should…Government should… Be accountable to its citizens.Be accountable to its citizens. Curb the power and influence of wealthy interests.Curb the power and influence of wealthy interests. Be given expanded powers to help improve the life of Be given expanded powers to help improve the life of

its citizens.its citizens. Become more efficient and less corrupt.Become more efficient and less corrupt.

Henry GeorgeHenry George

Early reformer and Early reformer and writer.writer.

Wrote Wrote Progress and Progress and PovertyPoverty, in 1879., in 1879.

Believed poverty arose Believed poverty arose when wealthy people when wealthy people bought land and held it.bought land and held it.

Proposed land tax.Proposed land tax.

Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy Newspaper editor, wrote Newspaper editor, wrote

Looking BackwardLooking Backward in in 1888.1888.

A man goes into hypnosis A man goes into hypnosis in 1887 and wakes up in in 1887 and wakes up in the year 2000. Waking up the year 2000. Waking up in 2000, he finds the U.S. in 2000, he finds the U.S. to be transformed.to be transformed.

For many Americans, the For many Americans, the book represented what book represented what could be.could be.

The MuckrakersThe Muckrakers

Journalists played the role of alerting the public to Journalists played the role of alerting the public to wrongdoing in politics and business.wrongdoing in politics and business.

Theodore Roosevelt called these writers muckrakers.Theodore Roosevelt called these writers muckrakers. A muckrake is a rake used to clean manure and hay out A muckrake is a rake used to clean manure and hay out

of stables.of stables.

Upton Sinclair: Upton Sinclair: The JungleThe Jungle Upton Sinclair wrote Upton Sinclair wrote The The

JungleJungle Exposed the public to the Exposed the public to the

horrible working and horrible working and sanitation conditions of sanitation conditions of the meatpacking industry.the meatpacking industry.

Prompted the creation of Prompted the creation of the Food and Drug the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Administration (FDA).

The JungleThe Jungle

““It seemed they must have agencies It seemed they must have agencies all over the country, to hunt out old all over the country, to hunt out old and crippled and diseased cattle to be and crippled and diseased cattle to be canned. There were cattle which had canned. There were cattle which had been fed on ‘whisky-malt,’ the refuse been fed on ‘whisky-malt,’ the refuse (garbage) of the breweries, and had (garbage) of the breweries, and had become what the men called ‘steerly’- become what the men called ‘steerly’- which means covered with boils… It which means covered with boils… It was stuff such as this that made the was stuff such as this that made the ‘embalmed beef’ that killed several ‘embalmed beef’ that killed several times as many U.S. soldiers as all the times as many U.S. soldiers as all the bullets of the Spaniards (in Spanish-bullets of the Spaniards (in Spanish-American War).”American War).”-Upton Sinclair, -Upton Sinclair, The JungleThe Jungle, 1906, 1906

The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement Unions, although stifled by business leaders, continued to grow into the 1900s.Unions, although stifled by business leaders, continued to grow into the 1900s. Fought for better working conditions and higher wages.Fought for better working conditions and higher wages.

SocialistsSocialists The Progressive Era saw a rise in The Progressive Era saw a rise in

the popularity of socialism.the popularity of socialism. Socialism- an economic and Socialism- an economic and

political philosophy/system political philosophy/system favoring government control of favoring government control of property and income.property and income.

Many promoted socialist ideas as Many promoted socialist ideas as a means of more evenly a means of more evenly distributing wealth.distributing wealth.

Socialists advocated government Socialists advocated government ownership of major American ownership of major American industries (oil, steel, etc.). industries (oil, steel, etc.).

Socialist Party of AmericaSocialist Party of America Founded in 1901.Founded in 1901. By 1912 the party had won By 1912 the party had won

more than 1,000 more than 1,000 government offices.government offices.

Many progressives thought Many progressives thought socialism too extreme and socialism too extreme and merely wanted to reform merely wanted to reform the current system, ridding the current system, ridding the government of the government of corruption and improving corruption and improving the quality of life for the the quality of life for the lower class. lower class.

Women’s GroupsWomen’s Groups

Women rise to new levels of Women rise to new levels of civic activism.civic activism.

