Broadcasting and

Electronic News Gathering

Contents• Introduction• Training Module• Studio• E.N.G• OB• Earth Station • Transmitter• Conclusions• Refrences

 Doordarshan is an Indian public service broadcaster, a division of Prasar Bharati. It is one of the largest broadcasting organisations in India in terms of the studio and transmitter infrastructure. Doordarshan had a modest beginning with an experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter and a make shift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. Recently, it has also started broadcasting on Digital Terrestrial Transmitters. On 15 September 2009, Doordarshan celebrated its 50th anniversary. The DD provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional India, as well as overseas through the Indian Network and Radio India. For the London Olympics, live telecasts of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games were broadcast on its national channel. DD sports channel has provided round the clock coverage of sport events. Now more than 90 percent of the Indian population can receive Doordarshan (DD National) programmes through a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters. There are about 46 Doordarshan studios producing TV programmes today.

Doordarshan

Doordarshan has the following main departments which manage the  production, storage transmission and maintenance of the Channels: STUDIO ENG Section NLE OB EARTH STATION TRANSMITTER Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to the relevant engineering aspects.

Training Module

StudioA studio is an artist's or worker's workroom, or the catchall term for an artist and their employees who work within that studio. This can be for the purpose of photography, graphic design, filmmaking, animation, industrial design, radio or television production broadcasting or the making of music. The term is also used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio.In doordarshan studio’s is divided into different sections:

• C.A.R(Central Apparatus Room)

In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room (CAR, pronounced "C-A-R"), central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It should be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either directly with an attached foldout monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch, or remote desktop.

The production control room (PCR)or studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place.(An SCR is also often the acronym for the Satellite Control Room, from here TV feeds are sent to & received from the local Satellite used by the TV station) The production control room is occasionally also called a studio control room (SCR) or a "gallery"  Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled down version of central casting.

• P.C.R(Production Control Room)

• M.C.R(Master Control Room)

The Master control room (MCR) houses equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for the Production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable and other wire lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths, since most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room.

E.N.G(Electronic News Gathering)Electronic news-gathering (ENG) is a broadcast news industry description of television producers, reporters and editors making use of electronic video and audio technologies for gathering and presenting news. Recording and reporting events and activities as they happen is what news is all about. The various equipments used in ENG section are:

ENG Camera Camcorder VCR Editing Booths

• E.N.G Camera • Camcorder

• VCR• Editing Booths

Non-Linear EditingNon-linear editing enables direct access to any video frame in a digital video clip, without needing to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to reach it, as was necessary with historical video tape linear editing systems.

In Doordarshan Kendra, eight non-linear editing booths are there.Two kind of operating system are used in NLEs.• DPS Velocity (Windows - O.S.)• Adobe Premiere (Windows - O.S.)• Grass Valley Edius (Windows - O.S.)• Final Cut Pro (FCP) (MAC - O.S.)

OBOutside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP) of  television  or  radio  programmes (typically to cover television news and sports television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional video camera and microphone signals come into the production truck for processing, recording and possibly transmission.  The mobile production control room (PCR) is known as a OB van.

Earth StationThe earth station is the link between the terrestrial data sources and the remote satellite resource. Its most familiar component is the earth station antenna, which can be tens of meters in diameter or a small portable dish. In addition, there are numerous, less obvious devices in the chain of devices that transmit or receive the signal.

BASEBAND RACK: Fiber optic receiver to receive embedded signal from

studio(CAR) Signal generator Audio level monitor Video monitor 

COMPRESSION RACK: Encoders Multiplexers Modulators Redundancy switch NMS

Rx Monitoring Rack UP convertor RF power divider I.R.D Spectrum Analyzer

HPA Rack HPA Waveguide

TransmitterA television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital.Transmitter station refers to terrestrial infrastructure for transmitting radio frequency signals. The station maybe used for wireless communication, broadcasting, microwave link, mobile telephone or other purposes.Terrestrial transmission: A transmission from point A to point B that doesn’t make use of satellites. If the transmission is straight from point A to point B, then the maximize range it's a bit more of the horizon (depending on what frequency are you transmitting) Use of repeaters can extend the range. LF MF HF VHF UHF are the most common frequencies used for terrestrial communications. 

ConclusionsThe technology currently in use at Prasar Bharati has improved significantly. At this stage there has been advancement in signal reception quality as systems are changing from analog to digital with the advancement in different audio and video compression techniques. For Doordarshan, DTH (Direct To Home Service) satellite services have become more user friendly and also evolution of SDTV into HDTV have made it a popular product among the people of India. It is also accessible from remote areas with more channel and better reception.

References1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/studio2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_apparatus_room3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/production_control_room4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/outside_broadcasting5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter6. http://prasarbharati.gov.in/7. Antennas & Propagation,CS 6710, Spring 2010, Rajmohan Rajaraman8. Electromagnetic Radiations and antennas, whites EE 3829. Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting By Hikmet Sari,

Georges Karan and Issabelle Jeanclaude 

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