CHAPTER 8THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

1890-1920

SECTION 1: THE DRIVE FOR REFORM

TERMS AND PEOPLEProgressivism – movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

Muckraker – writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business

Lincoln Steffens – editor of McClure’s magazine known for uncovering social problems

Jacob Riis – photographer for the New York Evening Sun, expose on “How the other Half Lives”

TERMS AND PEOPLESocial Gospel – Walter Rauschenbusch taught Christianity should be the basis of social reform

Settlement house – a community center that provided social services to the urban poor

Jane Addams – leading figure in the settlement house movement

Direct primary – election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

TERMS AND PEOPLEInitiative – gave people the power to put a proposed new law on the ballot

Referendum – allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature

Recall – gave voters the power to remove public servants from office

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMWho? All classes and walks of life that wanted to act for the good of society

Common Beliefs: industrialization and urbanization created troubling social and political problems. What is the difference between the Progressives and the Populists?

Target Problems: political reform (corrupt and ineffective), big business, reduce economic gap

MUCKRAKERS REVEAL THE NEED FOR REFORM(a tool to clean manure and hay out of animals’ stables) coined by Theodore Roosevelt

Muckrakers using their journalistic skills exposed many of the social evils in late 19th century early 20th century society

MUCKRAKERS CONT.Novelists Defend the Downtrodden and put a face on social problems.

PROGRESSIVES REFORM SOCIETYThe Social Gospel Guides reform efforts urged the end of child labor, shorter work week, and limit the power of corporations and trusts

Improve the lives of the urban poor

Protecting Children and ImprovingEducation

Improve industrial working Conditions (Triangle Shirtwaist Factory)

REFORMING GOVERNMENTReformers Improve City Government, however only after tragedies such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and Galveston Texas hurricane

Progressives Reform Election Rules, to give the power back to the people, not corrupt politicians, and business leaders

Progressive Governors Take Charge, and begin to reform their own states. Limit Railroads, use of natural resources, and hiring state workers

SECTION 2: WOMEN MAKE PROGRESS

TERMS AND PEOPLEFlorence Kelly – believed women were hurt by unfair prices they paid for goods to run their home

National Consumers League (NCL) – gave labels to “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions” Today’s Fair Trade?

Temperance Movement – the practice of never drinking alcohol

TERMS AND PEOPLEMargaret Sanger – thought family life and women’s health would improve if mothers had fewer children

Ida B. Wells – formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) helped families strive for success and help less fortunate

Carrie Chapman Catt – reenergized the national suffrage movement and first female school superintendent

TERMS AND PEOPLENational American Woman Suffrage Association – fought for women's right to vote

Alice Paul – social activists raised in a Quaker home earned a PH.D and formed the first group of women to march with Picket signs

Nineteenth Amendment – the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex

Make a Suffrage Poster!!!

PROGRESSIVE WOMEN EXPAND REFORMSWorking Women Face Hardships; difficult jobs, long hours, and dangerous conditions. Expected to give wages to husbands, fathers or brothers.

Reformers Champion Working Women's Rights laws were passed and upheld to limit the number of hours women could work which later backfired to wages

Women Work for Changes in Family Life; alcohol was a main focus (men drinking liquor neglect their families, spent their earnings, and abuse their wives)

WOMEN FIGHT FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTESuffrage – the right to voteWomen's suffrage started state by state and led to many leading women in history (Catt, Paul, Kelley)

SECTION 3: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

TERMS AND PEOPLEAmericanization – belief that assimilating immigrants into American society will make them more loyal citizens

Niagara Movement – denounced the idea of gradual progress for black Americans

NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People / free blacks from low-pay, free of ignorance, politically free, socially free (pg. 231)

TERMS AND PEOPLEAnti-Defamation League – to defend Jews and others against physical and verbal attacks, false statements

Mutualistas – groups that made loans and provided legal assistance to Mexican-Americans

EXAMINE THE CHART ON PAGE 242, PROGRESSIVE ERA LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS. WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES DO YOU SEE?

OPENING WORK !!!

SECTION 5: WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

WILSON AND THE DEMOCRATS PREVAILWoodrow Wilson – Democrat candidate launched a program called New Freedom, first southern born president in more than 60 yearsNew Freedom – placed strict government controls on corporations

WILSON REGULATES THE ECONOMYWilson attacked the “triple wall of privilege,” tariffs, banks, and trustsSixteenth Amendment – gave congress the power to levy an income taxFederal Reserve Act (1913) – placed national banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board, ensured no person, bank, or region from having to much money (interest rates)

WILSON STRENGTHENS ANTITRUST REGULATIONFederal Trade Commission – monitor business practices that might lead to monopoliesClayton Antitrust Act – strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out activities businesses could not engage Today the FTC looks at stock trades, examines published ads, and regulates buying on the Internet

WORKERS’ RIGHTS PROTECTEDLabor unions could not be acted as trusts under the Clayton Antitrust Act

Adamson Act prevented nationwide railroad strike and limited railroad employees’ work to eight hour day Why?

Ludlow Massacre:

PROGRESSIVISM LEAVES A LASTING LEGACYVoters have a greater influence; initiative, referendum, recall, and the Nineteenth AmendmentFederal government grew to offer more protection to Americans’ and gained more control over peoples’ livesAntitrust laws and Federal Reserve Board watch over the economyFederal government also had greater control over natural resources, i.e. dams, National Parks, resources