systematic layout planning
TRANSCRIPT
SYSTEMATIC LAYOUT PLANNINGSYSTEMATIC LAYOUT PLANNING
• Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) is a technique developed by Richard Muther and Associates. The 3 fundamental areas of the technique; Relationships; Space and Adjustment, include 10 sub-headings within the process:
• Relationships 1. Collection of Input Data
2. Flow of Materials
3. Activity Relationships
4. Relationship Diagrams
• Space 1. Space Requirements
2. Space Available
3. Space Relationship Diagrams
• Adjustments 1. Modifying Considerations
2. Practical Limitations
3. Evaluation & Final Selection
• This technique combines quantitative measurement of materials movement with non-flow considerations such as noise, fumes, temperature, supervision, communications, personnel comfort and movement. It’s major advantage being that it clearly documents the logic of the layout and easily allows input from all levels of staff.
PLANT LAYOUT
• A FLOOR PLAN FOR DETERMINING AND ARRANGING THE DESIRED MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OF A PLANT
• IT PERMITS –THE QUICKEST FLOW OF MATERIALS IN PROCESSING THE PRODUCT
•FROM THE RECEIPT OF THE RAW MATERIALS TO THE SHIPMENT OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT
–AT THE LOWEST COST, AND
–WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF HANDLING
OBJECTIVES
• PROVIDE ENOUGH PRODUCTION CAPACITY• REDUCE MATERIAL HANDLING COST• REDUCE CONGESTION IMPEDING MOVEMENT
OF MEN AND MATERIAL• REDUCE HAZARDS TO WORKING PERSONNEL• UTILISE LABOUR EFFICIENTLY• INCREASE EMPLOYEE MORALE• UTILISE AVAILABLE FLOOR SPACE
EFFICIENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY
• REDUCE ACCIDENTS• PROVIDE FOR VOLUME AND PRODUCT
FLEXIBILITY• PROVIDE EASE OF SUPERVISION AND
MAINTENANCE• FACILITATE CO-ORDINATION AND FACE-TO-
FACE COMMUNICATION• PROVIDE FOR EMPLOYEE SAFETY AND HEALTH• ALLOW HIGH MACHINE UTILISATION• IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY
OBJECTIVES
CRITICAL FACTORS
• MATERIALS– TYPE, AVAILABILITY, PROVISION FOR
STORAGE AND MOVEMENT• PRODUCT
– TYPE I.E. HEAVY,LIGHT, WET OPERARTION (CEMENT), MARKET DEMAND (DECISION ON MACHINERY TYPE)
• WORKERS– MALE, FEMALE (SPECIAL NEEDS), FACILITIES
• MACHINERY– FIXED OR MOBILE POSITION OF MEN,
MACHINERY, JOB TO DECIDE MACHINERY LAYOUT-DEPENDING ON TYPE, VOLUME OF PRODUCTION
CRITICAL FACTORS
• TYPE OF INDUSTRY– SYNTHETIC
• CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS COMBINING TO MAKE THE FINAL PRODUCT E.G. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
– ANALYTICAL• CONVERSION OF RAW MATERIALS INTO VARIOUS
ELEMENTS E.G. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
– CONDITIONING• CHANGING IN SHAPE / FORM OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
E.G. FOUNDARY, METAL WORKING INDUSTRY
– EXTRACTIVE• INVOLVING SEPARATION OF ONE ELEMENT FROM THE
OTHER E.G. METAL FROM IRON ORE
– EACH OF ABOVE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO• INTERMITTENT INDUSTRIES• CONTINUOUS INDUSTRIES
CRITICAL FACTORS
• LOCATION– SIZE AND TERRAIN DECIDES TYPE OF BUILDING– LOCATION DECIDES MODE OF TRANSPORTATION OF
RAW MATERIAL AND FINISHED PRODUCTS– FUEL REQUIREMENT FOR THE PLANT– FUTURE EXPANSION PROVISION
• MANAGERIAL POLICIES– VOLUME OF PRODUCTION AND EXPANSION– EXTENT OF AUTOMATION– MAKING OR BUYING DECISION– RAPID DELIVERY TO CUSTOMERS– PURCHASING POLICY– PERSONNEL POLICIES
PRINCIPLES OF LAYOUT
• PRINCIPAL OF MINIMUM TRAVEL• PRINCIPLE OF SEQUENCE• PRINCIPLE OF USAGE• PRINCIPLE OF COMPACTNESS• PRINCIPLE OF SAFETY AND SATISFACTION• PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY• PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM INVESTMENT
