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Appendix
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1 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States. http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/election.pdf 2 U.S. Census Bureau data accessed through the social explorer website (www.socialexplorer.org) and accessed from the American Decennial Census and American community survey. 3 Source: The Ohio Department of Education 4 “Homicides in Ohio 2005.” Office of Criminal Justice Services, Ohio Department of Public Safety. Available online at http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/ocjs_OhioHomicides2005.pdf 5 For a more detailed discussion of targeted universalism, see: http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/post-racialism_or_targeted_universalism_powell_feb2009.pdf 6 Information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 7 Information from SchoolDataDirect.org. The site is offline as of 1 January 2010. 8 “Distribution of Medical School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity, 2008.” Statehealthfacts.org. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.kff.org/comparetable.jsp?ind=454&cat=9 9 “Ohio: Uninsured Rates for the Nonelderly by Race/Ethnicity, states (2007-2008), U.S. (2008).” Statehealthfacts.org. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=143&cat=3&rgn=37 10 See Sections IV, V and IX of this report.. 11 See Section IV of this report. 12 The African American Regional Performance Index examines several of the housing, economic, social and education conditions of Blacks at the metropolitan level. The performance index is calculated along the following indicators: Education, Household Economic dynamics, Regional Employment & Economic characteristics, Family, Children & Youth, Neighborhood conditions, Wealth characteristics, Mobility and Housing conditions. A total of 21 variables are used to identify the relative position of the thirty-two regions in the U.S. that contains a significant portion of African Americans. The results were compared between regions, based on categorical and overall performance. The findings highlight the relationships, direction and depth of racial disparity within metropolitan areas along the above indicators. (The full list of variables used are included in the appendices of the full report). 13 The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Introduction by Tom Wicker. Page xvii. 14 “The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty In America.” Produced by the U.S. Federal Reserve and The Brookings Institution. Page 191. Available online at: http://www.frbsf.org/cpreport/# 15 Friedrichs, J. et al. (2003). "Neighborhood Effects on Social Opportunities: The European and American Research and Policy Context." Housing Studies 18(6): 797-806. 16 Rubinowitz, Leonard S., and J. Rosenbaum. Crossing the Class and Color Lines: From Public Housing to White Suburbia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Page 163. 17Ludwig, J., J.B. Liebman, et. al. “What Can We Learn about Neighborhood Effects from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment?” American Journal of Sociology 114(1): 182. 2008.
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18 Robert J. Sampson, Patrick Sharkey, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. “Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(3): 845-852. 19 The Millennial Housing Commission was a bi-partisan federal commission assessing national housing policy and needs. The commission released their final report in 2002 titled Meeting Our Nation’s Housing Challenges. Available on-line at: http://www.mhc.gov/MHCReport.pdf. 20 Figures based on data from Census 2000 Special Reports, “Areas with Concentrated Poverty: 1999.” July 2005. See Table 3. Available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/censr-16.pdf 21 Blank, Rebecca. It Takes a Nation: A New Agenda for Fighting Poverty. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. 22 Rondinelli, Dennis. A, Johnson, John. H, and John D. Kasarda. “The Changing Forces of Urban Economic Development: Globalization and City Competitiveness in the 21st Century.” Cityscape 3(3):97. 23 “Separate and Unequal 2000 Data.” Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Available online at http://mumford.albany.edu/census/SepUneq/PublicSeparateUnequal.htm 24 “1990 and 2000 Columbus MSA Data.” Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Available online at http://mumford.albany.edu/census/SepUneq/PublicSepDataPages/1840msaSep.htm 25 “1990 and 2000 Cleveland MSA Data.” Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Available online at http://mumford.albany.edu/census/SepUneq/PublicSepDataPages/1680msaSep.htm 26 Logan, John R., Jacob Stowell, and Deirdre Oakley. “Choosing Segregation: Racial Imbalance in American Public Schools, 1990-2000.” Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Revised March 29, 2002. Page 19. Available online at http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/SchoolPop/SPReport/SPDownload.pdf 27 Logan et.al., 5. 28 Logan et.al., 7. 29 See M. Kurlaender & J. T. Yun, Is Diversity A Compelling Educational Interest? Evidence From Metropolitan Louisville, Harvard Civil Rights Project (1999). Summary available on-line at http://www.diversityweb.org/Digest/W01/louisville.html 30 Ibid. 31 A. S. Wells, “The ‘Consequences’ of School Desegregation: The Mismatch between the Research and the Rationale,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 28: 771, 773. 32 Trent, W. T. “Outcomes of School Desegregation: Findings from Longitudinal Research.” Journal of Negro Education 66:255. 33 Kurlaender & Yun. 34 R. Crain and A. S. Wells, “Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of Schools Desegregation,” Review of Educational Research 531 (Winter 1994); M. Dawkins and J.H. Braddock, “The Continuing Significance of Desegregation: School Racial Composition and African American Inclusion in American Society,” Journal of Negro Education 53:394 (1994). 35Stoll, Michael A. “Job Sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch Between Jobs and Blacks.” The Brookings Institute Metropolitan Policy Program. February 2005. Page 5. Accessed July 29, 2009 at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2005/02metropolitanpolicy_stoll/20050214_jobsprawl.pdf
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36 See the opportunity mapping analysis provided in Section III of this report. 37 US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2000 CHAS database. Note that housing problems are based on substandard conditions, crowding or affordability. 38 powell, john a., and Jason Reece. “Housing Need and Opportunity in Franklin County: An Assessment of Housing Need and Opportunity-Based Housing in Franklin County, Ohio.” The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. October 2004. Page 3. 39 Squires, Gregory D. “Do Subprime Loans Create Subprime Cities? Surging inequality and the rise in predatory lending.” EPI Briefing Paper No. 197. Economic Policy Institute, 2009. Page 2. 40 “African-American Homes at Risk: Predatory Mortgage Lending.” CRL Issue Brief No. 13. Center for Responsible Lending: 2004. 41 Lardner, James. “Beyond the Mortgage Meltdown: Addressing the Current Crisis, Avoiding a Future Catastrophe.” Demos, 2008. Page16. 42 Dillman, Jeffrey, Carrie Pleasants, and Samantha Hoover. “The State of Fair Housing in North East Ohio: April 2008.“ Housing Research and Advocacy Center. Page 1. 43Dillman et.al., 14. 44 The Dissimilarity Index is a measure of residential segregation. On a scale of 0 to 1, with 1 representing complete segregation between two groups, and 0 representing complete integration, rankings of .6 and above are considered to be highly segregated. A ranking of .6 means that 60% of one group would have to move to a different census tract in order for the two groups to be equally distributed throughout a geographic area. 45 Dillman et.al. “State of fair housing in North East Ohio: April 2008.“ Page 18. 46 Garber, Roberta F., Michael J. Banish, and David J. Lee. “The Columbus Urban League 2004 Central Ohio Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Report .“ Community Research Partners. January 2005. Page II-3 47 “Metropolitan Racial and Ethnic Change—Census 2000.” Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Available online at http://centralohioindicators.org/site/indicators/PDFs/September%202008%20PDFs/Population%206.pdf 48 Part of the survey utilized in this study determined whether a hypothetical 40-unit, two-story apartment complex on a 5-acre lot would be permitted under the existing zoning regulations. 49 “Ohio cities part of Brookings study on local land-use & zoning laws” Greater Ohio Issues Briefing. Available online at http://www.greaterohio.org/briefings/policy/housing_laws.htm 50 Ibid. 51 Bailey, Nikitra. “Financial Apartheid: Subprime Mortgage Lending and the Failed Promise of Sustainable Homeownership for People of Color.” Press Release. NAACP. Available online at http://www.naacp.org/advocacy/theadvocate/rat_sped/july_07/lending/index.htm 52 Carr, James and Lopa Kolluri. “Predatory Lending: An Overview.” Fannie Mae Foundation. 2001. Page 7. Available online at http://www.knowledgeplex.org/kp/text_document_summary/article/relfiles/hot_topics/Carr-Kolluri.pdf 53 For a map image of high interest loans in Cuyahoga County, see “Tracking High-Interest Lending,” Cleveland Plain Dealer. Available online at http://www.cleveland.com/news/wide/index.ssf?lending0122.html. 54Dillman, Jeffrey, Carrie Pleasants, and Meran E. Chang. “Continued Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ohio Mortgage Lending.” Housing Research and Advocacy Center. February 2008. Page 7.