Women founded the National Women founded the National Consumers’ League (NCL).Consumers’ League (NCL).

NCL investigated the NCL investigated the conditions under which goods conditions under which goods were made and sold. were made and sold.

Much of women’s activism Much of women’s activism came to be focused around came to be focused around one primary issue, women’s one primary issue, women’s right to vote.right to vote.

Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley A leader in labor reform.A leader in labor reform. Worked for with Jane Worked for with Jane

Addams at the Hull House Addams at the Hull House in Chicago.in Chicago.

Government asked Kelley Government asked Kelley to help investigate local to help investigate local labor conditions. labor conditions.

Based on her work, Illinois Based on her work, Illinois passed a law prohibiting passed a law prohibiting child labor and regulated child labor and regulated sweatshop conditions.sweatshop conditions.

Focused on outlawing child Focused on outlawing child labor and worker protection.labor and worker protection.

Mary Harris “Mother” JonesMary Harris “Mother” Jones Irish immigrant, lost her Irish immigrant, lost her

husband and four children in a husband and four children in a yellow fever epidemic in yellow fever epidemic in Tennessee.Tennessee.

Established a dressmaking Established a dressmaking business, lost it all in the Great business, lost it all in the Great Chicago Fire.Chicago Fire.

Became passionate about Became passionate about labor reform.labor reform.

Traveled around the country Traveled around the country organizing labor unions, organizing labor unions, particularly in the mines in particularly in the mines in West Virginia and Colorado. West Virginia and Colorado.

Spokesperson for unions, Spokesperson for unions, founded the International founded the International Workers of the World (IWW).Workers of the World (IWW).

Resistance to Progressive ReformsResistance to Progressive Reforms Many resisted progressives attempt to reform Many resisted progressives attempt to reform

society.society. Sought to increase government involvement in Sought to increase government involvement in

housing, the workforce, healthcare, and even housing, the workforce, healthcare, and even entertainment.entertainment.

Some resisted the idea of increase government Some resisted the idea of increase government control.control.

Even some poor families, who progressives Even some poor families, who progressives were trying to help, sometimes resisted ideas were trying to help, sometimes resisted ideas like banning child labor, which they depended on like banning child labor, which they depended on to survive.to survive.

Section 2: Progressive LegislationSection 2: Progressive Legislation

The push for reform gave way to new legislation during The push for reform gave way to new legislation during the Progressive Era.the Progressive Era.

Expanded Role for GovernmentExpanded Role for Government

Progressives believed that Progressives believed that government ought to increase its government ought to increase its responsibility for the welfare of responsibility for the welfare of people.people.

Advocated a “safety net” for Advocated a “safety net” for people.people. Unemployment benefitsUnemployment benefits Accident and health insuranceAccident and health insurance Social security.Social security.

Municipal ReformsMunicipal Reforms

Municipal = City/LocalMunicipal = City/Local Municipal reforms aimed at ending Municipal reforms aimed at ending

corruption within cities.corruption within cities. Attacked political machines like Tammany Attacked political machines like Tammany

Hall (Boss Tweed) in favor of educated, Hall (Boss Tweed) in favor of educated, professional leadership.professional leadership.

City ReformsCity Reforms Some cities changed their Some cities changed their

structure of government.structure of government. Many city governments Many city governments

began to take over control of began to take over control of utilities (water, gas, and utilities (water, gas, and electric) to break up electric) to break up monopolies.monopolies.

Some cities offered new Some cities offered new welfare systemswelfare systems

New public parks, baths, and New public parks, baths, and work-relief programs.work-relief programs.

State ReformsState Reforms

Voters gained more direct influence in Voters gained more direct influence in lawmaking and in choosing candidates.lawmaking and in choosing candidates.

Formerly, party leaders often handpicked Formerly, party leaders often handpicked candidates for office.candidates for office.

States began adopting direct primaries for States began adopting direct primaries for state offices.state offices.

In a direct primary, citizens can select their In a direct primary, citizens can select their own nominee for an upcoming election.own nominee for an upcoming election.

