the compound light microscope - allenscience [licensed...
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The Compound Light Microscope
Complete the table below
Structure Function
Ocular lens (eyepiece)
Revolving nosepiece
Objective lens
Stage
Stage clips
Diaphragm
Coarse adjustment
knob
Fine adjustment knob
Lamp
Base
Magnification
Total Magnification = eyepiece lens power X objective lens power
Eyepiece lens Objective lens Total Magnification
low 10X
medium 10X
high 10X
Scientific Drawing You don’t have to be a good artist to draw good scientific drawings. The key is to be accurate – draw what you see in the correct proportions. When preparing a scientific drawing, follow these rules:
1. Drawings should be neat and accurate; all parts need to be in the proper proportions.
2. All drawings should be done in pencil.
3. Labelling lines should be drawn in pencil, using a ruler and to the right side of the drawing.
4. Shading and/or colouring is unnecessary. Stippling is permissible.
5. Make all line smooth and continuous; not sketchy.
6. All diagrams should be large (at least ½ page) and done on blank paper.
7. Each diagram should have an appropriate title, and the magnification indicated
Example:
Properties of a Microscope Magnification:
How much "______________" the lenses make the object appear compared to ________________. Resolution:
Characteristic of Lenses that allows two dots to appear as _____________ and not ___________ (DETAIL) Contrast:
The difference in appearance between the specimen and the ____________________. Most cell parts look the ___________ under a microscope. By increasing the contrast (making some parts __________________) we can see the different parts more clearly. Ways to increase contrast:
change the amount of _____________ coming in by adjusting the ___________
add a ______________ that will colour only certain parts of the cell to make them "________"
Methylene Blue is used for ______________ cells to stain the DNA in the nucleus
Iodine is used for ______________ cells to stain the starch in the cell wall
Cell Theory
All known living things are made up of ________________.
Some organisms are ____________________ (made of only one cell), others are _________________, (made of many cells)
All cells come from pre-existing cells by ___________________.
Cells contain genetic information (______________) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
_______________________ (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of __________________________________.
The Cell Parts and Functions, Investigating Science 10, p 10- 16
All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made of between ________________
and __________________ cells. Each cell contains smaller parts called
_____________. These cellular structures have special functions that maintain all of the
life processes of the cell, including: _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Label the following diagrams and complete the chart on the back.
Typical Animal Cell
Typical Plant Cell
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS HOMEWORK
Organelle Plant/Animal Description and Function
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
DNA
Chromatin
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Lysosome
Centriole
Flagellum
Cilia
Chapter 1.1 HW: Define difusion and answer Q 3,8, 10, and 12 on page 25.
Cell Division
Why is cell division important?
1) __________________ and ___________________________________
Healing cuts, broken bones and replacing dead cells
2) ___________________
Cell division allows an organism to grow bigger (from ______ to _________ cells)
3) ________________________ of organisms
Unicellular organisms like bacteria reproduce by ____________________ in two.
_______________ and ______________ cells are made from the division of cells in
reproductive organs.
Why is it better for a cell to divide (and stay small) rather than to just grow bigger and bigger?
If a cell becomes too large:
____________________ from outside the cell can’t get to all parts of the cell quickly
______________________________ from the nucleus take too long to travel to all cell
parts
Larger cells have less _______________________ (SA) than multiple cells of equal
volume. Therefore, the larger cells cannot obtain enough nutrients from the surrounding
environment
Factors that affect cell division:
______________________________: sunlight, altitude
______________________________: inhibit (slow) division and mitosis
DNA __________________________: can disrupt apoptosis (the natural death of cells e.g.
cancerous cells)
SNC 2DI: The Cell Cycle READ P.28-30. LABEL THE DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE BELOW AND FILL IN THE BLANKS.
