Revolutions

The American Revolution…in a nutshell

• Colonies• Fight w/French• French and Indian war (7 yrs. War) (first “world

war”) – France loses territory in India and America

• Colonists not allowed in new territory (upset)• Brits want money to pay for war-taxes-

(colonists upset again)• Fight war- colonists win independence• Articles of Confederation- weak- hard to put

down rebellions• Create Constitution- based on enlightenment

ideas, especially individual rights

Could not put down rebellions

Signing of the Constitution

French Revolution- 1789

Causes

• Debt• Bad harvests• Lack of representation• Govt. does not reform itself

Events

• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette• Robespierre and Guillotine

Results

• After, people give allegiance to nation rather than to religion

• Church lands are taken• Eliminated much of the nobility• Abolished the monarchy• Created a representative democracy

Napoleon

• 1799- Napoleon stages a coup and makes himself Consul, then dictator in 1804

• Conquers most of W. Europe including Spain

• 1813- loses in Russia- exiled to island of Elba

• Escapes• Fights Britain at the battle of

Waterloo• Loses again, exiled to St. Helena

• Napoleon changed many revolutionary reforms• No more democracy• Restored Catholic power• Restricted freedom of speech and rights of

women• Kept rules protecting private property• Instituted “Napoleonic Code”- merit, toleration.

Clarified laws and made them more accessible. Greatly influenced Europe.

“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.”

The Congress of Vienna

• After putting down Napoleon, European leaders get together to try and create peace

• Conservative movement- led by Clemens Von Metternich of Austria

• Redrew European boundaries and restored monarchies

Haitian revolution- 1791

Haiti is France’s most valuable colony (sugar)Slaves, led by Toussaint L’Overture, rise up and

rebelU.S.?...irony…Napoleon tries again, slaves defeat French1820- Haiti is a republic- creates a constitution

granting legal equality to all citizens. Who else did that?

Only revolution began, fought, and won by slaves

The Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution – Occurred in the mid-1700’s in Great Britain• One of the most important events

in history• Shift from hand tools to complex

machines

The Basics

• Industrial revolution is preceded by an agricultural revolution- land becomes more valuable

• Enclosure acts- privatize land- results in many people being pushed off the land

• Now they need jobs…• At the same time, there is an increased demand for

cotton• New advances are made in textile (cloth)

production (machines)- begins as a textile revolution

• These machines are placed together in factories• Workers move to be near factories resulting in…• Cities

Why Britain?

• Rising population- provided labor and a market

• Water transportation• Social structure- encouraged

cooperation between merchants and elites

• Enclosure movement- back to population

• Rise of science- technology• Coal

General Causes

• Mass production of goods (division of labor)

• Mechanization• Iron manufacturing• Steam engine (canals?)

Results of the Industrial Revolution

• Large cities• Unions• Separate lives of women and men• Women lose domestic (home) jobs as

they are outsourced to factories• Increased demand for cotton and

palm oil• Made it more difficult for married

women to balance jobs and family• Women’s rights (Britain and U.S.)

Results Cont.

• Tenement housing- crowded and unsanitary

• Railroads (most industrial nations)- significant in growth of cities

• Govts. Expand to deal with social questions, reforms, and construction projects such as railroads

Large-scale results

• New methods of fighting wars• Changes in relationships between

countries• Higher overall standard of living

The Second Industrial Revolution

• Advances in steel– Bessemer process improved steel

refining

• Advances in Chemicals– Lead to fertilizers, explosives, soda,

soap, perfumes

• Advances in Electricity– Tesla, Edison– Light bulbs, phonograph, telegraph,

telephone

• By the end of the 19th century, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas are linked by submarine telegraph cables

1848 Revolution

• Begins in France as a response to economic conditions, but spreads to Austria, Germany, and Italy

• Revolutionaries wanted: – Social reform– An end to serfdom– Independence/ unification– Liberal constitutions

• Revolutions end in failure

Karl Marx and Socialism• No private property (“Communism”)• Saw history as a series of class

struggles• Encouraged a worker’s (proletariat)

revolution against capitalist elites (bourgeoisie)

• Book: “Communist Manifesto”

Industrialization in Russia

• Occurred slowly, but kept a close watch on liberal western ideas

• Abolished serfdom before its industrial rev.

• Serfdom kept Russia an agricultural nation (After it is abolished in 1861, Russia begins to industrialize (steel))

• Trans-Siberian Railroad

Industrialization in Japan

• Industrialization follows the end of the feudal system

• Zaibatsu- huge industrial factories• Women, however, retain their

traditional roles• Challenge to industrialization was

geography, especially the lack of natural resources

• Not a yet a threat to the west