Power to VotersPower to Voters

Many states adopted…Many states adopted… Initiatives- allows voters to put a proposed law Initiatives- allows voters to put a proposed law

directly on a future ballot by collecting voters’ directly on a future ballot by collecting voters’ signatures on a petition.signatures on a petition.

Referendum- allows voters to approve or Referendum- allows voters to approve or reject a law passed by the legislature.reject a law passed by the legislature.

Recall- allows voters to remove public officials Recall- allows voters to remove public officials from office before the next election.from office before the next election.

1717thth Amendment Amendment Prior to political reforms, US senators were picked by Prior to political reforms, US senators were picked by

each state’s legislature.each state’s legislature. In 1913, the 17In 1913, the 17thth Amendment required the direct election Amendment required the direct election

(voter chosen) of senators. (voter chosen) of senators.

Reforms in the WorkplaceReforms in the Workplace

State reformers worked State reformers worked to curb workplace to curb workplace hazards.hazards.

Many states established Many states established labor departments to labor departments to regulate working regulate working conditions.conditions.

Businesses resisted Businesses resisted new government new government regulation, believing it to regulation, believing it to be unconstitutional.be unconstitutional.

Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon

In In Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon, limited female laundry workers to , limited female laundry workers to working 10 hours a day.working 10 hours a day.

Using scientific evidence they successfully argued that Using scientific evidence they successfully argued that long work hours negatively affected women’s health.long work hours negatively affected women’s health.

Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette Wisconsin governor, Robert La Wisconsin governor, Robert La

Follette, was one of the most Follette, was one of the most determined Progressives in determined Progressives in U.S. politics.U.S. politics.

““Fighting Bob” tried to clean up Fighting Bob” tried to clean up government and produce government and produce social welfare reforms.social welfare reforms.

Served as Wisconsin governor Served as Wisconsin governor then as U.S. Senator. then as U.S. Senator.

Ran as the Progressive Party’s Ran as the Progressive Party’s candidate for President in candidate for President in 1924, and earned one sixth of 1924, and earned one sixth of the vote.the vote.

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”Deal”

In 1902, the United In 1902, the United Mine Workers went on Mine Workers went on strike.strike.

Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to negotiate.negotiate.

Roosevelt insisted on Roosevelt insisted on arbitration, a third party arbitration, a third party ruling on the situation. ruling on the situation.

He threatened to seize He threatened to seize the mines with the U.S. the mines with the U.S. army..army..

TR’s “Square Deal”TR’s “Square Deal” Arbitrators ruled in Arbitrators ruled in

favor of a raise for favor of a raise for miners.miners.

Roosevelt called this a Roosevelt called this a “square deal” for both “square deal” for both sides, became well-sides, became well-known slogan.known slogan.

First time a president First time a president ever sided with laborers ever sided with laborers during a strike, instead during a strike, instead of the owners.of the owners.

Antitrust ActivismAntitrust Activism

Roosevelt also broke up Roosevelt also broke up numerous trusts and numerous trusts and monopolies.monopolies.

The Roosevelt The Roosevelt administration filed 42 administration filed 42 antitrust actions.antitrust actions.

The beef trust, Standard The beef trust, Standard Oil, and the American Oil, and the American Tobacco Company were Tobacco Company were all broken up or all broken up or reorganized under TR’s reorganized under TR’s presidency. presidency.

Railroad RegulationRailroad Regulation

Roosevelt won the Roosevelt won the passage of the 1906 passage of the 1906 Hepburn Act.Hepburn Act.

The act gave the The act gave the Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce Commission strong Commission strong regulatory powers to regulatory powers to enforce railroad laws.enforce railroad laws.

Authorized the ICC to set Authorized the ICC to set and limit railroad rates.and limit railroad rates.

Public HealthPublic Health

Public outcry from Upton Public outcry from Upton Sinclair’s Sinclair’s The JungleThe Jungle forced TR to respond by forced TR to respond by passing the Pure Food passing the Pure Food and Drug Act and the and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, Meat Inspection Act, regulatory acts that regulatory acts that enforced sanitation pure enforced sanitation pure food preparation. food preparation.

The acts led to the Food The acts led to the Food and Drug Administration and Drug Administration (FDA).(FDA).

