sophie’s needs in rooftoppers novel by using maslow’s

e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 1 | Januari 2020 | Hal: 130-144

Terakreditasi Sinta 4

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SOPHIE’SNEEDSINROOFTOPPERSNOVEL BYUSINGMASLOW’STHEORYOFHIERARCHY

OFHUMANNEEDS

AkbarYunadi,SinggihDaruKuncara,NitaMayaValiantien

EnglishDepartment,FacultyofCulturalSciencesMulawarmanUniversity

Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT ThisresearchaimedtoanalyzeSophie’sneedsbasedonthetheoryofHierarchyofHumanNeedsbyAbrahamHaroldMaslow.ThepurposesofthisresearchweretofindouttheneedsofthemaincharacterfromtheRooftoppersnovelandalsofindinghowshe fulfillsallherneeds.Thisresearchuseddescriptivequalitativeresearchbecausethedatawereshowninwords.Thereweretwodiscussionstakeninthisresearch. First, is the identification of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the novelthrough the main character. The second is the identification of how the maincharacterfulfillherneedsaccordingtoMaslow’stheory.Rooftoppersnovelwasusedinthisresearchasthedatasource.Thedataconsistedofparagraphs,phrases,words,and dialogues through the novel that showed Sophie’s needs. The results of theresearchshowedthatSophiemanagedtofulfillallofherneedsbothathomeandonherwayof findingher longlostmother inParis.Startingfromthebasicneedsofphysiologicalneeds,safetyneeds,loveandbelongingneeds,esteemneeds,andself-actualizationneed.Sophiemanagedtofulfillallofherneedsthroughheractions,dialogs,habits,andthoughts.Keywords:Hierarchyofneeds,Maslow’stheory,character

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bermaksud untukmenganalisa kebutuhan Sophie berdasarkan teorihirarki kebutuhan manusia oleh Abraham Harold Maslow. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah:mencari kebutuhan dari karakter utama dari novel Rooftoppers dan jugamencaribagaimanakaraktertersebutmemenuhisemuakebutuhannya.Penelitianinimenggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena data yang ditampilkan dalambentuk kata. Terdapat dua diskusi dalam penelitiani ini. Diskusi pertama adalahmengidentifikasihirarkikebutuhanmanusiadinovelmelaluikaraktersangkarakterutama. Dan yang kedua adalah mencari bagaimana karakter utama memenuhikebutuhannyamenurutteoriMaslow.Novelrooftoppersdigunakansebagaisumberdatadalampenelitianini.Dataterdiridariparagraf,frasa,kata,dandialogdarinovel



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yang menunjukkan kebutuhan dari Sophie sebagai karakter utama. Hasil daripenelitianinimenunjukanbahwaSophieberhasiluntukmemenuhiseluruhkebutuhandirinyabaikdirumahdandidalamperjalanannyauntukmencariibunyayangtelahlamahilangdikotaParis.Mulaidarikebutuhandasarnyayaitukebutuhanfisiologis,keamanan,rasacintadanmemiliki,kebutuhanakanhargadiri,danaktualisasidiri.Sophie berhasil memenuhi semua kebutuhannya melalui tindakan, percakapan,kebiasaan,danpemikiran.Katakunci:hirarkikebutuhan,teoriMaslow,characterA. INTRODUCTION

Rooftoppers is a story about Sophie, the main character in the story, whosurvived a shipwreck as a baby, but her life really beganwhen an eccentric butlovingbachelorbroughtherhome.CharlesusestoastasabookmarkandwelcomesSophie’swritingonthewalls.However,whenchildprotectiveservicesthreatenstoremoveSophietoanorphanage,sheandCharlesfleetoParistosearchfortheonethingthatmightsaveherforlife,hermother.There,Sophiemetagroupofchildrenwho lived under the radar, atop the rooftops of Paris. Among the rooftops, herfairytalereachesmaturity.Loveandcourageturnedouttobethetwowordsforthesamething.Sophielearnstovalueandretainthestrangenessshewasbornwithand,inholdingontoherchild'sabilitytobelieveintheextraordinary,to"neverignoreapossible". Sophie learnt that if you never ignore a possible, sometimes theimpossiblefeasiblywillcometrue.

B. RELATEDLITERATURE

1.LiteratureLiteratureisaformofhumanexpressionthatisexpressibleinwords.Wellekand

Warrenarguethatliteratureisafiction(qtd.inRobson4).Robsoninhisessayalsoargues that havingmaintained that the center of the art of literature lies in thetraditionalgenresoflyric,epicanddrama.Theyremarkthatinallofthesereferenceistoaworldoffiction,ofimagination(Robson4).