TYPES
• PROCESS LAYOUT, FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT OR JOB SHOP LAYOUT
• PRODUCT / LINE PROCESSING OR FLOW LINE LAYOUT
• FIXED POSITION / STATIC LAYOUT• CELLULAR MANUFACTURING (CM) OR
GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT) LAYOUT• COMBINATION / HYBRID LAYOUT
PROCESS LAYOUT
• GROUPING TOGETHER OF SIMILAR MACHINES IN ONE DEPARTMENT
• MATERIAL MOVES FROM ONE GROUP OF MACHINES TO THE OTHER
• MOVEMENT OVER LONGER DISTANCE AND ALONG CRISS-CROSS PATHS
• MAY ALSO INVOLVE PART FINISHED INVENTORY WAITING
BEST SUITED FOR INTERMITTENT TYPE OF PRODUCTION/LIGHT AND HEAVY INDUSTRIES
PRODUCTION SUB-SYSTEM
RECEIVING
STORAGE
OPERATION A OPERATION B
OPERATION COPERATION DSHIPPING
INFORMATION FLOWS
INTERMITTENT FLOW PRODUCTION SYSTEM (JOB SHOP )
WIP
WIP WIP
WIP
FINISHED GOODS
EDP CONTROL SYSTEMS
RAW MATERIALS
MATERIAL FLOW
FINISHED GOODS
• IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS– DISTANCE BETWEEN DEPARTMENTS AS SMALL AS
POSSIBLE
– DEPARTMENTS TO BE LOCATED AS PER SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
– CONVENIENCE FOR INSPECTION AS WELL AS SUPERVISION
PROCESS LAYOUT
• ADVANTAGES– REDUCED INVESTMENT ON MACHINES, BEING
GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINES– GREATER FLEXIBILITY IN PRODUCTION– BETTER AND MORE EFFICIENT SUPERVISION– GREATER SCOPE OF EXPANSION– BETTER UTILISATION OF RESOURCES– HADLING BREAKDOWN OF EQUIPMENT
EASIER-JOBS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO OTHER MACHINES
– FULL UTILISATION OF MACHINERY
PROCESS LAYOUT
• LIMITATIONS– DIFFICULTY IN MOVEMENT OF
MATERIALS– LAYOUT REQUIRES MORE SPACE– DIFFICULTY IN PRODCUTION CONTROL– PRODUCTION TIME INCREASED
BECAUSE OF EXTRA TRAVEL– ACCUMULATION OF WORK-IN-PROCESS
AT DIFFERENT MACHINES
PROCESS LAYOUT
PRODUCT LAYOUT
• MACHINES ARRANGED IN A LINE DEPENDING UPON SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
• MATERIAL MOVES IN A LINE FROM THE FIRST MACHINE TO THE FINISHED PRODUCT ON THE LAST MACHINE.
• INVESTMENT HIGHER AS COMPARED TO PROCESS LAYOUT
BETTER SUITED FOR STANDARDISED PRODUCTS ON A MASS SCALE PRODUCTION. EX CHEMICALS,PAPER
FINISHED GOODS
MATERIAL FLOW
RAW MATERIALS
PRODUCTION SUB-SYSTEM
RECEIVING
STORAGE
OPERATION A
OPERATION B
OPERATION C
OPERATION D
SHIPPING
EDP CONTROL SYSTEMS
INFORMATION FLOWS
CONTINUOUS FLOW PRODUCTION SYSTEM (FLOW SHOP)
• IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS– ALL MACHINES PLACED AT POINTS DEMANDED BY
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION– NO CROSSING OVER OF ONE LINE WITH THE OTHER– MATERIALS MAY BE FED WHERE THEY ARE
REQUIRED FOR ASSEMBLY BUT NOT NECESSARILY ALL AT ONE POINT
– ALL OPERATIONS INCLUDING ASSEMBLY, TESTING AND PACKING INCLUDED IN THE LINE
PRODUCT LAYOUT
• ADVANTAGES– REDUCTION IN MATERIAL HANDLING COST
DUE TO MECHANISATION– LAYOUT AVOIDS PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS– ECONOMY IN MANUFACTURING TIME– BETTER PRODUCTION CONTROL– REQUIRES LESS FLOOR AREA PER UNIT OF
PRODUCTION– WORK-IN-PROGRESS IN REDUCED– EARLY DETECTION OF MISTAKES
PRODUCT LAYOUT
• LIMITATIONS– LAYOUT INFLEXIBLE– LAYOUT EXPENSIVE– DIFFICULTY IN SUPERVISION– EXPANSION IS DIFFICULT– ANY BREAKDOWN ALONG THE LINE
CAN DISRUPT TOTAL PRODUCTION
PRODUCT LAYOUT
FIXED POSITION LAYOUT
• MOVEMENT OF MEN & MACHINERY TO THE PRODUCT
• PRODUCT REMAINS STATIONARY– COST OF MOVING PRODUCT IS HIGH,BEING
BULKY
BEST SUITED FOR BULKY & HEAVY PRODUCTS EX.SHIPS, AEROPLANES ETC.