Protecting the EnvironmentProtecting the Environment

Theodore Roosevelt set aside more than 200 million Theodore Roosevelt set aside more than 200 million acres for national forests, mineral reserves, and water acres for national forests, mineral reserves, and water projects.projects.

New Constitutional AmendmentsNew Constitutional Amendments

1616thth Amendment (1913)- Gave congress Amendment (1913)- Gave congress power to collect a federal income tax.power to collect a federal income tax.

1717thth Amendment (1913)- Provided for Amendment (1913)- Provided for direct election of senators.direct election of senators.

1818thth Amendment (1919)- Prohibited the Amendment (1919)- Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. (repealed manufacture and sale of liquor. (repealed in 1933)in 1933)

Section 3: Progressivism Under Section 3: Progressivism Under Taft and WilsonTaft and Wilson

Taft’s PresidencyTaft’s Presidency

Taft was persuaded Taft was persuaded to run for President by to run for President by his good friend, his good friend, Theodore Roosevelt.Theodore Roosevelt.

Taft disappointed Taft disappointed both conservatives both conservatives and progressives and progressives during his presidency, during his presidency, and became very and became very unpopular.unpopular.

Conflict over TariffsConflict over Tariffs

In 1908, Taft had run on a In 1908, Taft had run on a Republican platform of lower Republican platform of lower tariffs.tariffs.

Instead, he passed the Instead, he passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which actually increased some actually increased some tariffs. tariffs.

Progressives, who favored Progressives, who favored low tariffs, were furious. low tariffs, were furious.

Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair

Taft appointed Richard Taft appointed Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior.Interior.

Ballinger opposed Ballinger opposed conservation policies of conservation policies of Western land.Western land.

Gifford Pinchot, head of the Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, was a U.S. Forest Service, was a conservationist and in conservationist and in conflict with Ballinger. conflict with Ballinger.

Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair In 1909, it became known In 1909, it became known

that Ballinger had allowed a that Ballinger had allowed a private business group to private business group to obtain millions of acres of obtain millions of acres of Alaskan public land Alaskan public land containing rich coal deposits.containing rich coal deposits.

Pinchot charged Ballinger Pinchot charged Ballinger with corruption, but Taft fired with corruption, but Taft fired Pinchot.Pinchot.

Pinchot became a public Pinchot became a public hero and Taft became hero and Taft became increasingly unpopular.increasingly unpopular.

Turmoil in Republican PartyTurmoil in Republican Party

There was a bitter divide between There was a bitter divide between Progressives and the “old guard” of Progressives and the “old guard” of conservative Republicans in the House conservative Republicans in the House and Senate.and Senate.

Theodore Roosevelt, reemerging as a Theodore Roosevelt, reemerging as a political figure, began campaigning for political figure, began campaigning for progressive candidates.progressive candidates.

Election of 1912Election of 1912

In the 1912 election, In the 1912 election, Roosevelt challenged Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican Taft for the Republican nomination.nomination.

Taft wonTaft won Taft’s nomination upset Taft’s nomination upset

progressive Republicans progressive Republicans who vowed to form their who vowed to form their own party.own party.

Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

Progressives formed their Progressives formed their own party with Roosevelt as own party with Roosevelt as their Presidential candidate.their Presidential candidate.

When TR was asked about When TR was asked about his physical readiness for a his physical readiness for a campaign, he said, “I feel as campaign, he said, “I feel as fit as a bull moose!”fit as a bull moose!”

Progressive Party became Progressive Party became known as the Bull Moose known as the Bull Moose Party.Party.

Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

Bull Moose Party platform included Bull Moose Party platform included tariff reductiontariff reduction women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage more regulation of businessmore regulation of business a child labor bana child labor ban an eight hour workdayan eight hour workday direct election of senatorsdirect election of senators

““It takes more than that to kill a Bull It takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose”Moose”

During one of his campaign speeches, Roosevelt was shot.During one of his campaign speeches, Roosevelt was shot. With a bullet lodged in his lung, Roosevelt spoke for another hour With a bullet lodged in his lung, Roosevelt spoke for another hour

and a half before seeking medical attention.and a half before seeking medical attention. ““Friends,” he said, “I shall ask you to be quiet. I don’t know whether Friends,” he said, “I shall ask you to be quiet. I don’t know whether

you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more that that to kill a Bull Moose.” (as he showed the crowd his bloody that that to kill a Bull Moose.” (as he showed the crowd his bloody shirt)shirt)

Taft’s RecordTaft’s Record

Although Taft’s Presidency Although Taft’s Presidency is often overshadowed with is often overshadowed with unpopularity, he did unpopularity, he did accomplish some accomplish some significant reforms.significant reforms. Reservation of public landsReservation of public lands Brought more antitrust suits Brought more antitrust suits

than TRthan TR The sixteenth and The sixteenth and

seventeenth amendmentsseventeenth amendments

Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson was Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic the Democratic Presidential candidate Presidential candidate in 1912.in 1912.

Ran on a reform Ran on a reform platform to break up platform to break up big business and big business and trusts.trusts.

Four-Way ElectionFour-Way Election

Thus, four candidates ran for the 1912 Thus, four candidates ran for the 1912 presidency, presidency, William Howard Taft: Republican (incumbent)William Howard Taft: Republican (incumbent) Theodore Roosevelt: Bull Moose PartyTheodore Roosevelt: Bull Moose Party Woodrow Wilson: Democratic PartyWoodrow Wilson: Democratic Party Eugene V. Debs: Socialist PartyEugene V. Debs: Socialist Party

Taft and Roosevelt split the conservative and Taft and Roosevelt split the conservative and progressive Republicans, giving Wilson the progressive Republicans, giving Wilson the victory despite only 42% of the popular vote.victory despite only 42% of the popular vote.

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Former professor of Former professor of political sciencepolitical science

First major goal was First major goal was tariff reform.tariff reform. Reduced tariff rates from Reduced tariff rates from

40 percent to 25 40 percent to 25 percent.percent.

To make up for lost tariff To make up for lost tariff revenue, passed the 16revenue, passed the 16 thth Amendment which Amendment which created a federal income created a federal income tax.tax.

Wilson and AntitrustWilson and Antitrust

Wilson believed all trusts and Wilson believed all trusts and monopolies should be eliminated.monopolies should be eliminated.

Passed the Clayton Antitrust Act Passed the Clayton Antitrust Act to strengthen the Sherman to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.Antitrust Act of 1890.

Spelled out very specific restrictions Spelled out very specific restrictions that allowed competition in that allowed competition in marketplace. marketplace.

Created the Federal Trade Created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to enforce the Commission (FTC) to enforce the Clayton Act and set up fair-trade Clayton Act and set up fair-trade laws.laws.

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System In 1913, Congress passed an act that created the Federal In 1913, Congress passed an act that created the Federal

Reserve System.Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System, “the Fed”, became the central The Federal Reserve System, “the Fed”, became the central

bank for the entire country- the bankers’ bank.bank for the entire country- the bankers’ bank. The Fed created a new national currency and could now The Fed created a new national currency and could now

expand and contract the amount of currency in circulation.expand and contract the amount of currency in circulation.

Federal Reserve DistrictsFederal Reserve Districts

Louis Brandeis to Supreme CourtLouis Brandeis to Supreme Court

In 1916, Wilson In 1916, Wilson nominated progressive nominated progressive lawyer Louis D. Brandeis lawyer Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court.to the Supreme Court.

Wilson drew significant Wilson drew significant criticism for his criticism for his nomination, Brandeis nomination, Brandeis was considered very was considered very radical.radical.

Social Justice and ProgressivismSocial Justice and Progressivism

Despite all the reforms during the Progressive Reform Era, Despite all the reforms during the Progressive Reform Era, racial reform and social justice were largely overlooked. racial reform and social justice were largely overlooked.

Wilson allowed his Cabinet officers to extend the Jim Crow Wilson allowed his Cabinet officers to extend the Jim Crow practice of separating the races in federal offices. practice of separating the races in federal offices.

No federal overruling of Southern Jim Crow Laws. No federal overruling of Southern Jim Crow Laws.