Literature isdivided into threemaingenres;prose fiction,poetryanddrama.Proseconsistsofwritingthatdoesnotadheretoanyparticularformalstructures(otherthansimplegrammar);“non-poeticwriting”.Thetermsometimesappearspejoratively,althoughprosaicwritingsimplysayssomethingwithoutnecessarilytryingtoexpressitinabeautifulway,orusingbeautifulwords.Incontrast,prosewritingcantakebeautifulway.Oneofthemaintypesofproseisnarrativefiction(narrativeprose). It favorsprose for thewriting of novels, short stories and thesimilardynamics.



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2.CharacterCharacteristhebasicandthemainpartoftheliterature.Itwillbuildandfulfill

thestorywithwhattheydoandsaytodeliverthemessage.Insidethestoryitis“thecharactersthatcreatetheplot,liketheVillaincreatesaproblemthattheheromustovercome.”(Bortolussi133).Charactercanberepresentedinformsofnotonlyas“person or people but also can be represented as animals, or objects” (“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”1)presentedby thewriter.Characters inastorywilldefinitelydealwithaproblemsandtheywilllearnalessonorchangethebehaviorasaresultoftheevents. Herearesometypesofthecharacter:

a. Protagonist Protagonist is the good character in the story. It ismostly used by themain

characterinsideastory.Thistypeofcharacteristhepersonthat“thereadercaresmostaboutandisthe“goodguy”inthestory”(“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”1).Thecharacterfeaturesagoodlifeandthingsthathappensaroundthischaracterwillbuildthischaracterandaffectingthelifeofthecharacter.

b.AntagonistAntagonistcharacteristheoppositeoftheprotagonist.Ithasthebadattitude

and opposes the protagonist. An antagonistwill be “against the protagonist andcauses problems. . . “(“Literary Elements Characterization” 1). A character whoantagonizes other character and will do anything to achieve and harm othercharacters.

c.RoundRoundcharacterisawell-developedcharacterthatshowsunpredictablemove

withmanysurpriseswithcomplexproblems.d.Flat Thischaracteronlyrevealsonepersonalityinthestoryanddonotchangeuntil

theend.

e.DynamicAcharacterthatchangesduringthecourseofthestory.Thechangeinoutlook

orcharacterareratherpermanent.It isalsocalledasadevelopingcharacterandmostlyasthemaincharacter.Thiskindofcharacterwillalso“undergoesachangein values, beliefs, orbehaviors as a result of experiencesorproblems.”(“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”3). f.Static

As theoppositeof thedynamic character, static character remains the samethroughout the story. It is also when a character remains” unchanged by theexperiences that they face in the story” (“LiteraryElementsCharacterization”3).Thus,thischaracterisreferredtoasastaticcharacter.



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3.CharacterizationCharacterizationisamethodwhichisusedbyawritertorevealacharacter.Itis

helpfultorevealthecharacter’svalues,feelings,goals,andsoontothereaders.Asthestorytold,theauthorwilluseavarietyoftechniquestohelpreadersknowaboutthecharactersinsidethestory.KarenBernardoarguesthatcharacterizationallowsustoempathizewithcharacters.Sothatwhatishappeningtothesepeopleinthestoryisalsohappeningtousorthesemblanceoflivingreality.Animportantpartofcharacterization isdialogue, both spokenand inwarddialogue that affordus theopportunity to see into the characters' hearts and examine their motivations.(Bernardoetal.)Therearetwomajorwayofcharacterizationtechniques, thesearenamelythe

“Direct Characterization and Indirect Characterization” (“Literary ElementsCharacterization”1). a. DirectCharacterizationDirectcharacterizationiswhen“thewritersharesinformationaboutcharacter

by telling the information directly to the reader.”(“Literary ElementsCharacterization”1). Thisisdonethroughnarrationwhentheauthorcomesrightoutandtellsthereaderthingsaboutthecharacter.Forexample,thewritermighttellus“Sandywasthesmartestinthefamily.”OrthatSandywastallforherageandhadanathleticbuild.”InthisinstancereadershavethecertainknowledgeofSarah’sintellectinrelationtotherestofthefamilyandofherbuildorappearance.Thistypeofcharacterizationmakesiteasyforreaderstoderiveorgainclearunderstandingsaboutthecharacter. b. IndirectCharacterizationIndirectcharacterizationoccurswhentheauthorshowsthecharacterinactions,

and lets the reader interpretwhat these actions reveal about the character. Forexample like theauthormaywrite, “At report card timeSandywas theonewhobrought home all “A”s.” Reader must then rely on their own knowledge andexperiencetointerpretthatSandymustbecleverandprobablythesmartestinthefamily. Therearetoolsincludethefollowingsthattheresearchersandreaderscoulduse

tocorrectlyinterprettheinformationinordertohaveanaccurateassessmentofthecharacter.Theyareasfollows:1. Character’sname. NamesconveyImages.Ifacharacterhasastrongname,readersinterpretthe

characterinafavorableway.Ifacharacterhasaweakorundesirablename,thenthecharacterseemsweakandisviewedlessfavorable.