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55 Nelson, Lisa. “Foreclosure Filings in Cuyahoga County.” A Look Behind the Numbers 1(1). The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland: Fall 2008. Page 5. Available online at http://www.clevelandfed.org/Our_Region/Community_Development/Publications/Behind_the_Numbers/2008/0908/ALBTN_V1_I1.pdf 56 Nelson. “Foreclosure Filings in Cuyahoga County.” Page 5. 57 Ibid. 58 Gruenstein, Debbie et.al. “Unfair Lending: The Effect of Race and Ethnicity on the Price of Subprime Mortgages.” Center for Responsible Lending, May 31, 2006. Page 3. 59 Dillman et. al. “Continued Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ohio Mortgage Lending.” Housing Research and Advocacy Center. Page 5. 60 Ibid. 61 Dillman et.al., 9. 62 Dillman et.al., 1. 63 Dillman et.al., 1. 64 Ibid. 65 Dillman et.al., 7. 66 Dillman et.al., 8. 67 Coulton, Claudia et.al. “Pathways to Foreclosure: A Longitudinal Study of Mortgage Loans, Cleveland and Cuyahoga County, 2005-2008.” Center of Urban Poverty and Community Development, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University. June 2008. Page 15. 68 Coulton et.al., page 1. 69 Kuttner, Robert. “The Bubble Economy.” The American Prospect. September 24, 2007. Available online at http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_bubble_economy 70 powell, john a. and Kathleen M. Graham, “Urban Fragmentation as a Barrier to Equal Opportunity.” Rights at Risk: Equality in an Age of Terrorism. Citizens’ Commission On Civil Rights, 2002. Available online at http://www.cccr.org/Chapter7.pdf. 71 Bajaj, Vikas and Ford Fessenden. “What’s Behind the Race Gap?” The New York Times November 4, 2007. Available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/weekinreview/04bajaj.html 72 Lardner, James. “Beyond the Mortgage Meltdown: Addressing the Current Crisis, Avoiding a Future Catastrophe.” Demos. 2008. Page 5. 73 Rogers, Christy. Subprime Loans, Foreclosure, and the Credit Crisis What Happened and Why? A Primer. The Kirwan Institute. December 2008. Page 9. 74 Ibid. 75 Kroszner, Randall. “The Community Reinvestment Act and the Recent Mortgage Crisis.” Article excerpt from a speech delivered at the Confronting Concentrated Poverty Policy Forum at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington DC, December 3, 2008. Page 8. Accessed July 16, 2009 at http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/cra/cra_recent_mortgage_crisis.pdf 76 Kroszner, 9. 77 Kroszner, 9. 78 The Fourth District encompasses all of Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Eastern Kentucky, and the northern panhandle of West Virginia. http://www.clevelandfed.org/about_us/index.cfm?DCS.nav=Main
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79 Nelson, Lisa. “CRA Lending in the 4th District.” The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. A Look Behind the Numbers 2(1). March 27, 2009. Page 3. Accessed July 23, 2009 at http://www.clevelandfed.org/Community_Development/publications/ALBTN/V2_1/ALBTN_V2_1.cfm 80 Nelson, 4. 81 Nelson, 3. 82 Nelson, 5. 83 Rothstein, David and Sapna Mehta. “Foreclosure Growth in Ohio 2009.” PolicyMatters Ohio, March 2009. Page 6. 84 Realtytrac, Accessed July 23, 2009 at http://www.realtytrac.com/trendcenter/default.aspx 85 Kingsley, G. Thomas, Robin E. Smith, and David Price. “The Impacts of Foreclosure on Families and Communities.” The Urban Institute. May 1, 2009. Page 4. Accessed July 17, 2009 at http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411909_impact_of_forclosures.pdf 86 Lardner, James. “Beyond the Mortgage Meltdown: Addressing the Current Crisis, Avoiding a Future Catastrophe.” Demos, 2008. Page16. 87 Mallach, Allan. “Addressing Ohio’s Foreclosure Crisis: Taking the next steps.” The Brookings Institute Metropolitan Policy Program. June 2009. Accessed July 24, 2009 at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/0605_ohio_foreclosure_mallach/0605_ohio_foreclosure_report.pdf 88 Stempel, Jonathan. One in Five Homeowners With Mortgages Underwater, REUTERS, Oct. 31, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/gc03/idUSTRE49S3Q520081031; Paul Jackson, 7.6 Million Borrowers Underwater on Mortgages: Study, HOUSINGWIRE.COM, Oct. 31, 2008, http://www.housingwire.com/2008/10/31/76-million-borrowers-underwater-on-mortgages-study/. 89 The Center for Responsible Lending, Projected Foreclosures by State, Accessed April 11, 2009 at http://www.responsiblelending.org/issues/mortgage/quick-references/projected-foreclosures-by-state.html 90 Mallach, 7. 91 Mallach, 8. 92 For more information on turning point strategic investments, please reference the “Neighborhoods in Bloom” policy example provided through the Local Initiatives Support Corporation online at: http://www.lisc.org/content/publications/detail/902 93 Calculation from U.S. Census 2000 Summary File 3. “Poverty Status by Age (Black or African American Alone).” http://bit.ly/k69CP (accessed July 30, 2009) 94 Calculation from American Community Survey 2007. “Poverty Status by Age (Black or African American Alone).” http://bit.ly/10xIrn (accessed July 30, 2009)#93 & #94 SHOW THE SAME ARTICLE BUT FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES. IS IT CORRECT? 95 Sum, Andrew et al. “The Economic Recession of 2007-2009: A Comparative Perspective on Its Duration and the Severity of Its Labor Market Impacts.” Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, April 2009. http://www.clms.neu.edu/publication/documents/Economic_Recession_of_20072009.pdf (accessed July 23, 2009) 96 Gruenstein, Debbie et.al. “Unfair Lending: The Effect of Race and Ethnicity on the Price of Subprime Mortgages.” Center for Responsible Lending, May 31, 2006. Page 3. 97 “State of Working Ohio 2008.” Policy Matters Ohio.
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98 Stoll, Michael. “Job Sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between Blacks and Jobs.” Metropolitan Policy Program, Brookings Institution, 2005. Pages 5, 10-11. 99 Stoll, Michael A. “Workforce Development in Minority Communities.” Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003. Page 11. 100 Stoll, 9. 101 Sum, Andrew et al. “The Historically Low Summer and Year Round 2008 Teen Employment Rate: The Case for An Immediate National Public Policy Response to Create Jobs for the Nation’s Youth.” Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, 2008. Page 5. 102 Sum, Andrew et al.,6. 103 Sum, Andrew et al., 17. 104 Holzer, Harry J. “Informal job search and Black youth unemployment.” National Bureau for Economic Research, 1986. Page 5. 105 Miller, Raegen and Robin Chait. “Teacher Turnover, Tenure Policies, and the Distribution of Teacher Quality.” Center for American Progress, December 2008. Page 10. 106 Quaid, Libby. “Study: Math teachers a chapter ahead of students.” Seattle Times, November 25, 2008. 107 “Telling the Whole Truth (or Not) About Highly Qualified Teachers: New State Data.” The Education Trust, 2003. Page 3. 108 Accessed 22 July 2009 at http://www.kwfdn.org/fast_facts/fastfact.aspx?init=1&ft=Ohio_High_School_Graduation_Rate_by_Ethnicity 109 “Achievement Gap Still Exists.” Columbus Dispatch, July 15, 2009. 110 “Trying to Work: A door-to-door survey of low-income residents on barriers to employment and service needs.” Columbus Workforce Alliance, 2007. Pages 14-15. 111 Columbus Workforce Alliance, 24. 112 ”Table 6. The 30 Fastest Growing Occupations, 2006-2016.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed July 30, 2009 at http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t06.htm 113 “Latinos, Blacks losing jobs at a faster rate.” Accessed July 22, 2009 at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29843053// 114 Rhodes, Eric and Sonal Malpani. “A Metropolitan Approach to Workforce Development.” The Century Foundation, 2000. Accessed July 30, 2009 at http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=PB&pubid=305 115 Mouw, Ted. “Social Capital and Finding a Job: Do Contacts Matter?” American Sociological Review 68:. 868. 116 Accessed 28 July 2009 at http://swz.salary.com/salarywizard/layouthtmls/swzl_compresult_national_HC07000094.html 117 Accessed 28 July 2009 at http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Degree=Bachelor_of_Science,_Nursing_(BSN)/Salary 118 ”Employment of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives.” Report for the Crime and Justice Institute, 2006. Accessed July 30, 2009 at http://www.crjustice.org/cji/ex_offenders_employers_12-15-06.pdf 119 U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2004. 120 McLanahan, Sara., and Percheski, Christine. “Family Structure and the Reproduction of Inequalities.” Annual Review of Sociology, 34:257-276. 121 Uggen, Christopher. “Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: a duration model of age, employment, and recidivism.” American Sociological Review 67:529.