End of ProgressivismEnd of Progressivism

As WWI began, Americans turned their As WWI began, Americans turned their attention to the war, and calls for reform faded. attention to the war, and calls for reform faded.

One reform movement grew bolder: women’s One reform movement grew bolder: women’s suffrage. suffrage.

Section 4: Women’s SuffrageSection 4: Women’s Suffrage

Suffrage: the right to voteSuffrage: the right to vote Although women campaigned for the right to vote for over Although women campaigned for the right to vote for over

70 years, only during the Progressive Era did women 70 years, only during the Progressive Era did women finally gain suffrage.finally gain suffrage.

Arguments against Women’s Arguments against Women’s SuffrageSuffrage

Why women shouldn’t vote?Why women shouldn’t vote? Might become “too masculine”Might become “too masculine” Easily manipulated Easily manipulated Politics might distract them from duties at Politics might distract them from duties at

homehome Women don’t care to voteWomen don’t care to vote ““separate spheres” – women and men separate spheres” – women and men

naturally operate in separate spheres, naturally operate in separate spheres, • men: public sphere, women: private spheremen: public sphere, women: private sphere

Quote:Quote:

““This is the negative reason why woman does not wish the This is the negative reason why woman does not wish the ballot: she does not wish to engage in that conflict of ballot: she does not wish to engage in that conflict of wills which is the essence of politics; she does not wish wills which is the essence of politics; she does not wish to assume the responsibility for protecting person and to assume the responsibility for protecting person and property which is the essence of government. The property which is the essence of government. The affirmative reason is that she has other, and in some affirmative reason is that she has other, and in some sense, more important work to do.”sense, more important work to do.”

-Lyman Abott, “Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage”-Lyman Abott, “Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage”

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention

In 1848, women activists met at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.In 1848, women activists met at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. First group of women to formerly demand suffrage.First group of women to formerly demand suffrage. Famous leaders were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, soon joined by Susan Famous leaders were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, soon joined by Susan

B. Anthony.B. Anthony.

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Quaker from Massachusetts Quaker from Massachusetts Early abolitionist, one who Early abolitionist, one who

advocated the abolition of slaveryadvocated the abolition of slavery Campaigned for…Campaigned for…

school admission for women and school admission for women and former slavesformer slaves

equal pay and an eight-hour equal pay and an eight-hour workday for womenworkday for women

woman’s suffragewoman’s suffrage Spent 40 years appealing to Spent 40 years appealing to

Congress for women’s suffrage.Congress for women’s suffrage. Never married and died in 1906, Never married and died in 1906,

fourteen years before women were fourteen years before women were granted suffrage.granted suffrage.

Anthony and StantonAnthony and Stanton Susan B. Anthony, a political Susan B. Anthony, a political

organizer, and Elizabeth Cady organizer, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skilled speaker and Stanton, a skilled speaker and writer, formed a dynamic writer, formed a dynamic partnership .partnership .

Founded the American Equal Founded the American Equal Rights Association, which Rights Association, which published a newspaper, published a newspaper, The The Revolution.Revolution.

Their motto, “…men, their rights Their motto, “…men, their rights and nothing more; women, their and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less.”rights and nothing less.”

Suffrage AssociationsSuffrage Associations

Suffrage movement took Suffrage movement took two different directions.two different directions. National Woman Suffrage National Woman Suffrage

Association- fought for a Association- fought for a constitutional amendment constitutional amendment for suffrage.for suffrage.

American Woman American Woman Suffrage Association- Suffrage Association- worked on the state level worked on the state level to win voting rights.to win voting rights.

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience

In 1872, Anthony led a group of women to the polls in In 1872, Anthony led a group of women to the polls in Rochester, NY, where she insisted on voting. Rochester, NY, where she insisted on voting.

She was arrested for civil disobedience. She was arrested for civil disobedience. Civil disobedience- nonviolent refusal to obey a law in effort Civil disobedience- nonviolent refusal to obey a law in effort

to change it.to change it. Used her arrest as a public platform to call attention to the Used her arrest as a public platform to call attention to the

suffrage issuesuffrage issue

Suffragist StrategiesSuffragist Strategies

Some women worked for a constitutional Some women worked for a constitutional amendment...amendment... Amending the Constitution required two thirds Amending the Constitution required two thirds

of each house of Congress to pass a of each house of Congress to pass a measure, then ratification by state measure, then ratification by state representatives.representatives.