2. Character’slooks.Ifacharacterisphysicallyattractive,wewillperceivethecharacterinamore

favorablewaythanifthecharacterwereunattractive.Howoftendoyouremember



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theheroinastorybeingshort,weak,ugly,orevenoverweight?Itwillbeabsolutelyraretoalmoststronglyabsenthavesuchprotagonist.

3. Character’sJobWecouldmakeassumptionsaboutcharactersbasedontheworkthattheydo.

So,ifthecharacterisafrycookinadiner,wewillmakedifferentassumptionsaboutthe character than theywould if the character is a doctor. In the once case, thecharactermaybeinterpretedasuneducated,poor,orunambitious. Inothercase,thecharactermightbeassumedtobequite intelligent, financiallysuccessful,andambitious.

4. Character’sHomeTheenvironment inwhich character livesmay cause readers to formcertain

assumptionsaboutthecharacter.Ifacharacterlivesinamobilehomeinatrailerpark,wemightmakedifferentassumptionsthanwewouldifthecharacterlivesinthepenthouseofahighriseapartmentinahigh-rentdistrict.

5. Character’shabits/actionsA character’s behaviors can reveal a lot about a character. For instance, if a

characterbiteshisnails,wemightinterpretthecharacterasnervousorlackingofconfidence. Thisacknowledgesthesayingof,“Actionsspeaklouderthanworks.”

6. Character’sDialogWhat character says to and/or about others canmake readers becomewell-

informedaboutwhatthecharacterlookslike.Bothwhatthecharacterssayandhowtheysayitshouldbeconsidered.

7. Character’sthoughtsWhat a character has thought to himself may also reveal the character’s

personality in a similar way that of dialog could. A character’s thoughts sharesimilaritieswiththeinnerdialog.

Itisimportanttofindthecharacterizationofacharactersothatitispossibletoarrive with clear understandings of what and how the characters in stories aredefined.Thisisalsoagoodwayfortheresearcherstofindouthowthecharacterisportrayed in the story beforemoving on analyzing themain character with themotivation theory by Abraham Maslow later on. Greater understanding at thecharacterizationcouldunfoldthecharacter’spersonality.MarissaBortolussiarguesandcorrectlystillappliedtillnowthat,”Bothcharacterandcharacterizationhavebeenandstillaproductiveareaofscholarship.”(5)

4.AbrahamMaslow’sTheoryofHierarchyofNeedsAccordingtopsychologistAbrahamMaslowouractionsaremotivatedinorder

toachievecertainneeds (370).Maslowexplained thathumanshave to fulfill the



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goalsoftheirlifeandclassifyintofivemainstages.HerearethefivestagesofbasicneedsaccordingtoMaslow’spaper“ATheoryofHumanMotivation”:a. PhysiologicalNeeds

Physiologicalneedsarethefirstandtheverybasiclevelofthehierarchyofneedsaccording to Maslow. This is the starting point for motivation theory (372).Physiologicalneedscontainverybasicneedsthatisneededbythehumanbeingsuchasneedforwater,air,foodandsleepandsex.Atthisstage,physiologicalneedsarethemostprepotentof all needs. For example if thehumanbeingwho ismissingeverythinginlifeinanextremefashion,itismostlikelythatthemajormotivationwouldbetheseneeds(373). Griffinalsostatedthatinphysiologicalneeds,thebodyiscravingforfood,liquid,

sleep,oxygen,freedomofmovement,andamoderatetemperature(127).Healsoarguethatoncethesephysicalneedsaremetregularly,theyarenolongerexertforpressure.Anotherevidentexampleisforthemanwhoisextremelyanddangerouslyhungry,otherinterestswillnotexistexceptfoods.Hedreamsfood,andremembersfood,hethinksaboutitandemotesonlyaboutthefood,heperceivesonlyfoodandhewantsonlyfoods(374)b. SafetyNeeds

Safety needs emerge if the physiological needs above are well gratified. Theexamplesofthesafetyneedsincludeadesireforsteadyemployment,healthcare,safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Atthislevel,everythinglooksconsiderablylessimportantthansafety.Ifitisextremeenoughorchronicenough,amanmaybecharacterizedaslivingalmostforsafetyalone(376).Maslowinhisessays said that it is easy to understand of his safety needsmore efficiently byobservation of infants and children. He argues, One reason for the clearerappearanceofthethreatordangerreactionininfantsisthattheydonotinhibitthisreactionatall,whereasadultsinoursocietyhavebeentaughttoinhibitatallcost.Thus,evenwhenadultsdofeeltheirsafetytobethreatenedwemaynotbeabletosee this on the surface. Infants will react in a total fashion and as if they wereendangered, if they are disturbed or dropped suddenly, started by loud noises,flashinglight,orotherunusualsensorystimulation,byroughhandling,bygenerallossofsupportinmother’sarms,orbyinadequatesupport. . . .Anotherindicationofthechild'sneedforsafetyishispreferenceforsomekindofundisruptedroutineorrhythm.Heseemstowantapredictable,orderlyworld.Forinstance,injustice,unfairness,inconsistencyintheparentsseemstomakeachildfeelanxiousandunsafe....(376–377)