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122 Dahl, Gordon and Lance Lochner. “The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement.” Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2005. Page 29-30 123 “Blacks/African Americans and Entrepreneurship.” Graduate Management Admissions Council, 2005. Page 2. 124 U.S. Census Bureau, 1992 Economic Census, http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/92profiles/OH_92PRF.TXT; U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census. “Minority-Owned Business Enterprises,” Pages 24, 86; U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census. “Black-Owned Firms,” Pages 14, 246. 125 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census “Black-Owned Firms.” Pages 14, 246. Calculations by authors. 126 Darity, William and Vicki Bogan. “Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States.” Journal of Socio-Economics. 37(5): 2000 127 Kirwan Institute on Race and Ethnicity. “A Minority Business Development Framework for the Cleveland Foundation.” 2005. Pages 16-17 128 Ibid. 129 ”Laying the Foundation for National Prosperity: The Imperative of Closing the Racial Wealth Gap.” Insight Center for Community Economic Development, 2009. Available online at http://www.insightcced.org/uploads/CRWG/Executive%20Summary.pdf 130 Bouman, F.J.A. “Rotating and Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations: A Development Perspective.” World Development 23(3):371. 131 Josiah, Barbara P. “Providing for the future: the world of the African American depositors of Washington, DC's Freedmen's Savings Bank, 1865-1874.” The Journal of African American History 89:3. 132 Weems, Robert E. “A crumbling legacy: The decline of African American insurance companies in contemporary America.” The Review of Black Political Economy 23(2):26 133 Cavalluzzo, Ken S. and Linda C. “Market Structure and Discrimination: The Case of Small Business.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. Nov 1998: 78. 134 Ibid. 135 ”A Minority Business Development Framework for the Cleveland Foundation.” Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, 2005. Page 9. 136 Niquette, Mark. “State spending targets missed: Agencies fall short of purchasing 15% from minority businesses.” Columbus Dispatch, March 25, 2009. Available online at http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2009/03/25/copy/missing_goal.ART_ART_03-25-09_B1_L1DBJ2E.html?sid=101 137 Ibid. 138 Chay, Kenneth Y. and Robert W. Fairlie. “Minority Business Set-Asides and Black Self-Employment.” University of California Santa Cruz, 1998. Accessed July 24,2009 at http://people.ucsc.edu/~rfairlie/papers/setaside.pdf 139 Bates, Timothy. “Minority business serving government amidst prolonged chaos in preferential procurement programs.” Journal of Black Political Economy, 29: 3, 55. 140 Quality Counts 2009. Editorial Projects in Education, Bethesda, MD. 141 See for example: The Knowledgeworks Foundation. Ohio's Lowest-Performing High Schools Dramatically Improve Graduation Rates. December 19, 2008. Available online at: http://www.kwfdn.org/press_room/press_releases/press_release.asp?prID=163. Achieve, Inc. 2007.
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Creating a world class education system in Ohio. Available online at: http://www.achieve.org/Ohio_report. 142 Mulkey, L. M., Crain, R. L., & Harrington, A. J. C. 1992. “One-parent households and achievement: Economic and behavioral explanations of a small effect.” Sociology & Education 65:48–65; Campbell, J.R., Hombo, C.M., & Mazzeo, J. NAEP 1999 Trends in Academic Progress: Three Decades of Student Performance. NCES 2000-469. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education; Featherstone, D.R., Cundick, B.P., and Jensen, L.C.. (1992). “Differences in school behavior and achievement between children from intact, reconstituted, and single-parent families.” Adolescence 27(105):1-12. 143 Orr, A. “Black-White Differences in Achievement: The Importance of Wealth.” Sociology of Education 76(4): 281-304.; Conley, Dalton. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 144 “Profiles by Geographical Area: Ohio.” The Annie E. Casey Kids Count Data Center. Available online at http://www.kidscount.org/datacenter/profile_results.jsp?r=37&d=1&c=3&p=5&x=129&y=11 145 Ming Trammel, Daniel Newhart, Vincent Willis, Annette Johnson. April 2008. African American Male Initiative. The Kirwan Institute. Available online at: http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/AAMaleInitiative_KelloggReport_April2008.pdf; Mueller, E.J., Tighe, J.R. “Making the Case for Affordable Housing: Connecting Housing with Health and Education Outcomes.” Journal of Planning Literature 21(4). 146 Sampson, Robert, Sharkey, Patrick, Raudenbush, Stephen. “Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 842-844. 147 Ainsworth, James W. “Why Does it Take a Village? The Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Educational Achievement.” Social Forces 81(1): 117-152. 148 Hanushek, Eric A., John F. Kain, and Steven G. Rivkin. 2004. “Disruption Versus Tiebout Improvement: The Costs and Benefits of Switching Schools.” Journal of Public Economics. 88(9-10): 1721-46. 149 CDC National Center for Health Statistics, 2000. Prenatal Care. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/prenatal.htm. 150 Kids Count Ohio. Profiles by Geographic Area: Ohio. Available online at http://www.kidscount.org/datacenter/profile_results.jsp?r=37&d=1; Ohio Kids Count 2007 Databook. Children’s Defense Fund- Ohio. Available online at http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/DocServer/Ohio_KIDS_COUNT_Data_Book.pdf?docID=6021 151Barton, Paul. 2003. “Parsing the Achievement Gap: Baselines for Tracking Progress.” Policy Information Center, Education Testing Services. Available online at: http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICPARSING.pdf. 152 Currie, Janet. 2005. “Health Disparities and Gaps in School Readiness.” The Future of Children 15(1): 117-38. See also a Broader Bolder Approach to Education online at: http://www.boldapproach.org/. 153 Schumacher, Rachel, DiLauro, Elizabeth. 2008. “Building on the Promise: State Initiatives to Expand Access to Early Head Start for Young Children and their Families.” Center for Law and Social Policy and the Zero to Three Policy Center. Available online at http://www.zerotothree.org/site/DocServer/Building_on_the_Promise_April_2008.pdf?docID=5281; “Early Care and Education: The State of Other States.” July 2007. GroundWork. Available online at:
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http://www.groundworkohio.org/files/legislator percent20page/Final percent20State percent20Sheet percent20July percent202007.pdf 154 Balistreri, K. “Ohio Population News: Ohio’s Young Children.” Bowling Green State University, Center for Family & Demographic Research. Available online at http://www.bgsu.edu/organizations/cfdr/ohiopop.html. 155 Gershoff, Elizabeth. “Living at the Edge: Low Income and the Development of America’s Kindergartners, 2003.” Research Brief No. 4. The National Center for Children in Poverty. Available online at http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_533.html; Coley, Richard J. 2002. “An Uneven Start: Indicators of Inequities in School Readiness. Available online at http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICUNEVENSTART.pdf; Denton, K. and West, J. Children’s Reading and Mathematics Achievement in Kindergarten and First Grade (NCES 2002–125). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Available online at: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002125.pdf 156 Pre[k]now State Profiles: Ohio. Available online at http://www.preknow.org/resource/profiles/ohio.cfm 157 Belfield, Clive R. 2004. “Investing in Early Childhood Education in Ohio: An Economic Appraisal.” Available online at: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/08/b172214.html; “The Economic Impact of the Early Care and Education Industry in Ohio.” Available online at: http://www.build-ohio.org/PDFs/EconomicImpactRpt.pdf. 158 Barnett, W. Steven, Hustedt, Jason, Friedman, Allison H, Boyd, Judi S., and Ainsworth, Pat. The State of Preschool 2007. New Brunswick, NJ: The National Institute for Early Education Research. Available online at http://nieer.org/yearbook/pdf/yearbook.pdf; Wat, Albert. “The Pre-K Pinch: Early Education and the Middle Class.” Pre-K Now. Available online at http://www.policymattersohio.org/Pre-KPinch.htm. 159 Trammel, Ming, Newhart, Daniel, Willis, Vincent, Johnson, Annette. “African American Male Initiative.” The Kirwan Institute. Available online at http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/AAMaleInitiative_KelloggReport_April2008.pdf 160 Greene, Jay P., and Marcus A. Winters. 2006. “Leaving Boys Behind: Public High School Graduation Rates.” Civic Report 48. Manhattan Institute, New York. Available online at http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/cr_48.pdf. 161 “Given Half a Chance: The Schott 50 State Report on Public Education and Black Males.” Executive Summary. Schott Foundation on Public Education. Available online at http://www.blackboysreport.org/files/schott50statereport-execsummary.pdf. 162 Alliance for Excellent Education. Potential Economic Impacts of Improved Education on Ohio. Available online at http://www.all4ed.org/files/Ohio_econ.pdf . 163 The Education Trust. Education Watch Ohio: Key Education Facts and Figures. Available online at: http://www2.edtrust.org/edtrust/summaries2006/Ohio.pdf. 164 The Schott 50 State Report Black Male Data Portal. Ohio. 2008. Available online at: http://blackboysreport.org/node/76. 165 Ming Trammel, Daniel Newhart, Vincent Willis, Annette Johnson. April 2008. “African American Male Initiative.” The Kirwan Institute. Citing: Fuentes, 2003; Monroe, 2006; Rios, 2007; Saunter, 2001. Available online at