AIRCRAFT ASSEMBLYFINISHED PRODUCT (AIRCRAFT)
RAW MATERIALS
MACHINE & EQUIPMENT
LABOUR
FIXED POSITION OR STATIC LAYOUT
FIXED POSITION LAYOUTADVANTAGES
• MEN/MACHINERY CAN BE MOVED FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF OPERATIONS PRODUCING DEFFERENT PRODUCTS
• WORKER IDENTIFIES HIMSELF WITH THE PRODUCT & TAKES PRIDE WHEN THE WORK IS COMPLETED
• INVESTMENT ON LAYOUT IS SMALL• HIGH COST & DIFFICULTY IN
TRANSPORTING A BULKY JOB AVOIDED
CELLULAR MANUFACTURING (CM) LAYOUT
• GROUPING OF MACHINES INTO CELLS • CELLS FUNCTION SOMEWHAT LIKE
PRODUCT LAYOUT WITHIN A LARGER SHOP OR PROCESS LAYOUT
• EACH CELL IN THE CM FORMED TO PRODUCE A SINGLE PART / A FEW PARTS– ALL WITH COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
WHICH USUALLY REQUIRES SIMILAR MACHINES AND SETTINGS
• FLOW OF PARTS WITHIN THE CELL CAN TAKE MANY FORMS
1 2
3
45
1 2 3
1 2
34
21
CELL # 3
CELL # 4
CELL # 1 CELL # 2
PRODUCTION OPERATION PRODUCT OR MATERIAL FLOW
CELLULAR MANUFACTURING LAYOUT
PART D
PART Y
PART X
PART A
PART B
3
CM LAYOUTADVANTAGES
• LOWER WORK-IN-PROCESS INVENTORIES– REDUCED MATERIAL HANDLING COSTS
– SHORTER FLOW TIMES IN PRODUCTION
– SIMPLIFIED PRODUCTION PLANNING (MEN, MATERIAL ETC.)
– OVERALL PERFORMANCE OFTEN INCREASES BY LOWERING PRODUCTION COSTS & IMPROVING ON-TIME DELIVERY
– IMPROVED QUALITY
CM LAYOUTLIMITATIONS
• REDUCED MANUFACTURING FLEXIBILITY & POTENTIALLY INCREASED MACHINE DOWNTIME
• DUPLICATE PIECES OF MACHINERY MAY BE NEEDED SO AS TO AVOID MOVEMENT OF PARTS BETWEEN CELLS
COMBINED LAYOUT
• COMBINATION OF PRODUCT & PROCESS LAYOUT WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EITHER
• GENERALLY ADOPTED IN INDUSTRY• IN FABRICATION PLANTS INCLUDING
ASSEMBLY, FABRICATION TENDS TO EMPLOY PROCESS LAYOUT WHILE ASSEMBLY AREAS EMPLOY PRODUCT LAYOUT – SOAP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY EMPLOYS PRODUCT
LINE FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOAP, BUT ANCILLARIES SUCH AS HEATING, MANUFACTURING OF GLEYCERINE, POWER HOUSE ETC. ARE ARRANGED ON FUNCTIONAL BASIS.
F.P.
F.P.
G.C.
G.C.
G.C.
H.T.
H.T.
G.G.
G.G.
RAW MATERIAL
RAW MATERIAL
PR
OC
ES
S L
AY
OU
T
FINISHED PRODUCTS (GEARS)
F.P. = FORGING PRESS G.C. = GEAR CUTTING
H.T. = HEAT TREATMENT FURNACE G.G. = GEAR GRINDING MACHINE
COMBINATION LAYOUT OR HYBRID LAYOUT FOR GEAR MANUFACTURING
PRODUCT LAYOUT
SERVICE FACILITY LAYOUT
• MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERVICE AND MANUFACTURING FACILITY IS TO BRING TOGETHER CUSTOMERS & SERVICES IN MANY SERVICE FACILITIES
• FACILITIES TO PROVIDE FOR – EASY ENTRANCE FROM THE FREEWAYS AND BUSY
THOROUGHFARES– LARGE WELL ORGANISED AND AMPLY ILLUMINATED
PARKING AREAS ETC.