“Lookingitnegatively,youbecomeconcerned,notwithneedslikehungerandthirst,butwithyourfearsandanxieties”(Boeree4).Everyhumanhasfearsinhis/herlife.In this safety needs, someone must to be free from the threat or physical andemotionalharm,suchasaplacethatcanprotectpeoplefromrainorstorm.Even



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guardianthatcanprotectoravoidthemfromwarorturbulencesuchasmilitaryarmyorpolice. Therearemanythingsthatmakepeoplecannotfeelsafeorbeingthreaten,such

asdisaster,criminalassault,war,wildanimal,financialconditionalwhichhappenindailylife(Tao&Gao157).Mostpeoplehavedifferentreactionwhentheyconfrontadangersituation.Sometimesthisreactionhappensunconsciouslyorasthehumaninstinct.Forexampleadultandchild.Childrenareeasilyforbeingscared.Theyaremoreneedprotectionanditwillhelpthemformoredevelopashumanbeing.Therearemanythreatsthathappenaroundchildren. Maslow agreed that adult in our culture with healthy, normal, and fortunate

situationislargelysatisfiedinhissafetyneedsduetopeaceful,smoothlyrunning,‘good’ societyordinarilymakes itsmembers feel safe enough fromwild animals,extremesoftemperature,criminals,assault,andmurder,tyranny,etc.Therefore,inaveryrealsense,henolongerhasanysafetyneedsasactivemotivators(379).c. LoveandBelongingNeeds

Rightafterbothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsarefulfilled,hereemergetheloveandaffectionandbelongingnessneeds.Maslowarguesthatatthislevelofneeds,theperson would feel the need to be with friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or achildren.Hewillhungerforaffectionaterelationswithpeopleingeneral,namelyforaplaceinhisgroup,andhewillstrivewithgreatintensitytoachievethisgoalandliterallysneeredat love (381).Without thepersonor the things that thispersonwantmost,theywouldnotsuccessonfulfillingthisneedandfailedtomovetonextstepsorstagesinhierarchyofneeds. Griffin(128)statedthat“givingloveismorethanthematernalinstinctimplanted

by nature and receiving love is away of staving off the pangs of loneliness andrejection”. Giving love to someone can be meant as the form of happiness andreceivinglovecanavoidsomeonefromsufferingwhenhe/sheisfeelingdown.Thispersonalitycanhelpsomeonetobuildhisorhercharacter.This love and belongingness needs are shown in communities, work places,

society, friendship, schoolmates, and so on. According to Baumeister and Leary,“socialexclusionwellbethemostcommonandimportantcauseofanxiety”(qtd.inTao&Gao158).Sometimes,someoneismoreafraidifsheorhefeelslonely,becauseheorshecannotdependonanyone. d. EsteemNeeds

Esteemneedsistheneedswhereallpeopleinthesocietyhaveaneedordesirefor a stable, firmlybased, high evaluationof themselves, for self-respect, or self-esteemand for the esteemof others (381).Maslowproposes that there are twosubsidiarysetsintheneeds.Heargues:First,thedesireforstrength,forachievement,foradequacy,forconfidenceinthe

faceoftheworldandforindependenceandfreedom.Secondly,wehavewhatwemaycallthedesireforreputationorprestige(definingitasrespectoresteemfromotherpeople),recognition,importanceorappreciation(381-382).



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ItisalsoarguedbyMaslowthatthesatisfactionontheseneedsleadstofeelingsof self-confidence, worth, strength, capability, and adequacy of being useful andnecessaryintheworld(382).Feelingsinferiority,ofweaknessandofhelplessnessaretheresultsofthwartingtheseneedsofself–esteem(382). e. Self-Actualization