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http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/AAMaleInitiative_KelloggReport_April2008.pdf 166 Achieve, Inc. Creating a world class education system in Ohio. Available online at: http://www.achieve.org/Ohio_report 167 Ibid. 168 Ibid. 169 Achieve, Inc. “Achieve Data Profile: Ohio.” Available for download at: http://www.achieve.org/files/Ohio05-09-07.ppt. 170 Geiser, Saul and Santelices, Veronica. “The Role of Advanced Placement and Honors Courses in College Admissions.” Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California: Berkeley.; Dougherty, C., Mellor, L., Jian, S. “The Relationship Between Advanced Placement and College Graduation.” NCEA Study Series Report 1.National Center for Educational Accountability. 171 Erickson, W., & Lee, C. “2007 Disability Status Report: Ohio.” Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics. 172 The Schott 50 State Report Black Male Data Portal. Ohio. 2008. Available online at http://blackboysreport.org/node/76. 173 Blanchett, W. J. “Disproportionate representation of African American students in special education: Acknowledging the role of White privilege and racism.” Educational Researcher 35(6):24-28. Available online at http://www.aera.net/uploadedFiles/Publications/Journals/Educational_Researcher/3506/06ERv35n6_Blanchett.pdf 174 LeRoy, B., & Kulik, N. “Who’s there? Students in inclusive education settings.” TASH Connections 29(19): 26–28. 175 Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. “Teachers, schools, and academic achievement.” Econometrica 73(2): 417–458. 176 Darling-Hammond, L. “Inequality and access to knowledge.” In J.A. Banks & C.A. McGee Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education. National Center for Education Statistics. 2000; Monitoring Quality: An Indicators Report (December 2000). As referenced on www.edtrust.org; Darling-Hammond, L. “Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 8:1. 177 The Ed Trust & The Illinois Educational Research Council. “Achieving a Fairer Distribution of Teacher Talent.” Available online at http://www2.edtrust.org/NR/rdonlyres/19416A90-BBED-4F58-9590-D5E158DD6E9/0/NASH06Peske_Crawford.pdf 178 Alliance for Excellent Education. “Teacher Attrition: A Costly Loss to the Nation and to the States.” Available online at http://www.all4ed.org/files/archive/publications/TeacherAttrition.pdf 179 Opfer, V. Darleen, and Swan Robinson. “Beyond the Numbers: Conditions of Teaching in Charter/Community Schools in Ohio.” The Ohio Collaborative, 2005. Available online at http://www.ohiocollaborative.org/downloads/policy-brief-charter-schools.pdf. 180 Hanushek, Eric and Rivkin, Steven G. “The Revolving Door.” Education Next 4:1. Available online at http://media.hoover.org/documents/ednext20041_76.pdf. 181 “Tapping the Potential: Retaining and Developing High-Quality New Teachers.” Alliance for Excellent Education. 2004. Available online at http://www.all4ed.org/files/TappingThePotential.pdf.
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182 Strong, Michael, Fletcher, Stephen, and Anthony Villar. “An Investigation of the Effects of Teacher Experience and Teacher Preparedness on the Performance of Latino Students in California.” Paper delivered at the 16th Annual UC LMRI Conference, San Diego, CA, May 2003. 183 See http://www.calhfa.ca.gov/homeownership/programs/ectp.htm for California’s program and http://www.chfa.org/firsthome/firsthome_teachermortprogram.asp for Connecticut’s program. 184 For more information on the harms of segregation and the benefits of integration please view: powell, john, Reno, Rebecca, Spencer, Marguerite. “Benefits of Integration.” Forthcoming. 185 Kahlenberg, Richard D. “Integration by Income.” American School Board Journal 193(4):51-52. 186 High poverty schools are defined as having more than 60 percent of the student body economically disadvantaged. 187 Reece, Jason & Reno, Rebecca. “Economic Segregation: Challenging Ohio’s Public Schools.” The Kirwan Institute. Available online at http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/FinalEconSegregationReport.pdf. 188 Fry, Richard. “ The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of U.S. Public Schools.” Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, 2007. 189 The statue can be viewed directly at the Nebraska Unicameral Legislature: http://www.unicam.state.ne.us/laws/statutes.php?statute=s7734042000 190 See for example, Amrein, A.L. & Berliner, D.C. 2002. “High-stakes Testing, Uncertainty, and Student Learning.” Education Policy Analysis 10(18). Available online at http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v10n18/. 191 For more information about Value-Added Assessments in Ohio see the Ohio Department of Education at http://www.ode.state.oh.us/GD/Templates/Pages/ODE/ODEPrimary.aspx?page=2&TopicID=1&TopicRelationID=117. 192 See A Broader Bolder Approach to Education online at http://www.boldapproach.org/. 193 Henderson, A.T., and N. Berla. "A New Generation of Evidence: The Family is Critical to Student Achievement." Washington, DC: National Committee for Citizens in Education, 1994. 194 Weiss, Jonathan. “Public Schools and Economic Development: What the Research Shows.” The KnowledgeWorks Foundation, 2004. 195 Ohio Central Servicing Agency. “Turnaround Ohio: Skills for High-Quality Jobs.” Available online at: http://csa.das.ohio.gov/TurnaroundOhio/SkillsforHighQualityJobs/tabid/72/Default.aspx. 196 For more information on the Austin Polytechnical Academy see their website at http://www.austinpolytech.com/. 197 “State Highlights-Ohio.” Quality Counts 2008. Editorial Projects in Education, Bethesda, MD. Available online at http://www.edweek.org/media/ew/qc/2008/18shr.oh.h27.pdf 198 For more information see the University System of Ohio website program page. Available online at http://uso.edu/opportunities/seniors2soph/index.php. 199 Majors, Stephen. February 5, 2009. “Ohio Students Jump Early to College for Free.” Business Week. Available online at http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D965MVO80.htm. 200 U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Tables Current Population Survey, Table A-2. Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2007. Available online at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html.
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201 “Ranking Tables: 2003. Percent of People 25 Years and Over Who Have Completed a Bachelor’s Degree.” American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau, Available online at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Ranking/2003/R02T040.htm. 202 The Education Trust. “Education Watch Ohio: Key Education Facts and Figures.” Available online at: http://www2.edtrust.org/edtrust/summaries2006/Ohio.pdf. 203 Weiss, Jonathan. 2004. “Public Schools and Economic Development: What the Research Shows.” The KnowledgeWorks Foundation. 204 Carbonell, Armando. “A Blueprint for a Green Agenda.” The Boston Globe, 4 December 2008. Available online at http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2008/12/04/a_blueprint_for_a_green_agenda/; Romer, Christina and Jared Bernstein. “The Job Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan.” 2009. Available online at http://otrans.3cdn.net/ee40602f9a7d8172b8_ozm6bt5oi.pdf. 205 For additional historical background see Menendian, Stephen and powell, john. “The Racial Dimension of Class in the United States” in Progressive Politics: The Strategic Importance of Race. The Kirwan Institute, 2006. Available online at http://4909e99d35cada63e7f757471b7243be73e53e14.gripelements.com/publications/ProgressivePoliticsandRaceNov2006.pdf 206 Reich, Robert. “The Stimulus: How to Create Jobs Without Them All Going to Skilled Professionals and White Male Construction Workers.” January 8, 2009. Available online at http://robertreich.blogspot.com/2009/01/stimulus-how-to-create-jobs-without.html. 207 Paynter, Bob. “If You’re Arrested for Drugs, You’re More Likely to Get a Second Chance If You’re White.” The Cleveland Plain Dealer, 19 Oct 2008. Available online at http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2008/10/race_and_drug_use.html 208 “Ohio African Americans.” Ohio Department of Development. Available online at http://www.development.ohio.gov/research/files/p0008.pdf 209 Kids Count. http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/acrossstates/Rankings.aspx?ind=3 210 PolicyMatters Ohio. “The Gender Wage Gap.” Available online at http://www.policymattersohio.org/wagegap1.htm 211 Ward, Eric. “Are African Americans Missing the Point on Immigration?” IMAGINE 2050, 2008..Available online at http://imagine2050.newcomm.org/2008/08/06/are-african-americans-missing-the-point-on-immigration/ 212 Selected Population Profile in the United States. 2006 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder. 213 Ibid. 214 Kent, Mary Mederios. 2007. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62(4):1-16. 215 Kent, Mary Mederios. 2007. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62(4): 4 216 Ibid. 217 Ibid. 218 Kent, Mary Mederios. 2007. “Immigration and America’s Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62(4): 1-16.
