cells. the microscope the light microscope the light microscope – invented by anton van...
TRANSCRIPT
CELLSCELLS
The Microscope
• The light microscope– Invented by Anton van
Leeuwenhock in 1600’s– Improvements brought
about the compound light microscope–Enabled scientists to view
and study cells
The Cell Theory• Started with the work of Robert
Hooke• Took about 200 years of work to
develop• Three basic principles of cell
theory…
The Cell Theory1. All organisms are composed of one
or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Remember the 8 Characteristics of Living Things:
***living things are made up of units called cells
Cells are Really Small!
•Cell Size and Scalehttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
What’s a cell?
• A cell is the basic element of life and the simplest unit of structure and function in living things.
Levels of Organization
Unicellular Organisms
• Unicellular organisms have one single cell.
How many wheels
does a unicycle
have?One.UNI-
cellular means
ONE cell!
Multicellular Organisms
• Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells.
Multicellular Organisms
• Multicellular organisms depend on cell communication because they have different cells that perform different functions.
Multicellular Organisms
• Because of cell specialization and differentiation, cells within an organism can develop to perform different tasks.
Think About It.
What cells in humans help us…..move?
Muscle Cells!
Think About It.
What cells in humans help us…..feel?
Nerve Cells!
Think About It.
What cells in humans help us.....carry blood?
Red Blood Cells!
Think About It.
What cells in humans help us.....think?
Brain Cells!(Nerve Cells)
Think About It.
• These cells have different structures and different functions, but they are all cells. We need all of our cells to communicate and work together in order to survive.
Basic Cell Types: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes are very small cells without membrane-bound organelles.
• These cells hold little more than ribosomes and loose DNA that is not contained in a nucleus.
Examples: bacteria
Basic Cell Types: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotes are organisms with many membrane-bound organelles.
• They can be single-celled or multi-celled, and they have DNA contained in a separate area of the cell called the nucleus.
Examples: fungi, protists, plants, animals
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
•Humans are animals – YOU are a “you”karyote!
Ribosomes, DNA, DNA in a nucleus, DNA loose in cell, CytoplasmIncludes fungi, Includes animals, Includes bacteria, Includes plants
Mitochondria, Cell membrane, Small and simple, More complex
Prokaryotes EukaryotesBoth
Basic Cell Types: Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
• Plant and animal cells contain most of the same organelles, but there are a few differences:– Plant cells have a cell wall, which is
made of cellulose (starch)
Basic Cell Types: Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
• Plant and animal cells contain most of the same organelles, but there are a few differences:– Plant cells have chloroplasts, which
are used during photosynthesis
Basic Cell Types: Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
• Plant and animal cells contain most of the same organelles, but there are a few differences:– Plant cells (usually) have one larger
vacuole
Basic Cell Types: Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
• Plant and animal cells contain most of the same organelles, but there are a few differences:– Animal cells have centrioles, which are
used during cell division
Cell Wall, Centrioles, Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Cytoplasm, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Cell
Membrane, Ribosomes, Vacuole (large), Vacuole (small), Cytoskeleton
Plants AnimalsBoth
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• A eukaryotic cell is like a busy factory. It has lots of little “machines” that work together and interact. Some give instructions, some produce energy, some create products, and others provide storage or get rid of waste. These little machines are called organelles.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• Organelles are literally “little organs”. They are smaller structures within a cell that act like specialized organs.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• Organelles are literally “little organs”. They are smaller structures within a cell that act like specialized organs.
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Nucleus - Controls all the activities of the cell (like gene expression)
- Where DNA is located
Organelles – Nucleus
Main Office
Organelle Function In A Factory…
DNA - DNA/Chromosomes provide directions for the assembly line workers (the ribosomes
Organelles – DNA
Blueprints
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Ribosomes - Ribosomes use instructions from DNA to make cellular products --- PROTEINS!
Organelles – Ribosomes
Assembly Line Workers
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Mitochondria-Converts food energy (glucose) into cell energy- The cell “powerhouse”- Contains its own DNA
Organelles – Mitochondria
Generator
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Golgi Apparatus
- Packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and sends them to other parts of the cell
Organelles – Golgi Apparatus
Mailroom
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes are attached to Rough ER
- Transports materials
- Prepares proteins for export
Organelles – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Assembly Line or Conveyor Belt
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Vacuole - Stores cellular materials (like nutrients nd waste products)
- Provides structure and support to plant cells
Organelles – Vacuole
Storage Warehouse
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Centrioles***found only in animal cells
-Tiny tubes that help organize cell division- Helps make new cells!
Organelles – Centrioles
Human resources
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Cytoskeleton
- Network of proteins- Like scaffolding and walls – provides support, shape, and structure inside of our cells
- Also involved in movement- Cilia and flagella
Organelles – Cytoskeleton
Walls, scaffolding within factory
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Cell Membrane
(plasma membrane)
- Regulates what entersand leaves the cell- Keeps unwanted things (like bacteria) out and lets wanted things (like nutrients) in
Organelles – Cell Membrane
Main Door
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Chloroplast
***found only in plant cells
-Where photosynthesis occurs- Chloroplasts convert energy from the sun into food energy (sugars) - Enclosed by two membranes- Contains green pigment called chlorophyll
Organelles – Chloroplasts
Solar Panels
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Cell Wall
***found only in plant cells
-Provides structure and protection for the cell
- Outside of the cell membrane- Made of cellulose
Organelles –Cell Wall
Security Fence
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Lysosome- Contains enzymes
that break down (digest) lipids and proteins
- Removes “junk” from the cell
Organelles – Lysosome
Trash Compactor
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Nuclear Membrane
(nuclear envelope)
- Two-membrane envelope- Dotted with nuclear pores that allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus Small, dense region of the nucleus that produces ribosomes
Organelles – Nuclear Membrane and Nucleolus
Door to main officeQuality Control
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Similar structure to rough ER, but no ribosomes are attached (feels ‘smooth’)-Helps make lipids for the cell
Organelles –Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Conveyor Belt/Assembly Line
Organelle Function In A Factory…
Cytoplasm - Gel-like part of the cell located outside of the nucleus
Organelles – Cytoplasm
Factory Floor