Self-actualizationisthehighestlevelofMaslow’shierarchyofneeds.Theseneedsareself–aware,concerningwithpersonalgrowthandlessconcerningwithothersopinionsandinterestedinfulfillingthecharacterspotential.Maslowbelievedthattounderstandthislevelofneed,thecharactermustnotonlyachievethepreviousneeds,butalsotheyhavetomasterthemandfluentonfulfillthembythemselves.Itislikedoingwhattheindividualisfittedfor.Forexampleisthatamusicianmustmakemusic,anartistmustpaint,apoetmustwrite,ifheistobeultimatelyhappy.Whatamancanbe,hemustbe(382).Itislikethegoal,themainpointofhowandwhatsomeoneisgoodatandwhattheyarelookingforisfinallyachievedandfound.Theclearemergenceoftheseneedsrestuponpriorsatisfactionofthephysiological,safety,loveandesteemneeds. Maslow explained that ‘the desire to becomemore andmorewhat one is, to

becomeeverythingthatone iscapableofbecoming”(qtd. inGriffin130).Humanbeings will do what they can do to get what they want. They tried to be morepotential to make something that can change world or people around them.Therefore,theyshouldfulfillallofthestageuntiltheyreachthehighlevelofself-actualization.

C. RESEARCHMETHODDescriptivequalitativeresearchmethodusedtoobtaindetailedinformationin

regardstothefactorsofmotivationthathavecausedSophietofindher long-lostmotherandtofulfillherneedsaccordingtoAbrahamMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedstheory.Suchkindofresearchusedbecausedatathatiscollectedaremostlytextandpicturesratherthannumbers.Thewrittenresultsoftheresearchcontainquotationsfromthedatatoillustrateandsubstantiatethepresentation(Bogdan&Biklen5).Libraryresearchhasbeenchosentoanalyzetheresearchthroughdocumentsandtheoriesthatisrelatedtothisresearch.

Researchersusedthe“Rooftoppers”novelbyKatherineRundellastheprimarydata of the research. Dialogues, narration, and acts that performed by themaincharacterastheprimarysourceoftheresearch.Asaresult,thewholedatawouldbepresentedinwords,phrases,sentences,andparagraphs.

Datacollectionprocesses involved therequisition to readnovel carefullyandtakenotesforimportantandcertaindatadependableuponitssignificance.Otherwouldcome fromother researcharticles,bothonlineor softcopyandprintedorhardcopy,journals,bookswhichbroughtforwardtheoreticalapproachofAbrahamMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedsandphysiologicalandmotivationalaspects.



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Thedataanalysisarecarriedout inaccordance to the following fourstepsofanalysis;AccordingtoMilesandHubermanonQualitativeanalysis,itisdividedintofour steps. They are data collection, data display, data reduction, and drawingconclusions.Thisresearchistakingthesameleadtoconductthestudy.Thefirststepis collecting all the data from the novel “Rooftoppers” by Katherine Rundell byreadingitmorethanonceandtakingnotestoensureaccuracyindataisachievedwhichareobtainablefromparagraphs,phrases,words,anddialoguesthroughthenovel.Then,researcherswouldidentifywhichrepresentsSophie’sdevelopmentbyfindinghermotivationandherwayto fulfillMaslow’shierarchyofneedsanddosomereductionondatathatarenotneeded.Later,thedatawillbecategorizedforwhichdataissupportivefortheresearchandreducethedatawhicharenotrelatedto the research. After that, the researchers would be displaying the data andmapping them to make the correct order. At the end, the final step is drawingconclusions based on the relevant data that the researchers gets. Then, theresearcherswoulddrawtheconclusionwhetherSophieissucceededtofulfillherneedsaccordingMaslow’stheoryandwhatkindofmotivationthatdriveshertofindhermother.

Thisstudyusedthetriangulationmethodstomaketheresearchmorevalidtosupport the data analysis. According to Danzin, the triangulation of the data isdivided into four kinds. They are data triangulation, investigator triangulation,theoretical triangulationandmethodstriangulation(14-17).Thisresearchwouldusethedatatriangulationandtheoretical triangulation. Indatatriangulation, theresearchersusedthreestudiesthatcontainaboutthetheoryofAbrahamMaslowwhichwasappliedintothecharacter.Intheoreticaltriangulation,theresearchersusedorstudiedothersperspectiveorideasthatexplainedaboutMaslow’stheoryoftheHierarchyofHumanNeeds.Consideringtheresearchersasthekeyinstrumentwhoconductedthisresearch.Theresearcherswouldfindandcollectedthedataortheoryfromotherormorethanonesourcewhichrelatedofthisresearch.Itwouldmakethedatatobemorevalid. D. FINDINGANDDISCUSSION

1.FindingInthisresearchwhichisaboutMaslow’sHierarchyofneedsinSophie’slifeas

themaincharacterofRooftoppersnovel,andalsoaboutSophie’scharacterbasedonhisneeds,theresearchersfoundthirtydatawhichshowtheneedsandthecharacterofSophie.

a.Physiologicalneeds

PhysiologicalneedsarethefirstandtheverybasiclevelofthehierarchyofneedsaccordingtoMaslow.Theneedsaretakenasthestartingpointinthehierarchyofneeds.Physiologicalneedsconsistsoftheneedsoffoods,sleep,airoroxygen,andsex.Asthebasicandthemostimportantneeds,ifsomeoneislackingorunsatisfiedwiththeotherneeds,thatpersonisthendominatedbythephysiologicalneedsand



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allotherneedsmaybecomesimplynon-existentorbepushedintothebackground(Green5).