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219 Ibid. 220 “Immigrants and Voting: 2008 Election Profile – Ohio.” Migration Policy Institute and National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy. Available online at http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MPI-ImmigrantsandVoting-Ohio.pdf 221 “Franklin County, Ohio, Immigrants and Refugees: A Profile of the Population, Resources, and Services.” Community Research Partners and Community Refugee and Immigration Services. December 2005. Available online at http://www.communityresearchpartners.org/uploads/publications//Immigrants-Rreport-Final-12-05.pdf 222 Ibid. 223 Ibid. 224 “Table 40. Native and Foreign-Born Population by State: 2005.” U.S. Census Bureau. Available at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/08s0040.pdf 225 “Table 41. Nativity and Place of Birth of Resident Population – 25 Largest Cities: 2005.” U.S. Census Bureau. Available at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/08s0041.pdf 226 “Ohio’s Population News: Ohio’s Foreign-Born Population.” Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University. June 2003. Available online at http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36238.pdf 227 Otiso, Kefa M. and Bruce W. Smith. “Immigration and Economic Restructuring in Ohio’s Cities, 1940-2000.” Ohio Journal of Science 105(5): 133-137. 228 Ibid. 229 “Ohio’s African American Population.” Office of Policy Research and Strategic Planning, Ohio Department of Development. Available at http://www.development.ohio.gov/research/files/p0008.pdf 230 Ibid. 231 Ibid. 232 Jefferys, Kelly J. and Daniel C. Martin. “Refugees and Asylees: 2007.” Annual Flow Report, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. July 2008. Available at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_rfa_fr_2007.pdf 233 Ibid. 234 “Fiscal Year 2007 Refugee Arrivals.” Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – Administration for Children and Families. Available online at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/fy2007RA.htm 235 “Fiscal Year 2006 Refugee Arrivals.” Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – Administration for Children and Families. Available online at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/fy2006RA.htm; “Fiscal Year 2005 Refugee Arrivals.” Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – Administration for Children and Families. Available online at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/fy2005RA.htm 236 Williams, Sherri. “Refugee Program on Hold.” The Columbus Dispatch 17 Nov. 2008. Available online at http://www.thecolumbusdispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/11/17/REFUGEEDNA.ART_ART_11-17-08_B1_GMBTM4K.html 237 Ibid. 238 Ibid. 239 Somali Community Association of Ohio. http://www.somaliohio.org/index.htm
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240 The Somali American Chamber of Commerce. http://www.soamcc.org/news/chairman-letter.htm 241 Turner, Tracy. “Somali Chamber Sets Goals.” The Columbus Dispatch 2 Jan. 2008. Available online at http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2008/01/02/Somali_Chamber.ART_ART_01-02-08_C10_N58UB0I.html 242 Kusow, Abdi M. 2006. “Migration and Racial Formations Among Somali Immigrants in North America.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32(3):548. 243 Kusow, Abdi M. 2006. “Migration and Racial Formations Among Somali Immigrants in North America.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32(3):533-551. 244 Ibid. 245 Ibid. 246 Columbus attracts Somalis because of the perception that jobs are plentiful and that the cost of living is lower than many other urban areas. 247 Otiso, Kefa M. and Bruce W. Smith. 2005. “Immigration and Economic Restructuring in Ohio’s cities, 1940-2000.” Ohio Journal of Science 105(5):133-137. 248 Pyle, Encarnacion. 2004. “We No Longer Have to Live in Fear. Refugees from a persecuted Somali Bantu tribe find homes, help, and hope in Columbus.” Columbus Dispatch, May 17, 2004 249 Ibid; Pyle, Encarnacion. 2004. “Columbus struggles to take in nation’s second largest group” Columbus Dispatch, July 11, 2004. 250 Latta, Tiffany Y. 2002. “Facing up to Race; Diversity in High Schools; Somali Immigrants seek to Bridge Cultural Divide” Columbus Dispatch, January 13, 2002. 251 Ibid. 252 Williams, Sherri. 2008. “Uncommon ground: across the country, Africans and African-Americans still struggle to come together” Ebony, July 2008. 253 Williams, Sherri. 2004. “Africans, Blacks Try to Bridge Gap. Misconceptions, Limited Interaction Fuel Culture Clash” Columbus Dispatch, August 29, 2004. 254 Ibid 255 Ibid. 256 “Columbus Urban League.” Columbus Dispatch, October 5, 2003. 257 Williams, Sherri. 2008. “Uncommon ground: across the country, Africans and African-Americans still struggle to come together” Ebony, July 2008. 258 “Franklin County, Ohio, Immigrants and Refugees: A Profile of the Population, Resources, and Services.” Community Research Partners and Community Refugee and Immigration Services. December 2005. Available online at http://www.communityresearchpartners.org/uploads/publications//Immigrants-Rreport-Final-12-05.pdf 259 “Latino Ohioans,” Ohio History Central, Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History. Available online at http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=3258&nm=Latino-Ohioans 260 Riepenhoff, Jill and Czekalinski, Stephanie. 2008. “Backlash in the Heartland: Tougher Enforcement Turns up the Heat on Illegal Immigrants.” Columbus Dispatch, September 7, 2008. 261 Lizie de Freitas, Camila. “Unveiling the Picture of the New Neighbors: Integration Issues for Latino Immigrants in Hamilton, Ohio.” Unpublished Master thesis. University of Cincinnati, 2005. 262 Turner, Tracy. “Housing Crisis Hits Minorities.” The Columbus Dispatch, October 3, 2008. 263 These five bills are House Bill 308, 409, 477, 541 and Senate Bill 260.
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264 Riepenhoff, Jill and Czekalinski, Stephanie. 2008. “The Laws: Cracking Down”, Columbus Dispatch, September 7, 2008. 265 Preserving Democracy: What Went Wrong in Ohio. Status Report of the House Judiciary Committee Democratic Staff. Rep. John Conyers, Jr., Ranking Member. January 5, 2005. 266 United States District Court For the Northern District of Ohio Northern Division, The Sandusky County Democratic Party et al. v. J. Kenneth Blackwell, Case No. 3:04CV7582, Page 8. 267 Kennedy, Robert F. Jr. “Was the 2004 Election Stolen?” Rolling Stone. June 1, 2006. 268 Friedman, Anne Kiehl. “Voter Disfranchisement and Policy toward Election Reform.” Review of Policy Research, 22(6):803. 269 Ibid., 804. 270 Carey, John M., Niemi, Richard, and Powell, Lynda. “The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(6):272. 271 Newer research indicates that term limited states were more likely than non term limited states to elect women legislators which suggests a modest pro-woman term limit effect. Powell, Lynda; Niemi, Richard; Moncrief, Gary and John Carey. “Term Limits in the State Legislatures: Results from a New Survey of the 50 States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 27, 2003 272 Carey, John M., Niemi, Richard, and Lynda Powell. “The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(6):274. 273 The Ohio Constitution, Article II § 2 274 Squire, Peverill. “Membership Turnover and the Efficient Processing of Legislation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(1):30. 275 Powell, Lynda; Niemi, Richard; Moncrief, Gary and John Carey. “Term Limits in the State Legislatures: Results from a New Survey of the 50 States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 27, 2003. Page 14. 276 Carey, John M., Richard G. Niemi, and Lynda W. Powell. 2000. Term Limits in the State Legislatures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 277 Powell, Lynda; Niemi, Richard; Moncrief, Gary and John Carey. “Term Limits in the State Legislatures: Results from a New Survey of the 50 States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 27, 2003. 15. 278 “Mission and purpose.” The Ohio Legislative Black Caucus. Available online athttp://www.olbc1967.org/ht/d/sp/i/273475/pid/273475 279 “Ohio African Americans.” Ohio Department of Development. 2006. 280 An exact number is unknown as the list appears to be outdated. See at http://www.naacp.org/unitfinder/us/with_javascript/index.htm 281 “The Ray Miller Institute for Leadership and Change.” The Ohio State University Department of African and African American Studies. Available online at http://aaas.osu.edu/resources/aaascec/programs/rayMillerInstitute/yr2008/default.cfm 282 Neighborhood Leadership Institute Cleveland. http://www.neighborhoodleadership.org/ 283 “Ohio African Americans.” Ohio Department of Development. 2006. 284 Legacee. http://www.legacee.com/ 285 Putnum, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of the American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster. Page 132.