• HOTELS, CINEMA HALLS ETC HAVE DIFFERENT AREAS TO CATER TO THE COMFORT & CONVENIENCE OF CUSTOMERS
PARKING AREAPARKING AREA
PARKING AREA PARKING AREA
HOSPITAL WARDS
HOSPITAL WARDS
HOSPITAL WARDS
SURGERY, RADIOLOGY, I.C.U., TECH SERVICES
DOCTORS LOUNGE / OFFICES
ADMIN. OFFICE
NURSES LOUNGE
CAFETERIA
CASUALTY DEPT / INPATIENT DEPT
ENTRANCE EXIT
CASUALTY DEPT / INPATIENT DEPT
ENTRANCEEXIT
AIS
LE
S /
GA
NG
WA
YS
PA
RK
ING
AR
EA
PA
RK
ING
AR
EA
SERVICE FACILITY LAYOUT ( HOSPITAL LAYOUT )
• LAYOUT IMPORTANT TO ACHIEVE CLIENT-CUSTOMER GOAL OF FAST SERVICE– FAST SERVICE SUPPORTED BY POINT OF SALE SYSTEM,
SCANNERS, SELF SERVICE TO PROVIDE SPEED AS WELL AS REDUCE COST, ATMs BY BANKS ETC.
• FLOW LINE APPROACH FOLLOWED IN FAST FOOD SERVICE
• PROCESS LINE LAYOUT OCCURS IN MANY SERVICES LIKE MEDICAL CLINICS, OFFICES ETC.
SERVICE FACILITY LAYOUT
• GENERALLY, AS IN MANUFACTURING– LINE LAYOUT PREFERRED IN HIGH
VOLUME, STANDARDISED PRODUCTS• FAST FOOD SERVICE
– PROCESS LAYOUT PREFERRED IN SERVICE OPERATIONS ALSO
• GENERAL OFFICES, BANKS, GENERAL HOSPITALS, MUNICIPAL OFFICES ETC.
SERVICE FACILITY LAYOUT
SERVICE WAITING LINE MODULES
SINGLE CHANNEL, SINGLE PHASE MODULE
WAITING LINE SERVICE FACILITY
MULTIPLE CHANNEL, SINGLE PHASE MODULE
SERVICE FACILITY
WAITING LINE
SINGLE CHANNEL, MULTIPLE PHASE MODULE
WAITING LINE SERVICE FACILITY
SERVICE FACILITY
WAITING LINE
MULTIPLE CHANNEL, MULTIPLE PHASE MODULE
LAYOUT PLANNING
• NEED FOR FUTURE REVISIONS CAUSED DUE TO EXPANSIONS, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, IMPROVED LAYOUTS ETC
• MAJOR CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AND DESIGNING LAYOUTS– MATERIAL HANDLING COST
• MATERIAL HANDLING COSTS MINIMISED BY USING MECHANISED MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
– WORKER EFFECTIVENESS• GOOD LAYOUT PROVIDES WORKERS WITH A
SATISFYING JOB AND PERMITS THEM TO WORK MORE EFFECTIVELY AT THE HIGHEST SKILL LEVEL
• GOOD COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND WELL PLACED SUPPORTING ACTIVITY LOCATIONS IMPORTANT
LAYOUT PLANNINGMETHODOLOGY
• TRAVEL CHART METHOD• LOAD-DISTANCE ANALYSIS METHOD• SYSTEMATIC LAYOUT PLANNING
METHOD• ANALYSING LAYOUTS WITH COMPUTERS
– ALDEP (AUTOMATED LAYOUT DESIGNING PROGRAMME)
– CORELAP (COMPUTERISED RELATIONSHIP LAYOUT PLANNING)
– CRAFT (COMPUTERISED RELATIVE ALLOCATION OF FACILITIES TECHNIQUE)
THANK YOU
REFERENCES
• PRODUCTION & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: ASWATHAPPA / BHAT
• MODERN PRODUCTION / OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: BUFFA / SARIN
• PRODUCTION OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: LEVIN / MCLAUGHLIN et al