TherearetwophysiologicalneedsthatarerepresentedinsidetheRooftoppersnovel.Theyaretheneedsoffoods,andtheneedofsleep.

Data1“Whatdoyoueat?”Itwastruethatfoodwasmoreinterestingintheirhousethaninthehomes

ofSophie’sfriends....“Wehavebread,”saidSophie.“AndFishintins.”“Youhavewhat?”saidMissEliot.“Ilikefishintins,”saidSophie.“Andwehaveham.“Doyou?I’veneverseenasinglesliceofhaminthisplace.” “Everyday!Or,”Sophieadded,becauseshewasmorehonestthanshefound

convenient,”definitelysometimes.Andcheese.Andapples.AndIdrinkawholepointofmilkforbreakfast.”(11-12)DatanumberoneistheconversationbetweenSophieandMissElliot.Duetoher

conditionofgrowingupwithoutherparents,SophieneedstobevisitedonceinawhilebytheNationalChildcareagencyoftheUnitedKingdom(6).MissElliotworksforthatgovernmentorganization.Whenitcomestohereverydayneeds,MissElliotisdeeplyconcernandstrictaboutit.IntheconversationthatislocatedatSophie’shouse,MissElliotisaskingaboutthefoodSophiehaseveryday.CharlesislookingathergirlsoproudwhileansweringthequestionfromMs.Eliot.

From the data number one above, Sophie is describing on how shemanagesfulfillherneedsoffoodinherdailylife.Shedescribesthatshelikestohavefishandtinsforfood.Hamisalsodescribedbyhertobeavailablewhensheneedsit.Sheisalso telling that she is a regular consumer to apples, cheese, and milk for herbreakfast.SophieisevengladlyadmittedthatthefoodisgoodandevenbetterthanthefoodinthehouseofSophie’sfriends.Foodsinherhousebringherjoy.Thus,herneedsoffoodsinherhouseisfulfilled.ShewouldhardlytobestarvingaslongasshelivedwithCharlesinthehouse.ItisnotonlybySophie’sactionandhereatinghabitsSophieisusingtofulfillthephysiologicalneedsherebutalsobythehelpofCharlesforprovidingSophiewithgoodfoods.

All in all, Sophie succeeded to fulfill her basic needs of foods and sleep inPhysiologicalhierarchy.Ashungerandtheotherphysiologicalneedsaremet,theneedforsecuritykicksin.

b.SafetyNeeds

Safetyneedsemergeifthephysiologicalneedsabovearewellgratified.Sophiehas successfully managed to fulfill her Physiological needs as seen above. Theexamplesofthesafetyneedsincludeadesireforsteadyemployment,healthcare,safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Atthislevel,everythinglookslessimportantthansafety.

Growingup,CharlesbecomesSophie’sguardian.HehasbeenlikeaparentforSophie. Charles provided Sophie with sheltered from the environment. Charles’houseislocatedinLondonandSophiealwaysfeelscomfortablelivinginside.Indata



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numbereightbelow,thenarrationisshowinghowSophieisfeelingaboutherhouse.Sheadmitsthatsheloveditsincethefirstdayshearrivedinthere.

Data8

Sophie loved the house at first sight. The bricks were painted thebrightestwhiteinLondon,andshoneeveninthedark.Thebasementwasused to store the overflow of books and paintings and several brands ofspiders,andtheroofbelongedtothebirds.(4)

Thenarrationisalsoshowinghowthecharacter’shousecanshowhowSophie

isabletofulfillherneedofsafetyforshelterandprotectionfromtheenvironment.Sheissafeenoughfromwildanimals,extremesoftemperature,criminals,assault,andmurder,tyranny,etc.

Thus,itisnowSophiehassucceededherneedsofsafety.Herneedsrightafterthephysiologicalneedsarefulfilled.Althoughwithhertraumakeepskicking,Sophiecanstill surviveandable toredeemherself.Whetherathomeandabroad inherjourney to find her long lost mother, Sophie is in her full safety ring. Bothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsareabletobefulfilled.Loveandbelongingneedsisstartingtoemerge.

c.LoveandBelongingNeeds

Rightafterbothphysiologicalandsafetyneedsarefulfilled,hereemergetheloveandaffectionandbelongingnessneeds.Maslowarguesthatatthislevelofneeds,theperson would feel the need to be with friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or achildren.Hewillhungerforaffectionaterelationswithpeopleingeneral,namelyforaplaceinhisgroup,andhewillstrivewithgreatintensitytoachievethisgoalandliterallysneeredatlove(381).