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286 “Voter Information.” Ohio Secretary of State. http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/elections/voterInformation.aspx 287 The African American Forum on Race and Regionalism 288 Griffith, Derek M.; Moy, Ernest; Reischl, Thomas M. and Elizabeth Dayton. “National Data for Monitoring and Evaluating Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities: Where Do We Go From Here?” Health Education and Behavior 2006(33):470 289 Ibid. 290 Ibid. 291 For more information see Section V of this report.. 292 See the World Health Organization definition of “health,” World Health Organization (1974). Constitution of the World Health Organization and Chronicle of the World Health Organization, 1:29-43. 293 Murphy, Tom. “Employees need bigger carrot for wellness programs.” USA Today, October 28, 2008.. Available online at http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-10-28-940225182_x.htm 294 Yancey, AK et al. “Putting promotion into practice: the African Americans building a legacy of health organizational wellness program.” Health Promotion Practice 7(3 Suppl):233S-46S. 295 For more information see Section V of this report. 296 Airhihenbuwa, Collins O. and Leandris Liburd. “Eliminating Health Disparities in the African American Population: The Interface of Culture, Gender, and Power.” Health Education and Behavior 33:488. 297 Williams, D.R. and C. Collins, “Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health,” Public Health Reports 116(5):404–416 298 Williams, D. R. (1998). “African American health: The role of the social environment.” Journal of Urban Health, 75:300-321. 299 Table L5 Adult Self-Reported Lifetime Asthma Prevalence Rate (Percent) and Prevalence (Number) by Race/Ethnicity and State or Territory: BRFSS 2007. Center for Disease Control. 2007. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/brfss/07/lifetime/tableL5.htm 300 “2008 Asthma Capitals: The Most Challenging Places to Live with Asthma”. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. Available online at http://aafa.org/pdfs/FinalPublicList__AC___2008.pdf 301 “Asthma: A Concern for Minority Populations, NIAID Fact Sheet: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.” Available online at http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/artic/asthma_a_concern_for_minority_populations_niaid_fact_sheet_niaid.htm. 302 Cutler, D.M.; Glaeser, E.L., and J.L. Vigdor. “Are Ghettos Good or Bad?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(3):827–872. 303 Ross, C. and C. Wu. “The links between education and health.” American Sociological Review 60(5):719-745. 304 Smedley, Brian D.; Stith, Adrienne Y., and Alan R. Nelson, eds. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003. Page 77. 305 Himmelstein, D., E. Warren, D. Thorne et al. “Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy.” Health Affairs Web Exclusive (Feb. 2, 2005):W5-63–W5-73. 306 “Ohio: Distribution of the Nonelderly Uninsured by Race/Ethnicity, states (2006-2007), U.S. (2007).” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=138&cat=3&rgn=37
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307 “Ohio: Percentage Point Change Among Nonelderly 0-64 by Coverage Type, 2004-2007.” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=164&cat=3&rgn=37 308 “Ohio: Distribution of the Nonelderly Uninsured by Race/Ethnicity, states (2006-2007), U.S. (2007).” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=138&cat=3&rgn=37; Mischel, Lawrence and Heidi Shierholz. “Without Adequate Public Spending, a Catastrophic Recession for Some.” Issue Brief #248. Economic Policy Institute. Available online at http://epi.3cdn.net/3138bb119fa2e1d286_aqm6bnqto.pdf. 309 Smedley, BD; Stith, AY, and AR Nelson. “Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare.” Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003. 310 National Association of Community Health Centers. “Access Transformed: Building A Primary Care Workforce for the 21st Century.” Available online at http://www.nachc.com/client/documents/ACCESS%20Transformed%20full%20report.pdf 311 Shi, L. “Experience of primary care by racial and ethnic groups in the United States.” Medical Care 37(10):1068-1077. 312 Comment from a concerned Ohio stakeholder. 313 Jones CP. “Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale.” American Journal of Public Health 90:1212-1215. 314 Smedley, Stith, and Nelson, Executive Summary. 315 Kawachi, I; Daniels, N. and DE Robinson. “Health disparities by race and class: why both matter.” Health Affairs 24(2):343-352. 316 Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Osypuk, Theresa L.; McArdle, Nancy, and David R. Williams. “Toward A Policy-Relevant Analysis of Geographic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Child Health.” Health Affairs 27(2):321-333. 317 Baicker, K. et al. “Who You Are and Where You Live: How Race and Geography Affect the Treatment of Medicare Beneficiaries,"” Health Affairs, 7 October 2004. Available online at http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff.var.33; Katz, J.N. “Patient Preferences and Health Disparities,” Journal of the American Medical Association 286(12):1506–1509. 318 See “Poor diet, lack of exercise as lethal as smoking.”American Cancer Society, 2004. Available online at http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_Were_Killing_Ourselves.asp 319 See “Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic disease.” World Health Organization, 2003. Available online at http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf 320 Edwards, J., DeFiore-Hyrmer, J., Pryor, B., and Biggers, H. “Addressing Disparities in Ohio's Priority Populations.” Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Program, Ohio Department of Health. Columbus, OH: 2007. Available online at http://www.odh.ohio.gov/ASSETS/7DC49C286AC346C4B1837DF456C78C1F/summ%20and%20rec%2008.pdf 321 Chan, W.F.; Boyle, K.K.; Pryor, B.A., and R.W.Indian. “Cardiovascular Disease in Ohio, 2001.” Division of Prevention, Ohio Department of Health. Available online at http://www.odh.ohio.gov/ASSETS/966E6B1DE9EA408896DA3A0A28804DF3/CVDoh01.pdf 322 Edwards, DeFiore-Hyrmer, Pryor, and Biggers. 323 Chan et al.