Every hour, about _____________ cells die and are replaced in your body. Cells do not constantly
divide. They go through periods of ________ and preparing for _______________. This
sequence of events is called the ___________________. When cells are not dividing, they are in
a stage (that has three sections) called _________________. During the first section this
phase, cells go through a period of rapid growth, where they take in __________________ (like
sugars) and produce new ______________and ______________. The cell spends 90% of its
time in _____________. Once the cell has grown to a size where its _______________ is too
small to service the large volume, the cell is unable to absorb enough ____________ or expel
enough ____________. At this point it is healthier for the cell to divide into two identical
______________ cells. In preparation for the MITOSIS (M-phase), the cell prepares for
division by _______________ its chromosomes creating two identical copies of DNA called sister
____________. Chromosomes must be duplicated because they contain very important
information about how a cell functions, and each new cell will need a copy of this information. The
nucleus divides in a process called _________________ and the cytoplasm and the rest of the
cell divide through a process called _________________________.
You are made up of approximately 100 trillion cells. This is amazing considering that all
these cells started from one fertilized egg. Even now cells are dividing in your body!
How does cell division occur?
Cell division occurs in two stages:
1. Mitosis -
2. Cytokinesis -
These two stages produce TWO identical cells from one original cell. In order to describe
the events of cell division, the process is divided into several phases.
INTERPHASE:
PROPHASE:
The Cell Cycle: Mitosis HOMEWORK
Diagrams Animal Plant
Name of Stage & What is Happening
How to Recognize each Phase
DNA, MUTATIONS, AND CANCER The nucleus of every cell in your body has the same DNA. The DNA is like “software” it controls everything that occurs inside your cells and your body. However, sometimes this “software” develops problems. Mutations are changes in the genetic code. Mutations can be very harmful to the cell. Some even cause cancer. Cancer All cancers are caused by mutations in genes that regulate (control) cell division. Information stored in these genes control the rate at which the cell divides (mitosis) and self-destructs (apoptosis). If these genes develop a mutation, then the cell will no longer divide at a normal rate and will continue dividing after it has become damaged. These cells will divide uncontrollably at a very fast rate forming a tumour. 1. Compare cancer cells to normal cells using the table below:
Normal Cells Cancer Cells
2. Define the term carcinogen.
3. List the three types of known carcinogens and provide examples of each.
Carcinogen: Examples
1.
2.
3.
4. What is the difference between benign malignant tumors?
Benign Tumors: Malignant Tumors:
5. Describe the two ways we can treat cancer.
1. 2.
6. List the ways that we can help to prevent cancer.
Chapter 1.2 HW: Answer Q 4 on page 32 and Q 3, 9, 10,15, and 16 on page 37.
Where stem cells come from:
Embryonic stem cells can be taken from: Adult stem cells can be taken from:
Animal Tissues 4 Major types of animal tissues: 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. _________________________________________
Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and organs.
Sheet-like, line body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes Characterized by:
They are found:
lining major __________________
lining most _____________ (stomach, small intestine, kidney, esophagus etc.)
in ducts and glands (bile duct, salivary glands etc.)
in the lungs, ovaries, and ___________
2. ______________________________ provide ___________________ and keeps body parts together
most abundant tissues in the body
cells are widely separated from each other in a _________ that is produced by the cells.
Specialized connective tissues:
Blood has 3 parts: ____________________, ___________________ and ________________. Ligaments: Tendons:
3. _________________________________________ These cells ______________ when stimulated to cause __________________
3 subtypes
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
4. _________________________________________________________ provides _____________________________ between all organ systems
Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response
found in the ___________, _________________ and __________________ (sensory)
Plant Tissues Dermal - protective ___________________________________________________________ (plant skin) Stomata- specialized ________________(pores) in the lower epidermis. Stomata allow
____________ to enter or leave a leaf Meristematic - this region is constantly __________________, and is responsible for both vertical (root
system) and horizontal ______________ (increasing width) in the plant Vascular - composed of xylem & phloem, which are the ___________________ for nutrients and water Xylem - responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the __________________ to
the _________________________. Phloem - transports _____________ produced in photosynthesis from the _______________ to
other areas of the plant. Ground - synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plants and provides storage for the plant... In the roots: _________________________ In the stem: _________________________ In the leaves: _____________________________ occurs in specialized mesophyll cells
Tissues of the Stem: Tissues of the Leaf: Tissues of the Root:
Organs of the Plant: Parts of a Flower: Ch 1.3 HW: Answer Q 3-5 on page 41, Q3 on page 45, Q 3,4,6, and 7 on page 47
Human Body Organs Using your textbook, fill in each box with information (structure & function) of the organ it is pointing to.