Sophieaswesee fromthebeginning isgrowingupwithCharles.She losthermotherwhenshewas justan infant.Asguardian,Charles is theonlyonearoundSophietonurtureandgiveherlovethatcommonchildrenneed.

Data16“Whoeveryourguardianis,Ilovehim.”Matteosaid“Iknow!Idotoo.”Sophiegrinnedintothefire.Howmanyotherpeople,shethought,willgiveyoumoresausagesthanyouhavefingerandtoes?(187)

Data16isshowingherloveforherguardian,Charles.Hehasraisedhersinceshewasaninfant.Thus,theaffectionisbothmutualbetweenCharlesandSophie.Sophieloves Charles as her guardian Charles has been a good guardian for Sophie.Fortunately,sheisstillrememberaboutherlonglostmother.Eventhoughshehasbeen separated from hermother for long, she still have that believe feelings inherself.

Allinall,theloveandbelongingneedsmightbeabitcomplicatedforSophie.Shehasbeenseparatedfromhermothersinceshewasjustaninfant,butshedoesnotlosethatlove.Shekeepslovingandcravingfortheloveofherlove.Provesthatwhile



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onherlongjourneyonfindingherlonglostmother,herloveandbelongingneedsareachievedandfulfilled.

d.Esteemneeds

Asacharacter,Sophie isdeveloping in thisareaofneeds.She is feelinga let-downatthebeginningbutincreasinglyconfidenttowardstheendwhilelookingforhermother.Sophiehasstrongesteemneedsaftermanypeoplearoundherkeeptellingherthathermotherhasdead.

Data26“Almost impossiblemeans stillpossible.” Sophie tried to standupstraightandsoundadult;peoplebelievedyoumoreeasily if youwere taller. “Youalwayssay,’Neverignoreapossible.”(16)

Charlesasherguardianalsogiveshersupportofesteemfromothers.Inthiscase,respectforSophiefornotlettingawayherhope.Charlesisgivingherself-esteemasshown from sophie’s dialog in data 26. The esteem is from others according toMaslow.So,inthiscase,SophiejustgotheresteemneedsupfromCharles.

Thus, it isSophie’shighself-esteemfromwithinher-selfandalsofromothersarounditiswhatmakesthisself-esteemneedsismanagedtobefulfilled.Withsomanypeoplearesayingthatshecouldnotfindherlongmother,shekeepsthefaithandherloveofhermotherinfrontofeverything.Shedoesnotcareofanythingelse.Esteemneedsareprevailedandfulfilled.Sophiesomehowmanagestofulfillallofherneedswhateverherobstaclesare.Howeverharditis,sheisalwaysabletocoveritupbyherselfandbythehelpofCharlesandotherrooftoppersandalsopeoplearoundher.

e.Self-Actualization

Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Theseneedsareself–aware,concerningwithpersonalgrowthandlessconcerningwithothersopinionsandinterestedinfulfillingthecharacterspotential.

Data29 Sheneednothaveworried.Theyearsof livingwithCharlesmeantSophiestoodasuprightasaweathervaneandascourteousasacatasshewalkedtowardthebackofthecelloplayer. Sophiesaid,”Excuseme?”Theplayingstopped.Thewomanturnedround said,”Hello.” She swallowed. “I’m. . . I’m hunting. I ammother-hunting. IthinkyoumightbethethingI’vebeenlookingfor.”Themoonshonedownonthem.Thewoman’seyesandnoseandlipswereSophie’seyesandnoseandlips.Shesmelledofresin,androses.Shehadthesortofface,Sophiethought,thatlookedasifithadbeenaroundtheworldtwodozentimes.Hereyeswereacolorthatyoudonotexpecttoseeoutsideofdreams . . . thewomanswingSophie intoherarmsandspinroundand



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round until they looked less like two strangers andmore like one singlelaughingbody.Themusicmusthavestopped,Charlesknew,becausethecellowaslyingontherooftop,forgotten,butthereseemedtobemusicstillplaying,somewhere,faster,andfaster,doubletime.(277)

Sophiehasfinallyfoundherlonglostmothernow.ItprovestoMaslow’stheorythatself-actualizationislikethegoal,themainpointofhowandwhatsomeoneisgood at and what they are looking for is finally achieved and found. The clearemergenceoftheseneedsrestsuponpriorsatisfactionofthephysiological,safety,love and esteem needs. Sophie’s goal from the beginning is to find hermother.Sophiehasmanagedtofulfillallofherneedsnow.