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324 Ibid. 325 “Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease.” The American Heart Association. Available online at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726 326 DeFiore-Hyrmer, Jolene and Barbara Pryor. “The Burden of Stroke in Ohio 2006.” Available online at http://www.ems.ohio.gov/PDF/BurdenOfStroke.pdf. 327 Health,United States 2003. National Center for Health Statistics. 328 “Ohio: Age-Adjusted Cancer Incidence Rate per 100,000 Population by Race/Ethnicity, 2004.” http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=66&cat=2&rgn=37 329 Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice. Race, class, and environmental hazards. 330 Virnig, Beth A.; Baxter, Nancy N.; Habermann, Elizabeth B.; Feldman Roger D. and Cathy J. Bradley. “A Matter of Race: Early-Versus Late-Stage Cancer Diagnosis.” Health Affairs 28(1):160-168. 331 “Ohio: Number of Cancer Deaths per 100,000 Population by Race/Ethnicity, 2005.” http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=69&cat=2&rgn=37 332 “Ohio HIV/AIDS Statistical Summary 2005.” Ohio Department of Health. Available online at http://www.odh.ohio.gov/ASSETS/E68B47BE8FEC42E699C20A2152894A70/hiv1205.pdf 333 “Ohio: Distribution of Reported AIDS Cases, All Ages, by Race/Ethnicity, Cumulative through 2006” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=506&cat=11&rgn=37 334 “Ohio: Distribution of AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) Clients Served by Race/Ethnicity, June 2007.” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=539&cat=11&rgn=37 335 Jeffe, DB; Meredith, K; Mundy, L., and V. Fraser. “Factors associated with HIV-infected patients’ recognition and use of HIV medications.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 19(4):350-60. 336 “Ohio Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2004–2006.” Chronic Disease and Behavioral Epidemiology Section, Bureau of Health Surveillance, Information, and Operational Support -Prevention, Ohio Department of Health. See also the Ohio Department of Health Family Health Survey at www.Statehealthfacts.org 337 “Ohio: Overweight and Obesity Rates for Adults by Race/Ethnicity, 2007.” State Health Facts. Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=91&cat=2&rgn=37 338 Olshansky, SJ et al. “A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century,” New England Journal of Medicine 352(11):1138-1145; Lakdawalla, D. N. et al. “Are the young becoming more disabled?" Health Affairs 23:168–176.. 339 Ohio LIONS Eye Research Foundation (n.d.) “Diabetes in Ohio and the nation”. Available online at http://ohiolionseyeresearch.com/diabetes_in_ohio.htm 340 “Ohio: Number of Diabetes Deaths per 100,000 Population by Race/Ethnicity, 2005.” State Health Facts. Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=76&cat=2&rgn=37; “Ohio's Diabetes Fact Sheet.” Available online at http://www.odh.ohio.gov/odhPrograms/hprr/diabete/dfacts/facts.aspx 341 DeFiore-Hyrmer, Jolene, Duffy, Rosemary and Sunny Kim. “The Burden of Diabetes in Ohio.” Available online at http://www.odh.ohio.gov/odhPrograms/hprr/diabete/dfacts/facts.aspx
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342 “Diabetes.” In Healthy People 2010. Available online at http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/HTML/Volume1/05Diabetes.htm 343 See Ayalon, L. and M. Young. “A Comparison Of Depressive Symptoms in African Americans And Caucasian Americans.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34(1):111-124.; and “Mental Health fact sheet,” U.S. Public Health Service. Available online at http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cre/fact1.asp 344 Leventhal, T., & J. Brooks-Gunn. “Moving to opportunity: An experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health.” American Journal of Public Health 93:1576–1582; Caspi, A. et al. “Neighborhood deprivation affects children’s mental health: Environmental risks identified in a genetic design.” Psychological Science 11:338–342. 345 See Ruiz, D. Handbook of Mental health and mental disorder among Black Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990; and Williams, D.R., and J.S. House. . “Stress, social support, control and coping: A social epidemiological view” 157-172 in B. Badura and I. Kickbush (eds.) Health Promotion Research: Towards a New Social Epidemiology. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 1991. 346 Williams, D.R., Takeuchi, D. and R. Adair. “Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorder among blacks and whites.” Social Forces 71:179-194. 347 Carstens, Carol et al. “Who Received Ohio Publicly-funded Mental Health Services in FY 2007?” Bulletin 1(June 2008), Ohio Department of Mental Health. Available online at http://b9962ed140049a571a710839f1f71c989aaf09ce.gripelements.com/oper/research/publications/data-bulletins/1-overview.pdf. 348 Gonzales, H. et al. “Antidepressive Use among Blacks and Whites in the United States.” Psychiatric Services 59(10):1131-1138.; Kilbourne, A. & Pincus, H. “Brief reports: Patterns of psychotropic medication use by race among veterans with bipolar disease”. Psychiatric Service 57:123-126. 349 Duncan, Greg, and Anita Zuberi. "Mobility Lessons from Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity.” Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy 1(1):110-26. 350 The National institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. “A plan to eliminate craniofacial, oral, and dental health disparities.” Available online at http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/54B65018-D3FE-4459-86DD-AAA0AD51C82B/0/hdplan.pdf 351 Matthews TJ, Menecker F. and MF MacDorman. “Infant mortality statistics from the 2001 period linked birth infant death data set.” National vital statistics reports 52(2). Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2003. 352 “Low-birthweight babies, by Race: Percent: 2005.” Annie E. Casey Foundation. Available online at http://www.kidscount.org/datacenter/compare_results.jsp?i=51 353 “Ohio: Percentage of Mothers Beginning Prenatal Care in the First Trimester by Race/Ethnicity, 2005.” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?ind=45&cat=2&rgn=37 354 “The Disparity Cavity: Filling America’s Oral Healthcare Gap.” Oral Health America. Kellogg Foundation, 2000. Available online http://www.wkkf.org/DesktopModules/WKF.00_DmaSupport/ViewDoc.aspx?LanguageID=0&CID=7&ListID=28&ItemID=70010&fld=PDFFile. 355 Oral Health America; National institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research 356 National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
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357 “Human Services Policy Center. Family Matters: Mental Health of Children and Parents.” Washington Kids Count. Available online at http://www.aecf.org/upload/publicationfiles/family%20matters.pdf 358 Smedley, Brian D. et al. Unequal Treatment Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003. Available online at http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030908265X; Krieger, Nancy and Sally Zierler. Critical Public Health 7(1-2):38-49. 359 For more information see section VI of this report on Gender. 360 Kirchheimer, Sid. “Health care bias not just black and white.” WebMD Health News Oct 1 2003. Available online at http://www.webmd.com/news/20031001/health-care-bias-not-just-black-white 361 Airhihenbuwa, C. O., & Liburd, L. (2006). “Eliminating Health Disparities in the African American Population: The Interface of Culture, Gender, and Power.” Health Education & Behavior 33(4):488-501. 362 Mechanic, David. “The Truth About Health Care: Why Reform Is Not Working in America.” Journal of the American Medical Association 297:1132-1133. 363 Goering, J. and J.D. Feins, eds. Choosing a Better Life: Evaluating the Moving to Opportunity Social Experiment. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2003; and Acevedo-Garda, D. et al., “Does Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health?” Housing Policy Debate 15(1):49-98. 364 Mechanic, David. “Population Health: Challenges for Science and Society.” Milbank Quarterly 85(3):533-559. 365 Lurie, Nicole and Tamara Dubowitz. “Health Disparities and Access to Health.” Journal of the American Medical Association 297:1118-1121. 366 Shi L, et al. “Primary Care, Race, and Mortality in U.S. States.” Social Science and Medicine 61(1):65-75. 367 Schwartz, B. “The Social Ecology of Time Barriers.” Social Forces 56:1203-1220. 368 Karvounis, Niko. “The Many Faces of Racial inequality.” Health Policy Watch, 17 October 2007. Available online at http://www.medicarewatch.org/commentary.asp?opedid=1708 369 Bach, Peter B. et al. “Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites.” New England Journal of Medicine 351: 575-584. Available online at http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/351/6/575?ijkey=171bfe4196926478a3127454a8a900bdb88037c1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha 370 Fawcett, S. et al. “Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development.” American Journal of Community Psychology 23(5):677- 697. 371 LaVigna, W. and Thomas J. Willis. “Challenging Behavior: A Model for Breaking the Barriers to Social and Community Integration.” Positive Practices, Volume I Number 1. Institute for Applied Behavior Analysis, 1995. Available online at http://www.iaba.com/article.htm 372 “Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations.” Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 14 January 2004. 373 Herman, Robin. “More Than 2/3 Of Massachusetts Residents Support Health Reform Law According To Poll.” Medical News Today 17 July 2008. Available online at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/115253.php 374 Saha, Somnath et al. “Do patients choose physicians of their own race?” Health Affairs 19(4):76-83. 375 Cooper-Patrick, Lisa, et al. “Race, gender and partnership in the patient-physician relationship.” Journal of the American Medical Association 282(6):583-589.
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376 “Distribution of Nonfederal Physicians by Race/Ethnicity, 2002.” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available online at http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparetable.jsp?ind=454&cat=9. 377 “Distribution of Medical School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity, 2007.” State Health Facts. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Available online at: http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparetable.jsp?ind=454&cat=9. 378 Liburd, Leandris C. et al. “Looking Through a Glass, Darkly: Eliminating Health Disparities.” Preventing Chronic Disease 3(3):A72. 379 “Statement on the Physician Workforce, June 2006.” Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 2006. 380 Pager, Devah. “The Mark of a Criminal Record.” American Journal of Sociology 108(5):937-75. 381 “Crime in the United States 2004.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005. 382 “Census of Population and Housing.” U.S. Bureau of the Census 2000. 383 National Crime Victimization Survey, 2001. 384 Ibid. 385 Weitzer, Ronald and Steven Tuch. “Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct.” Social Problems 51(3):305-325. 386 Green, Eva G. T., Staerkle, Christian., and David O. Sears. “Symbolic Racism and Whites’ Attitudes Toward Punitive and Preventive Crime Policies.” Law and Human Behavior 30:435-454. 387 “And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of Color in the Justice System.” National Council on Crime and Delinquency. January 2007. 388 Lauritsen, Janet and Norman White. “Putting Violence in its Place: The Influence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Place on the Risk of Violence.” Criminology and Public Policy 1(1): 37-60. 389 Krivo, Lauren., Peterson, Ruth., and Danielle Kuhl. “Segregation, Racial Structure, and Violent Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 114(6):1765-1802. 390 Krivo, Lauren and Ruth Peterson. “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime.” Social Forces 75(2):619-650. 391 Wooldredge, John and Amy Thistlethwaite. “Neighborhood Structure and Race Specific Rates of IntimaeSHOULD THIS WORD BE INTIMATE? Assault.” Criminology 41(2):393-422. 392 “State of Crime and Criminal Justice in Ohio.” Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2007. 393 Ibid. 394 Overall, the arrests for violent crime were nearly even, however, when looking at specific crimes blacks accounted for 60 percent of murders and 39 percent of rapes. Conversely, whites accounted for 60 percent of arrests for rape and 39 percent for murders. With regard to property crime Whites are arrested over twice as much for burglaries (67%) and larcenies (72%), and over three times as much for arsons (75%) compared to blacks. When comparing racial difference in drug arrests blacks constitute 39 percent while whites make up 60 percent of all arrests for drug offenses 395 Lundman, Richard, and Robert Kauffman. “Driving While Black: Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender or Citizen Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions.” Criminology 41:195-220. 396 “Racial Profiling Data Collection Status Report.” Institute on Race and Poverty. University of Minnesota, 2000.