Esophagus
Lungs
Stomach
Heart
Intestines
Liver
Alveoli (Lung Tissue)
Pancreas
Trachea
Animal Organ Systems The human body is a network of systems – all linked for a common purpose – maintaining ____________________. Homeostasis is the ______________range of operating conditions in the internal environment of an organism
Brought about by cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems all ______________________
Examples include: blood ______, body temp., blood ____________, concentrations of ______________
All of your organ systems need to be synchronized together to ensure that the organism stays _____________
Organ System Major Organs Major Function
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Exceretory
Reproductive
Organ Systems Working Together In order to maintain homeostasis, all of the organs in a system must work together – the same can be said for organ systems. Alone, each system can function but cannot form an organism. Therefore, organ systems are interdependent. Describe how your organ systems work together to create the “fight or flight response” to a threat.
Let’s think about when we are being active – which organ systems are working together? How? See pages 80-81
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Diagnosis
Doctors order ______ to gain information about how ____________________ are working
They try to start with tests that are ________and _____________ (little damage to tissues)
A doctor may perform MANY tests to come up with a _________(what is wrong with you!)
Common Tests include:
Pulse:
how often your heart is beating
can most easily be felt in your _________ (radial artery) or ________ (carotid artery)
normal adult pulse is _____________ beats per minute
abnormal heart rhythms can be caused by exercise, anxiety, fever, caffeine, lack of oxygen, heart disease
Blood Pressure:
pressure of blood against the _________________
normal blood pressure is 110-130 <--systolic pressure (heart ___________) 75-85 <-- diastolic pressure (heart __________)
high blood pressure can lead to ______________ disease and __________
Blood Samples:
test levels of:
______ blood cells (anemia, dehydration)
_________ blood cells (infection, blood cancer)
______________ (diabetes)
___________________________ (may block arteries)
Urine Tests:
May look for:
___________ (infection)
proteins (kidney failure)
sugar (diabetes)
_______________ (pregnancy)
drugs (some tests detect drugs in your system for up to 11 weeks!)
Ch 2.3 HW: Answer Q 1 and 2 on page 83 , Q 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 and 16 on page 86
Vaccinations
Immunization involves making a person _______________ to infection through vaccination A vaccination is a substance that is given to boost your body's defence system ____________ it becomes infected
Most vaccines contain a little bit of the disease that is _____________________________.
The body's immune system then builds __________________to fight off these germs
The___________________ stay with your body for a long time so that if the disease is caught, your body is already prepared to fight it off
The most common vaccine is ________________________________
Others include
Other prevention techniques:
1. _______________________________________
West Nile Virus pamphlets
Hand washing posters
STD awareness
2. ________________________________________
Cervical - pap test
Breast - free mammograms age 50-74
Colon - fecal occult blood test every year after age 50
3. DNA Screening (still in early stages of research)
4. Healthy Living (exercise/diet)
Ch 3 HW: Read 3.2/3.3 Answer Q 1,3 on page 107, Q 8,9,14,17,18 on page 111, Q 1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14 on page 120
Things you should know for the SNC2D biology unit test...
Microscopes (types, parts, how to adjust)
Calculating cell size/magnification
Scientific drawings
Organelles (structure and function)
Comparing plant and animal cells
Cell Theory/The cell cycle (reasons for mitosis, stages)
Cancer
Stem cells/Regeneration
4 types of animal tissues (appearance, function, location)
4 types of plant tissues (appearance, function, location)
Main organs of plants and animals (function, organ system involved in, appearance, composition)
Organ Systems (organs involved, basic function)
o Circulatory, digestive, respiratory pathways/diagrams
Homeostasis
Organ Systems working together
Medical imaging (X-Ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI etc)
Diagnosis techniques
Preventative Medicine (Vaccinations, Screening etc)
Cloning (reproductive, gene and therapeutic), transgenic organisms
Try the multiple choice quizzes/matching activities available at: www.sciencesource.ca User Name: HHSSstdnt Password: Husky