2.Discussion

Maslow’stheoryabouthierarchyofhumanneedisdividedintofivestagessuchasphysiologicalneed,safetyneed,loveandbelongingnessneed,esteemneed,andself-actualization.Physiologicalneedisthefirststageinhumanneedandshouldbefulfilledbyhumantoachieveotherhigherneed.Itincludesfood,air,andwater.InRooftoppersnovel,Sophiesucceededtofulfillthefirstneedwhereshegotfoodandhersleep.SophieadmittedthatthefoodatCharles’houseasherguardianismuchbettercomparedtofoodsfromherotherfriends.AlongwayfromLondontoParis,itwasnotaveryhardtofindfoods.Sheboughtthefoodsatthefoodstallatthetrainstation and the foods are available at her hotel in Paris where she stayed withCharles.Sophie’sneedofsleepisalsofulfillednotonlywhenshewasatherhouseinLondonbutalsoalongherwayoffindingherlonglostmother.Shewasabletosleepanywherewhenevershefeltsleepy.

Safetyneedsisthesecondpartinthehierarchy.Itemergesifthepreviousneedsis well gratified. Safety needs include the desire for steady life, health, safeneighborhood,andshelterfromtheenvironment.Sophie’sownexistencehasbeenchallenged. The shipwhich brought her to Englandwas vanished in the Englishchannel.Fortunatelybythehelp frompeoplearoundhim,especiallyCharles,shecanbesaved.Sophieisabletofulfillhersafetyneedsbothathomeandabroadwhilesearchingforherlonglostmother.Thereisonlyoneunfortunatethingforherthatsometimesdisruptinghereffortofachievingthisneed,hertraumaofthesea.Thus,shehadtoclimbtotallerobjectslikecupboardorchairsandevenrooftopsinordertoachievethisneed.

Love and belonging need comes as the third stage of the needs. It requiresaffectionofoneandanotherbeing.Sophiegotlovefrommany.Especiallytheoneandonlypersonheknowssinceshewasaninfant,Charles.CharleslovesSophiesodeeply.HethoughtthatSophieislikeherownchildren.HegivesSophiebirthdaysincedayone. Shealsometwithother rooftoppers inPariswhoshare the samepassionofstayingattherooftostayingcalmandlive.TheyprotectedSophiealongherjourney.Alsoheraffectionstowardsherlonglostmotheriswithoutadoubtisthestrongest.AlthoughsheisnotgrowingupwithhermotherSophiehasthiseffortoractionofdrawingandpicturinghermotherinpictureandinherdreams.Shealso



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believedthatsherememberedhermothersinceshewasachild.Thismemoryandherstrongcharacterissendingandmotivatehertofindherlonglostmother.

Esteemneed is the fourthstage.Self-respectandrespect fromothers ishere.Sophiehasstrongself-respectwithinher.Sheisconfidentandsmart.Shedoesnotevencareaboutwhatothersaresayingabouthermother.Shebelievesthatsheisaliveandwell.Thisconfidenceisoneofreasonsshekeepsonpushingtofindhermother.CharlesalsorespectedSophieasshewasjustherchild.Asguardianitisherdutytotakecareofher.

Self-actualizationisthetopofthepyramidinthehierarchy.Itisnoteasyasthepreviousneedstoachieve.SophieneedstostrugglealongthewayfromLondontoParisjusttofindhermother.Self-fulfillment,meaninginlife,orbeauty(Griffin129).

E. CONCLUSION

Conclusions are written down to answer the research question in the firstchapterofthisresearchandalsothefindingsanddiscussiononpreviouschapter.ThefirstquestionisaboutallSophie’sneedsaccordingtothetheoryofhumanneedsbyMaslowandthesecondoneisonhowsheisabletofulfillherneeds.Sophieisabletofulfillallofherneedsinthehierarchy.Sheisabletoachievethephysiologicalneed,safetyneed,loveandbelongingness,esteemneed,andtheself-actualizationneed.Unfortunatelyitiswithoneminornoteinsidethesafetyneeds.Hertraumaabout the sea since the tragedy of the sinking shipwhen shewas an infantwasbroughttillshewasfullgrownup.Thetraumawakeswhenherjourneyacrossthechannel begins again after she found the clue inside her cello. Fortunately, herstruggleandherwillingtofindhermothercouldguideandhelpherthroughthesailing.Sheisabletofulfillalltheneedsbyherselfandalsobythehelpofthepeoplearoundher.EspeciallyCharles,whosinceshewasaninfantmanagestosavedherfromthedisaster.

ThesecondquestionmentionedisonhowSophiemanagestofulfilltheneedsinthe hierarchy. The struggles and Sophie’s ways of fulfilling her needs based onMaslow’s theory of hierarchy of human needs are shown through the indirectcharacterization.MostlyfromSophie’shome,habitsandactions,dialog,andalsoherthoughts.

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