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397 Lundman, Richard J. “Driver Race, Ethnicity, and Gender and Citizen Reports of Vehicle Searches by Police and Vehicle Search Hits: Toward a Triangulated Scholarly Understanding.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 94(2):309-350. 398 “Racial Profiling Data Collection Status Report.” Institute on Race and Poverty. University of Minnesota, 2000. 399 U.S. Department of Justice. 2004. 400 Butterfield, Fox. “Study Finds Big Increases in Black Men as Inmates Since 1980.” The New York Times, 28 August 2002. Page A14. 401 Marbley, Aretha Faye., and Ralph Ferguson. “Responding to Prisoner Reentry, Recidivism, and Incarceration of Inmates of Color: A Call to the Communities.” Journal of Black Studies 35 (5):633-649. 402 Butterfield. 403 President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. “Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America.” Final Report, 2003. Available online at http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/FinalReport/FullReport-03.htm 404 The Sentencing Project. “Mentally Ill Persons in the Criminal Justice System: An Analysis and Prescription.” 405 Koons-Witt, Barbara and Pamela Schram. 2006. “Does Race Matter? Examining the Relationship Between Co-Offending and Victim Characteristics for Violent Incidents Involving Female Offenders.” Feminist Criminology 1(2):125-146. 406 “State of Crime and Criminal Justice in Ohio.” Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2004. 407 Payne, Danielle et al. “Crime in Ohio: Analyses of OIBRS Data.” Report to the State of Ohio’s Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2006. 408 Gettman, Jon B. “Crimes of Indiscretion: Marijuana Arrests in the United States.” National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, 2005. 409 Anderson, Shelly. “State of Emergency: Stemming the Tide of Injustice Against African Americans.” NAACP Research Department. 2007. 410 The age of jurisdiction for the Ohio Department of Youth Services has been lowered from 12 to 10 although offenders age 10 and 11 are detained in a private and separate facility operated by children’s Services until age 12 411 Technically, youth can be placed in the custody of OODYS up to age 21; however, the youth can be released early if they meet all conditions of their treatment programming. 412 “State of Crime and Criminal Justice in Ohio.” Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2004 413 “And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of color in the Justice System.” National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2007. 414 Ibid. 415 Macmillian, Ross. “Violence and the Life Course: The Consequences of Victimization for Personal and Social Development.” Annual Review of Sociology 27:1-22. 416 Harrell, Erika. “Black Victims of Violent Crime.” Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2007. 417 “State of Crime and Criminal Justice in Ohio.” Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2004.
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418 Macmillan. 419 McLanahan, Sara and Christine Percheski. “Family Structure and the Reproduction of Inequalities.” Annual Review of Sociology 34:257-76. 420 Ibid. 421 Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. “Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration.” American Sociological Review 69:151-169. 422 Western, Bruce, Pettit, Becky and Josh Guetzkow. “Black Economic Progress in the Era of Mass Imprisonment.” In Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment (Mauer, Mark and Meda Chesney-Line, eds.) New York: Free Press, 2002. Pp. 165-80 423 “Incarcerated Fathers: A Statistical Profile.” Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections, Office of Prisons, 2004. 424 Uggen, Christopher. “Growing Older, Having a Job, and Giving up Crime.” American Sociological Review 65:529-546. 425 Behrens, A., Uggen, C., and J.Manza. “Ballot Manipulation and the ‘Menace of Negro domination’: Racial threat and felon disfranchisement laws in the United States, 1850-2002.” American Journal of Sociology 109:559-605. 426 Ibid. 427 Uggen, C., Behrens, A,. and J. Manza. “Criminal Disfranchisement.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1:307-22. 428 Uggen, C,. and J. Manza. 2002. “Democratic Contradiction? The political consequences of felony disfranchisement in the United States.” American Sociological Review 67(6):777-803. 429 “Federal Elections 2000: Election results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.” Washington, DC: Federal Elections Commission, 2001. 430 Uggen, C. and J. Manza. “Democratic Contradiction? The political consequences of felony disfranchisement in the United States.” American Sociological Review 67:777-803. 431 “Death Row Inmates.” Ohio Department of Correction and Rehabilitation. Available online at www.drc.state.oh.us/public/deathrow.htm 432 “State of Crime and Criminal Justice in Ohio.” Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2007. 433 Ibid. 434 See Death Penalty Information Center website at http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org. 435 “Release Trends in the U.S.”. Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, 2004. 436 Ibid. 437 “A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Ohio.” Urban Institute Justice Policy Center 2003. 438 Bellair, Paul, Roscigno, Vincent, and Thomas McNulty. “Linking Local Labor Market Opportunity to Violent Adolescent Delinquency.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40(1):6-33. 439 U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. 440 “A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Ohio.” Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center 2003. 441 Senate Bill 2 mandated a period of post-release supervision for the most serious crimes and allowed the parole board the discretion to place less serious offenders on post-release supervision. 442 Fritz Rauschenbert and David Diroll. “Monitoring Sentencing Reform.” Sentencing Commission Staff Report. Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission, 2003.
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443 Lipsey, Mark and Francis Cullen. “The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3:297-320. 444 Akers, R.L,. and C.S. Sellers. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles: Roxbury. 4th edition. 445 Ibid. 446 “A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Ohio.” Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center 2003. 447 Ibid. 448 Langan, P.A., and Levin, D. J. “Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994.” Federal Sentences Reporter 1(1):58-64. 449 For committing a new felony while on supervision, ex-prisoners can be incarcerated for the remaining length of the PRC supervision period or 12 months in addition to a new prison term for the new crime. Moyer and Diroll (2002). 450 “A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Ohio.” Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center 2003. 451 Kellermann, Arthur et al. “Preventing Youth Violence: What Works?” Annual Review of Public Health 19:271-92. 452 Sampson, Robert. “The Embeddedness of Child and Adolescent Development: A community level perspective on urban violence.” In Violence and Childhood in the Inner City (McCord, Joan, ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 31-77 453 South, Scott and Steven Messner. “Crime and Demography: Multiple Linkages, Reciprocal Relations.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:83-106. 454 Marion, Nancy. “Community Corrections in Ohio: Cost Savings and Program Effectiveness.” Justice Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002. 455 Ibid. 456 Keels, Micere et al. “Fifteen Years Later: Can Residential Mobility Programs Provide A Long-Term Escape From Neighborhood Segregation, Crime and Poverty?” Demography 42(1):51-73. 457 Mair, Julie and Michael Mair. “Violence Prevention and Control through Environmental Modifications.” Annual Review of Public Health, 24:209-225. 458 Ibid. 459 Dillman, Jeffrey et al. “Continued Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Ohio Mortgage Lending.” Housing Research and Advocacy Center, 2008. 460 Guinier, Lani and Gerald Torres. The Miner’s Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2002. 461 powell, john and Jason Reece. “Perspectives on CED in a Global Economy.” In Building Healthy Communities: A Guide to Community Economic Development for Advocates, Lawyers and Policymakers (Clay, Roger & Susan Jones, eds.). Chicago: American Bar Association, 2009. Pp. 17-54. 462 Sachs, Jeffrey. “Development Economics as Clinical Economics.” The Globalist. July 5th 2005. On-line at: http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4602 463 Ibid. 464 Ibid.
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