Other women worked for individual states Other women worked for individual states to let women vote.to let women vote. This path proved more effective early on.This path proved more effective early on.

Anthony AmendmentAnthony Amendment

Suffragists introduced a new amendment that adopted Suffragists introduced a new amendment that adopted Susan B. Anthony’s wording, that granted suffrage. Susan B. Anthony’s wording, that granted suffrage.

The amendment was denied in 1878The amendment was denied in 1878 The amendment was reintroduced each year from 1887-The amendment was reintroduced each year from 1887-

1896; it was defeated every year.1896; it was defeated every year.

Turn of CenturyTurn of Century

The National American Woman Suffrage Association The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) merged the two separate organizations.(NAWSA) merged the two separate organizations.

Dejected from earlier efforts, the suffrage movement faded Dejected from earlier efforts, the suffrage movement faded at the turn of the century.at the turn of the century.

Leaders Stanton and Anthony died in 1902 and 1906, Leaders Stanton and Anthony died in 1902 and 1906, respectively, without realizing their life’s work.respectively, without realizing their life’s work.

A New GenerationA New Generation

Carrie Chapman Catt Carrie Chapman Catt became the new leader became the new leader of NAWSA from 1900-of NAWSA from 1900-1904, and again after 1904, and again after 1915.1915.

Alice Paul learned Alice Paul learned tactics from the tactics from the aggressive English aggressive English suffrage movement suffrage movement while a student in while a student in England.England.

Catt: abovePaul: right

Paul & the Congressional UnionPaul & the Congressional Union Alice Paul and Lucy Burns Alice Paul and Lucy Burns

organized a parade of 5,000 organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C.women in Washington, D.C.

Parade took place the day Parade took place the day before Woodrow Wilson’s before Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration and drew inauguration and drew enormous attention.enormous attention.

Paul’s rally was so successful Paul’s rally was so successful she transformed her she transformed her committee into a new committee into a new organization, the organization, the Congressional Union (CU).Congressional Union (CU).

A Split in the MovementA Split in the Movement

Paul’s CU called for an aggressive, militant campaign for the Paul’s CU called for an aggressive, militant campaign for the constitutional amendment.constitutional amendment.

The NAWSA leaders expelled the CU from the organization in The NAWSA leaders expelled the CU from the organization in 1914.1914.

Upset, the CU grew more militant in their protests, burning a life Upset, the CU grew more militant in their protests, burning a life sized dummy of Wilson in front of the White House before being sized dummy of Wilson in front of the White House before being thrown in prison.thrown in prison.

Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt

Catt was reinstated as the president of the NAWSA in Catt was reinstated as the president of the NAWSA in 1915.1915.

Shifted focus back to winning state suffrage campaigns. Shifted focus back to winning state suffrage campaigns. Focused on four eastern states: New York, Pennsylvania, Focused on four eastern states: New York, Pennsylvania,

Massachusetts, and New Jersey.Massachusetts, and New Jersey.

WWIWWI

U.S. entered WWI in 1917U.S. entered WWI in 1917 Woman across the country hastened to volunteer and Woman across the country hastened to volunteer and

fill jobs left by men.fill jobs left by men. The war united the country and arguments of The war united the country and arguments of

“separate spheres” were dulled or forgotten.“separate spheres” were dulled or forgotten.

Victory for Suffrage: Victory for Suffrage: 1919thth Amendment Amendment

In 1919, Congress formally proposed the suffrage amendment and it In 1919, Congress formally proposed the suffrage amendment and it was ratified by in August, 1920.was ratified by in August, 1920.

The Nineteenth Amendment marked a huge victory for those who The Nineteenth Amendment marked a huge victory for those who had devoted their life to the cause, and the last major reform of the had devoted their life to the cause, and the last major reform of the Progressive Era.Progressive Era.